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无论是脊椎动物还是无脊椎动物,先天性免疫都是第一线防御机制,对抗着各类病原体的侵染。吞噬作用作为一种高度保守进程的先天性免疫机制,能够为许多细胞用来消化微生物病原体以及凋亡或坏死的细胞残骸[1-3]。在吞噬作用中,外来物质被细胞识别并结合到细胞表面,被吞噬小体吞入,并在被吞入的物质周围形成细胞器[4]。吞噬小体经过裂变以及与核内体、溶酶体,或是两者共同的限制性融合后形成成熟的吞噬溶酶体。进入吞噬溶酶体内部的病原体则被低pH值、水解作用以及自由基所消灭[5]。黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster是最常见的果蝇,因拥有与哺乳动物相近的先天性免疫系统,而被认为是研究宿主与微生物相互作用的最佳基因模式生物[6-7]。近年来,果蝇Schneider细胞株(S2)细胞已被确认是一种非常适合研究细胞感染的宿主模型,在对抗衣原体Chlamydia,单胞增生性李斯特菌Listeria monocytogenes,查菲埃立克体Ehrlichia chaffeensis,白念珠菌Candida albicans,大肠埃希菌Escherichia coli以及金黄葡萄球菌Staphylococcus aureus等病菌[6, 8-14]的体外感染过程中,S2细胞与哺乳动物巨噬细胞的作用机制非常相近。金黄葡萄球菌是一种主要的人类病原体,致病率显著,研究显示金黄葡萄球菌可能是一种兼性胞内病原体[15],并认为金黄葡萄球菌可以在巨噬细胞中存活数日而不影响细胞的生存情况[16]。笔者就果蝇S2细胞对热灭活大肠埃希菌(heat inactivated Esherichia coli, HIEC)及热灭活金黄葡萄球菌(heat inactivated Staphylococcus aureus, HISA)的吞噬模式展开研究,揭示了在S2细胞对抗革兰氏阳性菌时,吞噬作用在清除该类病原体时所起到的重要作用以及金黄葡萄球菌抑制消化过程从而抵御细胞吞噬的策略。
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黑腹果蝇S2细胞株从初代培养24 h的胚胎中分离获得,在体积分数为10%的小牛血清的果蝇培养基(Ivitrogen, 美国)中28 ℃培养[17]。为了确认脂多糖(LPS,Sigma,美国)或聚肽糖(PG,Sigma,美国)的活化作用是否会增强吞噬作用,将S2细胞以106个·孔-1铺开在6孔板中并粘附30 min,LPS或PG经超声处理1 h后,按1.0 mg·L-1的剂量加入到每个孔中孵育1 h,备用。
大肠埃希菌ATCC 14948菌株在LURIA-BERTANI培养基(LB)37 ℃培养24 h后,10 000 g离心10 min收集细菌。金黄葡萄球菌ATCC 25923菌株在含20.0 g·L-1氯化钠的哥伦比亚培养基中培养过夜,在盐溶液中重悬。热灭活大肠埃希菌(HIEC)或热灭活金黄葡萄球菌(HISA)以5×109个·L-1的密度接种于S2细胞,28 ℃孵育1 h。不同时间段收集S2细胞分析。
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收集感染后的果蝇S2细胞(5.0~10.0 μL),在含体积分数2%多聚甲醛与2%戊二醛的0.1 mol·L-1二甲砷酸钠缓冲液(pH 7.4)固定剂中浸泡16 h,室温下不断旋转。以0.1 mol·L-1二钾砷酸钠缓冲液清洗,3次·样品-1,5 min·次-1,保持室温下旋转。随后加入体积分数2%锇(Osmium),并以0.1 mol·L-1二钾砷酸钠缓冲液清洗3次,5 min·次-1,保持室温下旋转。样品固定,20.0 g·L-1醋酸双氧铀缓冲液(pH 5.2)进行染色,室温避光染色1 h,保持旋转,随后以0.1 mol·L-1二钾砷酸钠缓冲液清洗3次,5 min·次-1并不断旋转。通过逐级增加的丙酮溶液(体积分数依次为50%,60%,70%,80%,90%,95%,100%)对样品进行脱水,室温下旋转处理,随后在100%环氧丙烯中毒处理10 min。以EMBED 812或502树脂黏结剂进行最终的渗透处理,V(环氧丙烯):V(黏合剂)=1:1,室温旋转处理10 min;V(环氧丙烯):V(黏合剂)=1:2,室温旋转处理20 min;100%黏合剂处理10 min。最终,样品中加入新的100%黏合剂,渗透16 h后,在干燥烘箱中以60 ℃聚合24 ~ 48 h。Hitachi 7650透射电镜(Hitachi, 日本)在70 kV下采集图像[10]。
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果蝇S2细胞用体积分数10%胎牛血清(FBS)的施耐德培养基12孔板中铺板培养,并将密度为5×109个·L-1异硫氰酸荧光素标记(FITC,Invitrogen, 美国)的热灭活大肠埃希菌(HIEC)/热灭活金黄葡萄球菌(HISA),加入到S2细胞中28 ℃共培养1 h。以磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS)清洗后,将混合细胞移植到多聚赖氨酸预处理的载玻片(Sigma,美国)上固定。之后,分别使用罗丹明鬼笔环肽(Invitrogen, 美国)和4′, 6-二脒基-2-苯基吲哚(DAPI,Sigma,美国)一同孵育,用以标记肌动蛋白或细胞核DNA[18]。
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细胞培养与处理见1.2.2节。果蝇S2细胞接种细菌后,以PBS清洗,将混合细胞收集到流式管中,通过流式细胞仪检测S2细胞内的FITC荧光信号,统计S2细胞对HIEC和HISA的吞噬能力。为了研究细胞的吞噬作用对活细菌和热灭活细菌的敏感度,以胞内有1个以上FITC标记细菌的细胞在所有细胞中所占的百分比为参考值来予以评价。
