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干旱是影响植物生长和发育的主要因素之一,干旱胁迫对植物造成的伤害在所有非生物胁迫中居于首位[1]。干旱胁迫不仅会打破植物体内水分代谢的平衡,引起植物细胞的失水,而且会导致植物体外部形态和内部生理生化特征均发生显著变化[2-3],这些变化可以表现在植物生长发育的各个时期,又可以表现在光合蒸腾作用、物质的合成与运输以及酶活性等具体的生理代谢过程中[4]。植物受到干旱胁迫后,体内活性氧增加、细胞渗透调节物质增多、个体及群体光合能力显著降低,最终导致植物个体或群体生长受到抑制,形态结构也随之发生变化[5]。当前,国内外关于植物抗旱性特征的研究相当多,如干旱胁迫下植物根冠比、干物质胁迫指数等一系列生长、形态和生理指标的变化及其与抗性之间的关系等[6-9]。正常情况下,植物体内活性氧的产生和清除会处于一个相对平衡的状态,当植物受到干旱胁迫后该平衡将被打破,这时植物体内的氧会活化成对植物细胞有着伤害作用的活性氧,活性氧增多会造成膜的稳定性降低,使生理功能紊乱,严重时甚至导致细胞的死亡[10-11]。因此,探究植物在干旱胁迫环境下的生理生化的变化及其抗旱机制,对改善植物的抗旱性和提高植物对环境的适应能力均具有重要的现实意义。毛竹Phyllostachys edulis具有生长快、产量高、效益好等特点,是中国分布最广泛、面积最大、利用价值最高的竹种[12],但干旱现象频繁发生,已经对毛竹的生长造成了不利影响。目前,关于毛竹干旱胁迫下生理方面的研究大部分采用盆栽试验[13-17],而对大田中干旱胁迫下毛竹生理方面的研究较少,盆栽试验虽然对阐明干旱胁迫下毛竹的一些机制较为合理,但并不能反应大田毛竹在受到干旱后的生理响应。毛竹在经营过程中多实行选择性采伐,采伐量达600株· hm-2·a-1,但是毛竹伐桩的腐烂却非常缓慢,通常伐桩完全腐烂需8 a甚至更长的时间,竹林内未腐烂的伐桩就会占据大量的林地空间,妨碍竹鞭的穿透生长,进而影响林地资源利用率和毛竹林经济的产出[18]。对于毛竹伐桩方面的研究主要为伐桩促腐[19-20],关于利用毛竹伐桩来对林内立竹进行灌溉方面的研究较少。毛竹多生长在高山上,采用喷灌滴灌等灌溉方式就需要投入大量的人力和财力,而采用毛竹伐桩进行灌溉既可以降低灌溉成本,又可以提高林地利用率。毛竹作为一种克隆植物,它能够通过地下鞭在克隆分株之间进行水分的运输与分享,从而实现毛竹林的水分生理整合。本研究采用模拟持续干旱环境,并增加注水伐桩的方法,对毛竹叶片的光合蒸腾作用、光合色素、抗氧化系统及膜脂过氧化程度的变化等进行分析研究,探讨模拟干旱环境下伐桩注水对毛竹生长可能产生的影响,为气候变化背景下毛竹的适应性经营及节水灌溉提供理论参考。
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由表 1可知:在整个模拟干旱环境的过程中,3个处理时间点毛竹的净光合速率与蒸腾速率均表现为T2>T1>ck,处理30 d时,水分利用效率表现为ck>T2>T1,而处理60 d和90 d时,水分利用效率表现为ck>T1>T2。处理30 d时,各处理下毛竹净光合速率与蒸腾速率均表现为ck和T2处理差异显著(P<0.05),而T1处理与ck和T2处理差异均不显著,水分利用效率表现为T1和T2处理差异不显著,但均与ck差异相显著;处理60 d时,各处理下毛竹净光合速率与蒸腾速率均表现为T1和ck处理差异不显著,但均与T2处理差异显著,水分利用效率则表现为ck和T2处理差异显著,但均与T1处理差异不显著;处理90 d时,3个处理之间毛竹的净光合速率和蒸腾速率均达到了差异显著水平,T1和T2处理与ck相比,增幅分别达到了32.27%和43.55%,各处理之间的水分利用效率表现为T1和T2处理差异不显著,但均与ck差异显著。
表 1 模拟干旱环境下不同注水伐桩处理毛竹光合蒸腾作用
Table 1. Photosynthesis and transpiration of Phyllostachys edulis with different number of water storage in stumps under simulated drought environment
t/d 净光合速率(Pn)/(μmol·m-2·s-1) 蒸腾速率(Tr)/(mmol·m-2·s-1) 水分利用效率(EWUE)/(mmol·mol-1) ck T1 T2 ck T1 T2 ck T1 T2 30 2.38±0.10b 2.48±0.03ab 2.62±0.13a 0.47±0.06b 0.54±0.04ab 0.56±0.01a 5.12±0.08a 4.58±0.26b 4.69±0.26b 60 2.79±0.03b 3.01±0.43b 4.02±0.39a 0.53±0.01b 0.60±0.05b 0.90±0.05a 5.29±0.18a 5.01±0.32ab 4.69±0.46b 90 3.44±0.10c 3.83±0.10b 4.55±0.31a 0.62±0.04c 0.74±0.02b 0.89±0.03a 5.63±0.25a 5.17±0.08b 5.15±0.21b 说明:不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。 -
