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烟草Nicotiana tabacum是中国重要的经济作物之一。中国烟草种植面积高达100万hm2,烟叶产量达450~500万t·a-1,其中烟秆产量约为150万t·a-1[1],由于管理比较粗犷,烟叶收获后大量烟秆被堆砌焚烧,不仅造成农林秸秆资源的巨大浪费,且焚烧产生的烟气对大气环境造成了严重影响。另一方面,有研究发现,中国部分烟草种植区土壤受到了不同程度的重金属污染,如贵阳和安顺镉的单项污染指数分别为1.581和1.103[2],当烟叶中含有过量重金属时,抽吸过程中,重金属会以气溶胶或金属氧化物的形式通过主流烟气进入人体,造成潜在危害[3];此外,连作会使重茬种植后的烟草生长迟缓、植株矮小、产量品质降低、土传病虫害加重等现象[4-5],严重影响当地烟农的经济收益。因此,寻找一种既能解决烟秆有效利用,同时又能降低土壤重金属生物有效性,并能提高重金属污染烟田经济价值的方法尤为重要。生物质炭是富含碳的生物质在缺氧或者无氧的条件下通过高温裂解或者不完全燃烧,生成的一种含碳量大、孔隙结构复杂的固体物质[6-7]。近年来,有研究表明:生物质炭可以提高土壤肥力[8],降低二氧化碳排放量[9];其含有的高比表面积、孔隙结构、碱性阳离子和官能团,对重金属有良好的修复作用[10];还可以改善土壤团聚体、降低土壤容重[11],促进土壤微生物活性[12],提高土壤酶活性[13]。因此,生物质炭化资源化利用不仅是低端农林废物如烟秆高值化利用的新技术途径,也是土壤学、环境科学、生态学等专业领域研究的一个重大热点。本研究利用贵州省毕节地区烟叶收获后的废弃烟秆制备成的烟秆炭改良重金属污染土壤,进行烟草种植试验,主要考察①烟秆炭对重金属污染土壤理化性质的影响;②烟秆炭对重金属污染土壤金属有效性的影响;③烟秆炭对烟叶生产及重金属质量分数的影响。希望通过本试验研究,为烟秆废弃物的炭化资源化再生使用及重金属污染土壤的修复利用提供理论依据。
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烟秆炭主要成分是碳(≈60%),含有少量的氮、氢、硫,pH 10.51,呈碱性,比供试土壤高2.83个单位。烟秆炭比表面积(BET)高达368.92 m2·g-1,与稻草炭(500 ℃裂解30 min,比表面积为29.97 m2·g-1)[17]和死猪炭(800 ℃裂解1 h,比表面积为29.15 m2·g-1)[18]相比有较高的比表面积,能为金属离子提供更多的吸附点位。由图 1可知:生物质炭表面含有丰富的芳香族和脂肪族官能团[19],这些含氧官能团决定了生物质炭具有亲水、疏水性,并增强其对酸碱的缓冲能力,也是土壤pH升高的关键因素。
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表 1显示:施用烟秆炭可以显著提高土壤pH值,且随着炭施加量的增加,土壤pH值显著提高。其中处理TB80效果最为显著,与对照相比土壤pH显著提高了0.38个单位。土壤有机质的变化趋势与pH值一致(表 1),但土壤溶解性有机碳质量分数只有在烟秆炭施加量增加到80 g·kg-1时,才呈现显著性提高(23.4%)。
表 1 不同处理下土壤pH值和养分质量分数
Table 1. Soil pH and nutrient contents under different treatments
处理 pH值 ω有机质/(g·kg-1) ω水溶性碳/(mg·kg-1) ω有效磷/(mg·kg-1) ω碱解氮/(g·kg-1) TB0 7.76 ± 0.06 d 29.73 ± 2.74 d 222.76 ± 16.58 b 19.71 ± 3.38 c 0.10 ± 0.003 bc TB20 7.85 ± 0.03 c 39.38 ± 2.46 c 228.51 ± 22.21 b 27.10 ± 7.66 c 0.11 ± 0.006 c TB40 7.97 ± 0.04 b 47.43 ± 7.11 b 231.26 ± 24.88 b 42.80 ± 6.76 b 0.12 ± 0.005 ab TB80 8.14 ± 0.05 a 60.08 ± 4.97 a 274.96 ± 15.49 a 67.50 ± 8.74 a 0.12 ± 0.008 a 说明:TB0为对照,英文小写字母代表同列不同处理间的显著性差异水平(P<0.05) 另外,施用一定数量的烟秆炭也能显著增加土壤碱解氮和有效磷质量分数(表 1)。与对照相比,施加20 g·kg-1烟秆炭对土壤碱解氮和有效磷质量分数提高不明显;当施加量增加到40 g·kg-1时,土壤有效磷质量分数显著提高,当增加到80 g·kg-1时,土壤有效磷比40 g·kg-1时又增加了约60.0%;但只有将烟秆炭施加量提高到80 g·kg-1时,与对照相比土壤碱解氮质量分数才显著增加(20.0%)。