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在果蝇S2细胞(培养方法见1.2.2节)中加入LPS或PG,孵育S2细胞1 h,从而激活S2细胞;激活后的S2细胞以1×109个·L-1在6孔板中铺开,分别接种pHrodo标记的灭活病原菌(5×109个·L-1),28 ℃共孵育1 h。收集混合细胞,立刻在共聚焦显微镜下观察。分别统计不同处理组中,吞入pHrodo标记病原菌的S2细胞在全部细胞中所占百分比[18]。不同处理组间的差异以t检验进行统计学分析,P < 0.05为显著。
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果蝇S2细胞经过不同实验处理后,以PBS清洗,收集细胞,使用Trizol试剂(Invitrogen,美国)提取总RNA,操作步骤依据产品使用说明书[18]。即刻使用5.0 μg总核糖核酸,以M-MLV反转录酶(Takara,日本)合成为20.0 μL cDNA。实时荧光定量的检测采用基因特异引物与TaqMan探针(表 1),反应体系包括10.0 μL Premix Ex Taq(Takara,日本),1.0 μL cDNA样品,7.2 μL无酶水,各基因对应TaqMan探针0.3 μL,以及各特异性引物0.4 μL。聚合酶链式反应(PCR)程序如下:95 ℃,30 s;90 ℃,5 s,60 ℃,30 s,循环50次。数据分析使用iQTM5软件。
表 1 实时荧光定量PCR反应中引物与TaqMan探针序列
Table 1. Primers and TaqMan probe sequences in qRT-PCR
寡核苷酸探针 引物与探针序列 RP49-F 5'-CCGCTTCAAGGGACAGTATCTG-3' RP49-R 5'-CACGTTGTGCACCAGGAACTT-3' Rp49-探针 FAM-GGCAGCATGTGGCGGGTGCGCTT-Edipse Rel-F 5'-GCCAGAAAAACCCGTGAGTC-3' Rel-R 5'-AGGTACTTCCCCGATGTTCG-3' Rel-探针 FAM-CGACGTGGCCGCCGCAGA-Edipse Def-F 5'-CCACATGCGACCTACTCTCCA-3' Def-R 5'-AGCCGCCTTTGAACCCCT-3' Def-探针 FAM-ACCACACCGCCTGCGCCG-Eclipse Drs-F 5'-CTGGTGGTCCTGGGAGCC-3' Drs-R 5, -AGCGTCCCTCCTCCTTGC-3' Drs-探针 FAM-CCGATGCCGACTGCCTGTCC-Eclipse -
本研究中每组试验均使用3个生物学重复。统计学显著性分析使用t检验,判断对照组与实验组的差异性,P < 0.05为显著,P < 0.01为极显著。
Differential phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli by Drosophila melanogaster S2 phagocytes
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摘要: 吞噬作用是一种对抗微生物病原体的重要机制,但许多细菌均有抗吞噬作用。利用透射电镜和激光共聚焦显微镜结合细胞生物学技术,对黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster S2细胞吞噬热灭活大肠埃希菌(heat inactivated Escherichia coli,HIEC)和热灭活金黄葡萄球菌(heat inactivated Staphylococcus aureus,HISA)的作用进行了研究。结果表明:S2细胞能够在接种后1 d内有效清除HIEC,但不能清除HISA;经聚肽糖(PG)或脂多糖(LPS)激活的S2细胞同样不能有效地清除HISA,HISA能够在S2细胞内至少存活4 d。在接种细胞酸性指示剂(pHrodo)标记的细菌1 h后,HIEC处于酸化环境中,而HISA没有;检测S2细胞的吞噬百分率显示S2细胞吞入活细菌与灭活细菌的敏感度没有显著差异。PG处理后的S2细胞防御素(defensin)与抗真菌肽(drosomycin)均显著上调表达,但仍无法消化HISA。结果证实:灭活金黄葡萄球菌表面具有抑制吞噬作用中消化步骤的成分,而灭活大肠埃希菌没有。研究揭示了在S2细胞对抗革兰氏阳性菌时,吞噬作用在清除该类病原体时所起到的重要作用以及金黄葡萄球菌抑制消化过程从而抵御细胞吞噬的策略。Abstract: Phagocytosis is an important defense mechanism against microbial pathogens, but many pathogens get the ability to subvert it. This research was aimed at discovering the potential mechanism of the gram positive and negative bacteria to survive from phagocytosis. In this study, Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells were applied as the host, and