由表 2可知:在处理的3个时间点上,毛竹叶片各光合色素质量分数均表现为T2>T1>ck。处理30 d时,3个处理间毛竹叶片叶绿素a差异不显著,ck和T2毛竹叶片叶绿素b差异显著(P<0.05),但均与T1差异不显著,而T1和ck之间毛竹叶片类胡萝卜素差异不显著,但均与T2差异显著。处理60 d时,ck和T1毛竹叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素差异不显著,但均与T2达到差异显著水平。处理90 d时,3个处理间毛竹叶片叶绿素a差异达到显著水平,T1和T2分别比ck增加了14.83%和20.57%,T1和T2间毛竹叶片叶绿素b差异不显著,但均与ck差异显著,T1和T2分别比ck增加了18.46%和21.54%,毛竹叶片类胡萝卜素质量分数仍然表现为T1和ck差异不显著,但均与T2差异显著。整个试验处理过程中,各时间点不同处理间毛竹叶绿素a/b差异均不显著。
表 2 模拟干旱环境下不同注水伐桩处理毛竹叶片光合色素
Table 2. Contents of chlorophyll and carotenoid in leaves of Phyllostachys edulis with different number of water storage in stumps under simulated drought environment
t/d 叶绿素a/(mg·g-1) 叶绿素b/(mg·g-1) ck T1 T2 ck T1 T2 30 1.92±0.12 a 1.93±0.11a 1.96±0.06 a 0.59±0.01b 0.61±0.02ab 0.62±0.01 a 60 2.10±0.00 b 2.29±0.08 b 2.54±0.09 a 0.69±0.03 b 0.00±0.05 b 0.81±0.06 a 90 2.09±0.04 c 2.40±0.11b 2.52±0.02 a 0.65±0.03 b 0.00±0.01 a 0.09±0.01 a t/d 类胡萝卜素/(mg·g-1) 叶绿素a/b ck T1 T2 ck T1 T2 30 0.40±0.01b 0.41±0.02 b 0.56±0.01 a 3.22±0.32 a 3.16±0.06 a 3.18±0.11a 60 0.55±0.05 b 0.60±0.03 b 0.68±0.03 a 3.14±0.01a 3.25±0.01a 3.19±0.16 a 90 0.45±0.02 b 0.40±0.01b 0.49±0.01a 3.18±0.00 a 3.09±0.23 a 3.10±0.08 a 说明:不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。 -
由图 1可知:处理3个时间点,毛竹叶片丙二醛(MDA)质量摩尔浓度随着注水伐桩数量的增加而降低。处理30 d时,T1和T2处理毛竹叶片MDA都显著低于ck,但T2处理略低于T1处理,两者无显著差异;处理60 d时,T1与T2处理毛竹叶片MDA无显著差异,但均与ck差异显著(P<0.05),同时T1和T2处理毛竹叶片MDA质量摩尔浓度的差距逐渐拉大。当处理时间达到90 d时,T1和T2处理毛竹叶片MDA较ck均有显著的降低,且3个处理之间差异达到显著水平,T1和T2处理毛竹叶片MDA与ck相比降幅分别达到了43.54%和66.49%。毛竹叶片相对电导率在整个处理的各时间点表现为随着注水伐桩数量的增加而降低,处理30 d时各处理间毛竹叶片相对电导率无显著差异;处理60 d和90 d时,3个处理之间毛竹叶片相对电导率均达到差异显著水平,且处理达到90 d时,T1和T2处理毛竹叶片相对电导率较ck均有大幅度的降低,降幅分别达到了21.63%和61.79%。
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由图 2可知:毛竹叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性在整个处理期间均随着注水伐桩数量的增加而降低。处理30 d时,T1和T2处理毛竹叶片SOD活性均显著低于ck,但T2处理略低于T1处理,两者无显著差异;处理达到60 d和90 d时,各处理之间毛竹叶片SOD活性差异均达到显著水平(P<0.05);在处理90 d时,T2处理与ck相比下降幅度达到最大,此时T1和T2处理毛竹叶片SOD活性与ck相比下降幅度分别达到了11.24%和63.99%。毛竹叶片POD活性表现为在整个处理期间均随着注水伐桩数量的增加而降低。T1处理毛竹叶片过氧化物酶(POD)活性在模拟干旱环境30 d和60 d时均略微低于同时期的ck,无显著差异,直到处理90 d时T1处理显著低于同期的ck,T2处理在各时间点毛竹叶片POD活性均显著低于ck,此时,T1和T2处理与ck毛竹叶片POD活性相比下降幅度分别达到了43.62%和71.18%。毛竹叶片过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性在整个处理期间均与注水伐桩数量负相关。处理30 d时,各处理间毛竹叶片CAT活性无显著差异;处理60 d时,T1与ck处理无显著差异,T2处理较ck和T1处理均有显著下降;处理达到90 d时,T1和T2处理毛竹叶片CAT活性无显著差异,较ck均有显著下降,T1和T2处理较ck毛竹叶片CAT活性的分别降低了44.00%和59.71%。
