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不定根是指从植物茎或叶等非中柱鞘组织产生的根。不定根发生既是植物器官分化的重要理论问题,又关系到无性繁殖和完整植株的再生。多数木本植物不定根发生难度较大,从而阻碍了无性繁殖技术的应用,尤其是制约了诸多果树、林木和木本花卉的工厂化育苗。因此,探究木本植物不定根发生机理是突破无性繁殖技术瓶颈的迫切需求。木本植物不定根发生机理的研究始于对不定根发生过程的解剖观察,通过显微观察解析了不定根发生的类型和过程,可为深入的机制研究奠定形态学基础[1]。随着生根过程中激素、酶等物质的变化规律及调控机制的深入研究,生理生化水平上的不定根发生相关理论日益完善[2-4]。近年来,植物分子生物学技术的高速发展有力地推动了木本植物不定根发生的分子机制研究,目前已克隆出多个参与生长素合成代谢的相关基因[5],并鉴定出诸多参与不定根形成的转录因子[6]以及微小核糖核酸[microRNA(miRNA)][7]等,极大地丰富了木本植物不定根发生机制的内容。本研究从解剖学、生理学以及分子生物学这3个层面,系统综述了木本植物不定根发生机制研究进展,以期为解析木本植物不定根发生机制提供理论依据。
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目前,在木本植物不定根发生的分子机制研究领域,已有部分直接或间接调控生根的功能基因被鉴定与分析(表1)。例如ARRO-1被认为是木本植物不定根发生的分子标记之一,苹果生根的研究中发现:在外源生长素IAA和IBA诱导下或者复壮培养后ARRO-1上调表达,在根诱导期逐渐上升达到峰值,植株生根率提高,而RNAi-ARRO-1构建体转化的植株,ARRO-1表达水平降低,生根能力变弱,对外源生长素更敏感。ARRO-1可能作为一种生长素触发生根特异性的基因联合体发挥作用,主要通过调节内源生长素的动态平衡,以促进不定根发生[64]。贺丹等[65]在牡丹‘乌龙捧盛’中同样克隆得到PsARRO-1,并发现PsARRO-1表达量在生根初期就开始快速上升,根原基形成后达峰值,之后迅速回落,说明PsARRO-1与根原基的形成密切相关。此外,还有诸如LRP1、PRP1,2、TIR1和YUCCA基因以及PIN和GH3基因家族成员在部分木本植物中均有鉴定。
表 1 木本植物不定根发生相关调控因子
Table 1. Regulation factors related to adventitious root in woody species
类型 名称 描述 植物 研究结果 参考文献 基因 ARRO-1 木本植物不定根发生的分子 标记之一 苹果、小金海棠、牡丹‘乌龙捧盛’ 其表达与根原基的形成密切相关, 调控内源生长素的动态平衡 [64−66] LRP1 不定根原基分化早期阶段的 分子标记之一 核桃、南林895杨 根原基发端组织中特异性表达,根 原基形成阶段强烈表达 [67] PRP1,2 编码脯氨酸富含蛋白 葡萄 脱分化期的薄壁组织中优先表达且 水平高,改变细胞壁特性 [68] YUCCA 编码IAA生物合成限速酶的 基因之一 84K杨 缩短根形成的时间,促进根系发育, 促进形成层区域分生细胞的分裂 [5] TIR1 编码生长素受体转运抑制应 答因子 鲁桑 诱导期与分化期迅速上调表达,参 与调控不定根原基的产生与发育 [69] GH3家族 生长素早期响应基因家族 鲁桑 GH3.1与ILL5共同调控内源生长素 浓度,促进不定根发生 [70] PIN家族 编码生长素极性运输所依赖 的转运蛋白 芒果 调控组织内生长素富集,从而促进 其不定根发生 [71] 转录因子家族 AP2/EREBP 调控植物逆境应答和生长发 育的信号转导 毛果杨 促进根原基的形成,增加不定根数 量,缩短根形成时间 [72] ARFs 调控生长素信号转导 苹果、油橄榄、杜仲 调控不定根发生过程中的生长素
水平[73] GRAs 维持分生组织的分生活性、 影响根的发育和调控激素 信号转导 欧洲栗、辐射松、核桃 促进根原基的形成 [6, 74] LBD 调控愈伤组织的形成 84K杨 促使愈伤组织过度膨大,植株不定 根数量减少,根长缩短 [75] MYB 参与植物次生代谢、细胞分 化、抗逆反应 鲁桑 促进插穗薄壁细胞的分化 [76] NAC 参与侧根发育、根尖分生组 织发育、维管木质化、非 生物胁迫和防卫反应 南林895杨 参与不定根原基的启动诱导和侧根 的发育 [67] WOX 维持根尖维管分生组织中干 细胞活性和调控生根过程 激素信号 日本落叶松、84K杨 调控生长素、茉莉酸、脱落酸信号 通路,影响生长素的极性运输 [77] WRKY 参与防卫反应、机械创伤修 复和生长发育 南林895杨 参与插穗的创伤修复和防卫反应以 及植物系统获得性抗性防御或者 响应环境胁迫 [67] microRNA mdm-miR156 调控植物次生代谢、光信号 转导和胁迫响应 小金海棠 下调转录因子MxSPL26的水平,促 进不定根原基的启动和发育良 好,提高生根率与生根速度 [7] mdm-miR160 靶向生长素响应因子 (ARF)家族 圆叶海棠 靶向调控MdARF16和MdARF17的 表达,抑制不定根发生 [78] miR396 负调控生长调节因子(GRF) 苹果 靶向调控MdGRF1和MdGRF5的表 达,参与不定根诱导期和根伸长 期的发育 [79] miR319a 调控激素合成 毛白杨 靶向调控TCP19的表达,影响生长 素信号转导,负调控不定根发生 [80] 说明:小金海棠 Malus xiaojinensis;牡丹‘乌龙捧盛’ Paeonia suffruticosa ‘Wulongpengsheng’;葡萄 Vitis vinifera;84K 杨 Populus alba × Populus glandulosa;鲁桑 Morus multicaulis;芒果 Mangifera indica;毛果杨 Populus trichocarpa;油橄榄 Olea europaea;杜仲 Eucommia ulmoides;欧洲栗 Pinus radiata;辐射松 Castanea sativa;日本落叶松 Larix kaempferi;圆叶海棠 Malus prunifolia var. ringo -