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土壤重金属有效态主要指植物有效态,它与重金属形态关系密切[20]。中国现行土壤重金属有效态的提取采用二乙三胺五乙酸(DTPA)浸提法[NY/T 890-2004]。从图 2可见:施加烟秆炭能显著降低土壤中铜、镉和铅的有效态质量分数,但不同施用量对3种重金属的钝化效果表现不同。以土壤施加40 g·kg-1的烟秆炭为分界点,施用20 g·kg-1烟秆炭就能显著降低土壤有效态铜、铅和镉质量分数,与对照相比分别下降了16.6%,18.7%和19.6%;增加炭的施用量至40 g·kg-1,土壤中有效态镉质量分数并没有持续降低,而铜和铅又显著降低了20.5%和13.2%;再提高烟秆炭的施用量至80 g·kg-1,并不能继续降低土壤DTPA可提取态铜和铅的质量分数,但是镉质量分数却显著降低了26.7%。
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土壤酶参与碳、氮、磷、硫等各类物质的循环,是土壤新陈代谢的重要物质。土壤酶活性是反映土壤肥力和质量的重要指标。从表 2可知:土壤中施加烟秆炭会显著降低脱氢酶的活性,而一定数量的烟秆炭能显著提高土壤脲酶和磷酸酶活性。
表 2 不同烟秆炭使用量对土壤酶活性的影响
Table 2. Effects of tobacco stalk biochar on soil enzymes activities under different application rates
处理 脲酶/(mg·g-1·h-1) 碱性磷酸酶/(mg·g-1·h-1) 脱氢酶/(mg·g-1·h-1 土壤酶综合活性值 TB0 13.83 ± 0.41 c 0.67 ± 0.52 b 0.36 ± 0.08 a 1.49 c TB20 16.54 ± 1.75 b 0.96 ± 0.72 ab 0.25 ± 0.12 b 1.58 b TB40 16.93 ± 3.81 b 0.97 ± 0.74 ab 0.23 ± 0.04 b 1.56 b TB80 20.49 ± 3.06 a 1.50 ± 1.12 a 0.21 ± 0.03 b 1.86 a 说明:英文小写字母表示同列不同处理间的显著性差异水平(P<0.05) 具体讲,土壤施加20 g·kg-1烟秆炭,脲酶活性显著提高了19.6%,但将烟秆炭的施用量增加到40 g·kg-1,并没有继续提高土壤脲酶活性(表 2),只有将施用量增加到80 g·kg-1时,土壤脲酶活性才显著又提高了21.0%,与对照相比约显著提高了50%。土壤施加20 g·kg-1或40 g·kg-1的烟秆炭,并不能显著提高土壤磷酸酶活性,但将炭的施用量提高到80 g·kg-1时,土壤磷酸酶活性与对照相比显著提高了2倍多。但是施加80 g·kg-1烟秆炭,土壤磷酸酶活性与施加20和40 g·kg-1烟秆炭的土壤磷酸酶活性对比没有显著性差异。烟秆炭的施用会降低土壤脱氢酶的活性,不同比例烟秆炭施用对土壤脱氢酶活性也没有显著性差异。
因此,不同烟秆炭施用量处理对土壤酶活性综合性指标的影响效果为TB80>TB40=TB20>TB0。综上所述,处理TB80对土壤酶活性影响最为显著。
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由于重金属本身的化学性质各异且在土壤中存在的形态也不同,土壤理化性质对重金属有效态质量分数影响各不相同。从表 3中可知:烟秆炭施用量与铜、铅有效态质量分数呈负相关关系,其中与镉呈显著负相关关系,说明烟秆炭施用量对降低有效态镉效果更好。土壤基本理化性质如pH值和有机质、水溶性碳、碱解氮和有效磷质量分数与土壤有效态重金属铜、镉、铅均呈负相关关系。土壤有机质质量分数与有效态镉呈极显著负相关关系,pH值、有效磷质量分数与有效态镉呈显著负相关性,表明土壤有机质对镉的钝化作用比土壤pH值、有效磷质量分数大。有效态铅与有效态铜呈显著正相关性,表明土壤中铜与铅具有伴生性关系[21]。
表 3 土壤重金属有效态与烟秆炭施用量及土壤理化性质的相关性分析