Physiological responses of Phyllostachys edulis to water storage in their stumps with a simulated drought environment
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摘要: 为了解干旱环境下增加注水伐桩后毛竹Phyllostachys edulis的生理响应,为气候变化背景下毛竹的适应性经营及节水灌溉提供理论参考。采用对毛竹林地面覆盖薄膜模拟干旱环境的方法,设置ck(0个伐桩注水)、T1(12个伐桩注水)和T2(18个伐桩注水)等3种毛竹林伐桩注水处理,并对1年生毛竹叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率、光合色素含量、膜脂过氧化和抗氧化系统进行测定。结果表明:处理30 d时,T1处理与ck相比毛竹叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率、光合色素质量分数、膜脂过氧化和抗氧化系统的差异不显著(P>0.05),仅毛竹叶片丙二醛(MDA)质量摩尔浓度和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性出现显著降低(P < 0.05)。随着模拟干旱环境时间的延长,对毛竹叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率、光合色素质量分数、膜脂过氧化和抗氧化系统的影响逐渐显现,至处理90 d时,除叶片类胡萝卜素质量分数无显著差异外,其他测定指标均达到差异显著水平(P < 0.05)。与ck相比,T2处理在不同时间点对毛竹叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率、光合色素、膜脂过氧化和抗氧化系统的影响均比T1处理明显;处理30 d时,仅叶片叶绿素a、相对电导率以及过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性差异不显著(P>0.05);处理90 d时,各项测定指标均显著变化(P < 0.05)。毛竹净光合速率、蒸腾速率和叶片光合色素质量分数均与注水伐桩数量正相关,而叶片MDA质量摩尔浓度、相对电导率及SOD、CAT和过氧化物酶(POD)活性均与注水伐桩数量负相关。研究表明:在干旱环境下增加注水伐桩可以显著提高毛竹的光合蒸腾能力和抗氧化能力,改善毛竹生长状况。Abstract: To supply a theoretical basis for management and water-saving irrigation of Phyllostachys edulis (Moso bamboo) in consideration of climate change, a covering film to simulate a drought environment was employed to study physiological responses of 1-year-old Moso bamboo to water storage in their stumps. An experiment with three different irrigation treatments, ck (0 stumps with water storage), T1 (12 stumps with water storage), and T2 (18 stumps with water storage) was established to determine the effect on four variables: leaf photosynthetic rate, photosynthetic pigment, membrane lipid peroxidation, and the antioxidant system. Results for tested physiological parameters during the initial 30 d period showed no significant differences between ck and T1 (P > 0.05); however, in treatment T1 there was a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in malondialdehyde (MDA) content and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. With an increase in time of the simulated drought environment, the effects on the four variables gradually appeared. After 90 d, except for carotenoid content, the test physiological indicators of ck had changed significantly (P < 0.05), and compared