active/heat-inactivated Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were applied as invaders. Cultured S2 cells were incubated with Escherichia coli (EC), Staphylococcus aureus (SA), heat-inactivated Escherichia coli (HIEC) or Staphylococcus aureus (HISA), separately. After incubation, S2 cells were collected for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis, confocal laser scanning microscopy analysis, flow cytometry (FCM) analysis and real time quantitative PCR analysis. Results showed that S2 cells could phagocytose HIEC efficiently at 1 d post-inoculation, but they could not clear HISA. HISA could survive within S2 cells for at least 4 d, and peptidoglycan (PG) and lipopolysaccharide-activated S2 cells could not digest HISA efficiently either. Comparing S2 cells, intracellular HISA did not destroy the S2 cells even at 4 d post-inoculation. The pHrodo-labeled HIEC was observed in an acidified environment at 1 h post-inoculation, but HISA was not. In addition, the percentage of phagocytized pHrodo-labeled bacteria showed no great differences whether the bacteria were engulfed alive or heat-killed. Defensin and drosomycin were up-regulated in the HISA + PG treatment, but S2 cells could not digest HISA. Also, results confirmed that antiphagocytic properties were located on the surface of heat-inactivated S. aureus but not on that of heat-inactivated E. coli. Thus, cellular immunity is important for Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells fighting gram-positive bacteria, and the role of phagocytosis shed light on clearing of the bacterial pathogens.
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Key words:
- immunobiology /
- phagocytosis /
- Drosophila melanogaster /
- Staphylococcus aureus /
- Escherichia coli /
- defensin /
- drosomycin
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表 1 实时荧光定量PCR反应中引物与TaqMan探针序列
Table 1. Primers and TaqMan probe sequences in qRT-PCR
寡核苷酸探针 引物与探针序列 RP49-F 5'-CCGCTTCAAGGGACAGTATCTG-3' RP49-R 5'-CACGTTGTGCACCAGGAACTT-3' Rp49-探针 FAM-GGCAGCATGTGGCGGGTGCGCTT-Edipse Rel-F 5'-GCCAGAAAAACCCGTGAGTC-3' Rel-R 5'-AGGTACTTCCCCGATGTTCG-3' Rel-探针 FAM-CGACGTGGCCGCCGCAGA-Edipse Def-F 5'-CCACATGCGACCTACTCTCCA-3' Def-R 5'-AGCCGCCTTTGAACCCCT-3' Def-探针 FAM-ACCACACCGCCTGCGCCG-Eclipse Drs-F 5'-CTGGTGGTCCTGGGAGCC-3' Drs-R 5, -AGCGTCCCTCCTCCTTGC-3' Drs-探针 FAM-CCGATGCCGACTGCCTGTCC-Eclipse -
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https://zlxb.zafu.edu.cn/article/doi/10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2017.03.001