Table 3. Correlation between soil DTPA-extractable heavy metals and soil physical and chemical properties
炭施用量 有效磷 水溶性碳 有机质 pH值 碱解氮 镉 铅 铜 -0.88 -0.86 -0.66 -0.92 -0.90 -0.74 0.91 0.99* 镉 -0.98* -0.96* -0.89 -0.99** -0.98* -0.81 1.00 0.95 铅 -0.90 -0.871 -0.71 -0.94 -0.92 -0.71 0.95 1.00 说明: *表示P<0.05(双尾检测);**表示P<0.01(双尾检测) -
由表 4可见:施用烟秆炭对烟草生长各农艺指标影响各异。土壤施加烟秆炭能显著增加烟草有效叶数和叶片的宽度,但不同比例炭施用量对烟草株高和叶片的长度并没有显著影响。不同的是,烟叶鲜质量随生物炭施用量的增加而显著增加。20,40和80 g·kg-1的烟秆炭施用量收获的烟叶鲜质量分别比对照显著提高了45.0%,47.1%和61.2%。
表 4 不同烟秆炭施用量对烟草农艺指标的影响
Table 4. Effects of different tobacco biochar application rates on agronomic indexes of tobacco stems
处理 茎高/cm 有效叶数/片 叶宽/cm 叶长/cm 鲜叶质量/g TB0 87.25 ± 3.20 a 15.00 ± 0.00 b 16.00 ± 1.41 b 36.25 ± 2.36 a 85.00 ± 10.98 c TB20 95.75 ± 5.56 a 16.25 ± 0.96 a 19.75 ± 2.22 a 41.00 ± 4.08 a 119.00 ± 11.05 b TB40 94.00 ± 8.37 a 16.25 ± 0.96 a 22.25 ± 3.77 a 40.00 ± 3.46 a 125.00 ± 10.07 ab TB80 95.75 ± 4.35 a 16.25 ± 0.50 a 20.38 ± 1.10 a 41.13 ± 1.93 a 137.00 ± 5.72 a 说明:同列数字后面英文小写字母表示不同处理间差异性水平(P<0.05) 烟叶是烟草的重要经济部位,叶片中重金属质量分数是衡量烟叶品质的重要指标。从图 3可见:土壤添加一定量的烟秆炭可以显著降低烟叶中重金属质量分数,其中铜和镉的变化趋势相似。在土壤施加20 g·kg-1的烟秆炭时,叶片中铜和镉的质量分数比对照(无烟秆炭添加)显著降低了13.6%和18.4%;烟秆炭施用量增加到40 g·kg-1时,与20 g·kg-1相比,烟叶中铜、镉的质量分数没有显著变化;但当烟秆炭的施用量继续增加到80 g·kg-1时,与烟秆炭低施用量(20和40 g·kg-1)相比,叶片中铜和镉质量分数反而显著上升了。与对照相比,随着土壤施加烟秆炭的量的增加,烟叶中铅质量分数有下降趋势,但各处理间并没有显著差异。
Tobacco stalk biochar in heavy metal contaminated soil amendments with tobacco production
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摘要: 为了评估烟秆炭修复重金属污染土壤上种植烟草Nicotiana tabacum的可行性,以烟秆炭作为土壤修复剂,以重金属污染土壤为研究对象,利用盆栽实验研究了不同烟秆炭施加量(0,20,40,80 g·kg-1)对重金属污染土壤肥力、重金属生物有效性、土壤酶活性指数及烟草产量、烟叶重金属质量分数的影响。结果表明:施用烟秆炭可以显著提高重金属污染土壤pH值、土壤肥力和土壤酶综合活性指数,显著降低污染土壤重金属生物有效性。与对照相比,添加80 g·kg-1的烟秆炭对土壤肥力的改善、酶活性指数的提升和对土壤中镉的钝化效果最好,土壤有机质和有效磷质量分数分别显著(P < 0.05)提高了2.0倍和3.4倍,土壤酶指数显著提升了24.8%;但施用施加40 g·kg-1的烟秆炭已能使铜、铅的钝化效果达到最佳,与对照相比分别显著(P < 0.05)下降了33.7%和29.5%。另一方面,施用烟秆炭能显著(P < 0.05)增加烟草有效叶数和叶片的宽度,烟叶鲜质量在炭施加量为40 g·kg-1时达到最高,比对照显著(P < 0.05)提高了近50.0%,同时烟叶中铜、镉质量分数降至最低。综合分析当烟秆炭施加量为土壤总质量的4%时,其对重金属污染土壤的修复效果最好。