转录因子(transcription factor,TF)是能直接或间接与顺式调控元件起作用而影响基因转录的蛋白质因子。目前,已发现多个转录因子家族的成员参与调控木本植物不定根发生,包括植物特有的WOX家族和GRAs家族以及生长素信号转导相关的ARFs家族等(表1)。例如属于AP2/EREBP家族的PtAIL1,过量表达PtAIL1的转基因杨树不定根数量大大增加,而PtAIL1干扰株的不定根形成数量减少、形成时间延迟,推测PtAIL1为毛果杨不定根发育早期阶段促进根原基形成的正向调控转录因子[72]。从鲁桑[76]中克隆得到涉及不定根发生的3个编码MYB家族转录因子的典型基因,分别命名为MmMYB1、MmMYB2、MmMYB3,表明MmMYB1通过调节AHLs通路继而影响生长素和细胞分裂素的合成,抑制MmMYB2表达会阻碍类黄酮的合成从而促进生根,MmMYB3通过调节内源赤霉素水平从而影响不定根发生。
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microRNA (miRNA)是一类内源性非编码RNA,其靶基因多为转录因子,主要参与植物的生长发育、信号转导及响应逆境胁迫等生理过程。近年来,随着高通量测序的发展和生物信息学水平的提高,在一些木本植物中发现miRNA对不定根发生具有一定的调控作用(表1)。例如在苹果砧木小金海棠[7]不定根发生的研究中,miR156在生根能力强的插穗中有更高的表达水平,外源生长素诱导miR156高表达,通过下调转录因子MxSPL26的水平,促进不定根原基的启动和发育,继而显著提高生根率与生根速度。从苹果砧木圆叶海棠‘M26’、‘T337’和‘SH6’[78]中均克隆得到mdm-miR160。研究发现:mdm-miR160能够负调控MdARF16和MdARF17的表达,对不定根发生具有抑制作用,通过IBA诱导生根可以减轻mdm-miR160的抑制效果。此外,对转基因毛白杨[80]的生根研究发现:miR319a通过靶向调控转录因子TCPs,影响了生长素信号转导,继而负调控杨树不定根发生。
Research advances in the mechanism of adventitious root occurrence in woody species
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摘要: 不定根是植物的茎或叶等非中柱鞘组织产生的根,不定根发生困难是诸多木本植物无性繁殖和工厂化育苗的瓶颈问题,然而相关机制尚不明晰。目前,对于木本植物不定根发生机理的研究主要包括3个方面:①根原基的形成是不定根发生的关键,利用石蜡切片技术对根原基的形成时间和部位进行观察,同时依据组织形态观察结果将不定根发生过程划分为3个主要时期。②不定根发生是一个复杂的生理生化过程,内源激素含量和生根关联酶活性的动态变化在不定根发生过程中发挥着重要调控作用。此外,营养物质、酚类物质以及多胺等物质也被认为是影响不定根发生的重要因素。③探究了部分木本植物不定根发生过程中的关键代谢通路,并挖掘出多个调控不定根发生的基因,鉴定出诸多参与不定根发生的转录因子和非编码的微小核糖核酸(microRNA)。综上,本研究系统概述了木本植物不定根发生的组织学、生理学和分子调控机制的研究进展,并展望了未来该领域的可行性研究方向。表1参80Abstract: The difficulty in the occurrence of adventitious roots which are produced by non-pericyclic tissues such as stems and leaves of plants, has been a bottleneck problem for the asexual reproduction and industrialized seedling raising of many woody species. However, there hasn’ t been a clear concept about the working mechanism of adventitious root occurrence, related mechanism is still unclear. At present, the research progress on the mainly includes the following three aspects: (1) With the formation time and position of root observed by paraffin section technology, it was found that the formation of root primordium is the key to adventitious roots and the process of adventitious root formation can be divided into three main periods according to the observation results of tissue morphology. (2) Adventitious root development is a complex physiological and biochemical process in which the dynamic changes of endogenous hormone content and rooting related enzyme activity play an important regulatory role with nutrients, phenols and polyamines as important influencing factors. (3) Efforts have been made to explore the key metabolic pathways in the process of adventitious root formation in some woody species, excavate the genes regulating adventitious root occurrence and identify the transcription factors and noncoding microRNAs involved in adventitious root occurrence. With a systematic summary of the research progress of histology, physiology and molecular regulation mechanism of adventitious root occurrence in woody species, this paper has provided an insight into future research direction in this field. [Ch, 1 tab. 80 ref.]