to ck, changes for T2 > T1 for the four variables. In the initial 30 d, leaf chlorophyll a, relative conductivity, and catalase (CAT) activity were not significantly different (P > 0.05); but after 90 d, all the test physiological parameters had significantly changed (P < 0.05). Also, net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, and leaf photosynthetic pigment content of Moso bamboo had a positive relationship with the amount of water storage in their stumps; whereas, MDA content, relative conductivity, SOD, CAT, and peroxidase (POD) activity had a negative relationship. This study showed that increased water storage in stumps could improve photosynthesis and transpiration, antioxidant capacity, and growth conditions of Moso bamboo in a drought environment.
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表 1 模拟干旱环境下不同注水伐桩处理毛竹光合蒸腾作用
Table 1. Photosynthesis and transpiration of Phyllostachys edulis with different number of water storage in stumps under simulated drought environment
t/d 净光合速率(Pn)/(μmol·m-2·s-1) 蒸腾速率(Tr)/(mmol·m-2·s-1) 水分利用效率(EWUE)/(mmol·mol-1) ck T1 T2 ck T1 T2 ck T1 T2 30 2.38±0.10b 2.48±0.03ab 2.62±0.13a 0.47±0.06b 0.54±0.04ab 0.56±0.01a 5.12±0.08a 4.58±0.26b 4.69±0.26b 60 2.79±0.03b 3.01±0.43b 4.02±0.39a 0.53±0.01b 0.60±0.05b 0.90±0.05a 5.29±0.18a 5.01±0.32ab 4.69±0.46b 90 3.44±0.10c 3.83±0.10b 4.55±0.31a 0.62±0.04c 0.74±0.02b 0.89±0.03a 5.63±0.25a 5.17±0.08b 5.15±0.21b 说明:不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。 表 2 模拟干旱环境下不同注水伐桩处理毛竹叶片光合色素
Table 2. Contents of chlorophyll and carotenoid in leaves of Phyllostachys edulis with different number of water storage in stumps under simulated drought environment
t/d 叶绿素a/(mg·g-1) 叶绿素b/(mg·g-1) ck T1 T2 ck T1 T2 30 1.92±0.12 a 1.93±0.11a 1.96±0.06 a 0.59±0.01b 0.61±0.02ab 0.62±0.01 a 60 2.10±0.00 b 2.29±0.08 b 2.54±0.09 a 0.69±0.03 b 0.00±0.05 b 0.81±0.06 a 90 2.09±0.04 c 2.40±0.11b 2.52±0.02 a 0.65±0.03 b 0.00±0.01 a 0.09±0.01 a t/d 类胡萝卜素/(mg·g-1) 叶绿素a/b ck T1 T2 ck T1 T2 30 0.40±0.01b 0.41±0.02 b 0.56±0.01 a 3.22±0.32 a 3.16±0.06 a 3.18±0.11a 60 0.55±0.05 b 0.60±0.03 b 0.68±0.03 a 3.14±0.01a 3.25±0.01a 3.19±0.16 a 90 0.45±0.02 b 0.40±0.01b 0.49±0.01a 3.18±0.00 a 3.09±0.23 a 3.10±0.08 a 说明:不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。 -
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