因此,利用烟秆制成的生物质炭修复重金属污染土壤种植烟草是可行的。Abstract: To assess the impacts of tobacco stalk biochar on tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) growth and leaf yield, soil properties and metal immobilization in soil, and non-bioavailability to plants in a soil contaminated with Cu, Pb, and Cd, a pot experiment with biochar application rates of 0, 20, 40, and 80 g·kg-1 was conducted in Pingshan Experimental Ground in Zhejiang A&F University in 2016. And the biochar was mixed with 4 kg soil filled into plastic pots in a randomized design with 4 replications per treatment. Results compared to the control with no biochar additions, showed increases in soil pH, soil fertility, and soil enzyme activity indices as well as a decrease in soil heavy metal bioavailability with increasing application of biochar from 20 g·kg-1 to 80 g·kg-1. With a biochar application rate to the soil of 80 g·kg-1, content of soil organic matter and soil available P increased significantly (P < 0.05) (2.0 and 3.4 times, respectively), and the geometric mean of enzyme activities (GMea) also significantly increased (P < 0.05) (24.8%). Additionally, 40 g·kg-1 of biochar added to the soil led to the highest immobilization effect with decreases on Cu (33.7%) and Pb (29.5%) in the soil. Furthermore, with addition of biochar to the soil both number of tobacco leaves and foliar biomass increased significantly (P < 0.05). With a biochar application rate of 40 g·kg-1 to the soil, foliar fresh biomass was highest at nearly 50% higher than the control. At the same application rate of biochar to soil (40 g·kg-1), Cu and Cd concentrations in tobacco leaves significantly decreased (P < 0.05) to the lowest level. Thus, it may be feasible to use biochar derived from tobacco stalk waste to remediate metal-contaminated soils which can then be re-used for tobacco cultivation, and based on this study, 4% would be a suitable application rate for the biochar.