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表 1 木本植物不定根发生相关调控因子
Table 1. Regulation factors related to adventitious root in woody species
类型 名称 描述 植物 研究结果 参考文献 基因 ARRO-1 木本植物不定根发生的分子 标记之一 苹果、小金海棠、牡丹‘乌龙捧盛’ 其表达与根原基的形成密切相关, 调控内源生长素的动态平衡 [64−66] LRP1 不定根原基分化早期阶段的 分子标记之一 核桃、南林895杨 根原基发端组织中特异性表达,根 原基形成阶段强烈表达 [67] PRP1,2 编码脯氨酸富含蛋白 葡萄 脱分化期的薄壁组织中优先表达且 水平高,改变细胞壁特性 [68] YUCCA 编码IAA生物合成限速酶的 基因之一 84K杨 缩短根形成的时间,促进根系发育, 促进形成层区域分生细胞的分裂 [5] TIR1 编码生长素受体转运抑制应 答因子 鲁桑 诱导期与分化期迅速上调表达,参 与调控不定根原基的产生与发育 [69] GH3家族 生长素早期响应基因家族 鲁桑 GH3.1与ILL5共同调控内源生长素 浓度,促进不定根发生 [70] PIN家族 编码生长素极性运输所依赖 的转运蛋白 芒果 调控组织内生长素富集,从而促进 其不定根发生 [71] 转录因子家族 AP2/EREBP 调控植物逆境应答和生长发 育的信号转导 毛果杨 促进根原基的形成,增加不定根数 量,缩短根形成时间 [72] ARFs 调控生长素信号转导 苹果、油橄榄、杜仲 调控不定根发生过程中的生长素
水平[73] GRAs 维持分生组织的分生活性、 影响根的发育和调控激素 信号转导 欧洲栗、辐射松、核桃 促进根原基的形成 [6, 74] LBD 调控愈伤组织的形成 84K杨 促使愈伤组织过度膨大,植株不定 根数量减少,根长缩短 [75] MYB 参与植物次生代谢、细胞分 化、抗逆反应 鲁桑 促进插穗薄壁细胞的分化 [76] NAC 参与侧根发育、根尖分生组 织发育、维管木质化、非 生物胁迫和防卫反应 南林895杨 参与不定根原基的启动诱导和侧根 的发育 [67] WOX 维持根尖维管分生组织中干 细胞活性和调控生根过程 激素信号 日本落叶松、84K杨 调控生长素、茉莉酸、脱落酸信号 通路,影响生长素的极性运输 [77] WRKY 参与防卫反应、机械创伤修 复和生长发育 南林895杨 参与插穗的创伤修复和防卫反应以 及植物系统获得性抗性防御或者 响应环境胁迫 [67] microRNA mdm-miR156 调控植物次生代谢、光信号 转导和胁迫响应 小金海棠 下调转录因子MxSPL26的水平,促 进不定根原基的启动和发育良 好,提高生根率与生根速度 [7] mdm-miR160 靶向生长素响应因子 (ARF)家族 圆叶海棠 靶向调控MdARF16和MdARF17的 表达,抑制不定根发生 [78] miR396 负调控生长调节因子(GRF) 苹果 靶向调控MdGRF1和MdGRF5的表 达,参与不定根诱导期和根伸长 期的发育 [79] miR319a 调控激素合成 毛白杨 靶向调控TCP19的表达,影响生长 素信号转导,负调控不定根发生 [80] 说明:小金海棠 Malus xiaojinensis;牡丹‘乌龙捧盛’ Paeonia suffruticosa ‘Wulongpengsheng’;葡萄 Vitis vinifera;84K 杨 Populus alba × Populus glandulosa;鲁桑 Morus multicaulis;芒果 Mangifera indica;毛果杨 Populus trichocarpa;油橄榄 Olea europaea;杜仲 Eucommia ulmoides;欧洲栗 Pinus radiata;辐射松 Castanea sativa;日本落叶松 Larix kaempferi;圆叶海棠 Malus prunifolia var. ringo -
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