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表 1 不同处理下土壤pH值和养分质量分数
Table 1. Soil pH and nutrient contents under different treatments
处理 pH值 ω有机质/(g·kg-1) ω水溶性碳/(mg·kg-1) ω有效磷/(mg·kg-1) ω碱解氮/(g·kg-1) TB0 7.76 ± 0.06 d 29.73 ± 2.74 d 222.76 ± 16.58 b 19.71 ± 3.38 c 0.10 ± 0.003 bc TB20 7.85 ± 0.03 c 39.38 ± 2.46 c 228.51 ± 22.21 b 27.10 ± 7.66 c 0.11 ± 0.006 c TB40 7.97 ± 0.04 b 47.43 ± 7.11 b 231.26 ± 24.88 b 42.80 ± 6.76 b 0.12 ± 0.005 ab TB80 8.14 ± 0.05 a 60.08 ± 4.97 a 274.96 ± 15.49 a 67.50 ± 8.74 a 0.12 ± 0.008 a 说明:TB0为对照,英文小写字母代表同列不同处理间的显著性差异水平(P<0.05) 表 2 不同烟秆炭使用量对土壤酶活性的影响
Table 2. Effects of tobacco stalk biochar on soil enzymes activities under different application rates
处理 脲酶/(mg·g-1·h-1) 碱性磷酸酶/(mg·g-1·h-1) 脱氢酶/(mg·g-1·h-1 土壤酶综合活性值 TB0 13.83 ± 0.41 c 0.67 ± 0.52 b 0.36 ± 0.08 a 1.49 c TB20 16.54 ± 1.75 b 0.96 ± 0.72 ab 0.25 ± 0.12 b 1.58 b TB40 16.93 ± 3.81 b 0.97 ± 0.74 ab 0.23 ± 0.04 b 1.56 b TB80 20.49 ± 3.06 a 1.50 ± 1.12 a 0.21 ± 0.03 b 1.86 a 说明:英文小写字母表示同列不同处理间的显著性差异水平(P<0.05) 表 3 土壤重金属有效态与烟秆炭施用量及土壤理化性质的相关性分析
Table 3. Correlation between soil DTPA-extractable heavy metals and soil physical and chemical properties
炭施用量 有效磷 水溶性碳 有机质 pH值 碱解氮 镉 铅 铜 -0.88 -0.86 -0.66 -0.92 -0.90 -0.74 0.91 0.99* 镉 -0.98* -0.96* -0.89 -0.99** -0.98* -0.81 1.00 0.95 铅 -0.90 -0.871 -0.71 -0.94 -0.92 -0.71 0.95 1.00 说明: *表示P<0.05(双尾检测);**表示P<0.01(双尾检测) 表 4 不同烟秆炭施用量对烟草农艺指标的影响
Table 4. Effects of different tobacco biochar application rates on agronomic indexes of tobacco stems
处理 茎高/cm 有效叶数/片 叶宽/cm 叶长/cm 鲜叶质量/g TB0 87.25 ± 3.20 a 15.00 ± 0.00 b 16.00 ± 1.41 b 36.25 ± 2.36 a 85.00 ± 10.98 c TB20 95.75 ± 5.56 a 16.25 ± 0.96 a 19.75 ± 2.22 a 41.00 ± 4.08 a 119.00 ± 11.05 b TB40 94.00 ± 8.37 a 16.25 ± 0.96 a 22.25 ± 3.77 a 40.00 ± 3.46 a 125.00 ± 10.07 ab TB80 95.75 ± 4.35 a 16.25 ± 0.50 a 20.38 ± 1.10 a 41.13 ± 1.93 a 137.00 ± 5.72 a 说明:同列数字后面英文小写字母表示不同处理间差异性水平(P<0.05) -
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