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三叶青Tetrastigma hemsleyanum为葡萄科Vitaceae崖爬藤属Tetrastigma的药用植物,主要以地下块根入药。在临床中,三叶青内服可治疗咽喉炎、肝炎、肺炎、小儿高热惊厥及病毒性脑膜炎等炎症,外用可治毒蛇咬伤、跌打损伤、痈疽等疾病,被誉为“植物抗生素”,是中国独有的珍贵药材,主要分布于浙江、湖南、广东、广西、四川等地[1]。由于三叶青具有良好的抗肿瘤功效且无毒副作用[2],导致三叶青需求量大量增加,人工栽培面积不断扩大。人工种植三叶青多采取遮光大棚雾喷管理,藤叶生长茂盛,但块根品质却远不如生长环境苛刻的野生三叶青[3-5]。逆境胁迫虽抑制植物的生长发育,特别是营养生长,但同时也会促进或者抑制植物中黄酮等一些次生代谢产物的累积[6-9]。三叶青喜阴湿环境,野生三叶青多生长于山坡或山沟、溪谷两旁的针阔混交林或杂木林林下背阴处[10-11],可见水分条件对三叶青的生长影响较大。目前,温度[12-13]、光照[14-15]、土壤肥料[16-17]等环境因子对三叶青生长的影响已有研究,但关于水分胁迫对三叶青特别是三叶青黄酮含量的影响还未见报道。因此,本研究分析了水分胁迫对三叶青生长、黄酮含量及其合成途径中关键酶的影响,为人工种植高品质三叶青提供理论依据。
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水分胁迫严重影响三叶青的营养生长。从叶片表型来看,未遭受水分胁迫的三叶青(对照)叶片饱满,色泽鲜艳,叶脉清晰;干旱胁迫40 d后,三叶青叶片失水,萎蔫,逐渐发黄枯萎;水涝胁迫20 d后,三叶青叶片失绿变黄(图1)。从块根的表观形态上来看,对照组的块根饱满,形状完好,而干旱组的块根失水皱缩,表皮布满沟壑,水涝组的块根绵软,表皮极易脱落,块根几乎腐烂(图2)。
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叶绿体结构的完整性及其内部结构的有序性对光合作用的光能吸收和传递有着重要作用。与对照相比,水涝和干旱处理下叶绿体数目明显减少(图3A1,图3B1,图3C1)。水分胁迫下,三叶青叶片中的叶绿体在细胞内的排列方式发生变化,与对照的紧贴细胞壁并且整齐分布相比,水涝和干旱处理后,叶肉细胞中的叶绿体与细胞壁分离,挤向液泡,在细胞中呈现拥挤混乱的现象,叶绿体向细胞中间靠拢,完全随机分布在细胞中(图3A1,图3B1,图3C1)。水涝和干旱处理后,叶肉细胞叶绿体膨胀,失去原本形态,叶绿体中淀粉粒数量增多,可能是代谢不正常导致淀粉粒无法运出造成的(图3A2,图3B2,图3B3)。与对照相比,水涝和干旱处理后,叶绿体基质颜色变浅,叶绿体膨大,质体小球颜色变浅,数量增多,体积变大(图3A3,图3B3,图3C3)。对照基粒片层结构整齐,紧密排列,而干旱和水涝处理后,基粒片层失去整齐紧密结构,与细胞质之间不再有完整界限,结构被破坏(图3A4,图3B4,图3C4)。
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水分胁迫影响三叶青块根的黄酮质量分数。水涝胁迫8 d后,总黄酮质量分数显著高于对照(P<0.05),在胁迫12 d时达到最大值。干旱胁迫16 d后,总黄酮质量分数显著高于对照(P<0.05),在胁迫16 d时达到峰值(图4)。对照总黄酮质量分数保持在比较稳定的范围内,而水涝和干旱处理后,总黄酮质量分数呈先低后高再回落的变化趋势。
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水分胁迫对三叶青块根黄酮合成关键酶活性的影响较大。水涝胁迫4 d后,PAL活性显著提高(P<0.05),并且在胁迫4 d时达到峰值,之后下降且在胁迫16 d时显著低于对照(P<0.05)。干旱胁迫16 d后,PAL活性显著高于对照(P<0.05),并且在胁迫16 d时达到峰值,之后下降且在胁迫32 d时显著低于对照(P<0.05)。即PAL活性呈先上升后下降的趋势,胁迫处理前期大于对照,胁迫后期则低于对照(图5)。
水分胁迫影响三叶青CHS活性。水涝胁迫4 d后,CHS活性显著高于对照(P<0.05),且在胁迫处理的12 d达到最大值,之后回落到与对照近似水平。干旱胁迫16 d后,干旱处理的CHS活性显著增强(P<0.05),并且在胁迫16 d达到峰值,之后下降至与对照近似水平。整个研究过程中,水涝和干旱处理的CHS活性呈先上升后下降的趋势,且酶活性大于对照组,对照组基本不变(图6)。
与对照相比,水涝胁迫12 d后,CHI活性显著增强(P<0.05),并且在胁迫处理的12 d达到峰值,之后开始下降。干旱胁迫下,CHI活性在8~16 d迅速增加,且在胁迫16 d显著高于对照(P<0.05),之后开始下降(图7)。总体来说,水涝和干旱的CHS活性呈先上升后下降的趋势,且酶活性大于对照组,而对照组的CHI活性一直比较稳定。此外,相比于CHS活性,CHI对胁迫的响应略有延缓,说明CHI可能在CHS之后起作用。
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从表1可以看出:干旱和水涝胁迫下,三叶青黄酮质量分数、PAL、CHS、CHI活性之间均表现为正相关关系,个别呈显著相关(P<0.05),表明黄酮质量分数受酶活性的调控。胁迫处理组的PAL与CHS、CHI之间呈正相关,但相关不显著(P>0.05);CHS和CHI之间呈极显著相关(P<0.01),表明CHS和CHI共同促进黄酮质量分数增加。
表 1 水分胁迫下黄酮质量分数、PAL、CHS、CHI之间的相关性分析
Table 1. Correlation analysis between flavonoid content, PAL, CHS and CHI under water stress
处理 黄酮 PAL CHS CHI 水涝 黄酮 1 PAL 0.143 1 CHS 0.830* 0.614 1 CHI 0.854* 0.413 0.950** 1 干旱 黄酮 1 PAL 0.256 1 CHS 0.846* 0.699 1 CHI 0.895* 0.625 0.980** 1 对照 黄酮 1 PAL 0.565 1 CHS −0.014 0.464 1 CHI 0.336 0.553 0.920** 1 说明:*表示显著相关(P<0.05);**表示极显著相关(P< 0.01)
Effects of water stress on chloroplast ultrastructure and key enzymes of flavonoid synthesis in Tetrastigma hemsleyanum
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摘要:
目的 探究水分胁迫对三叶青Tetrastigma hemsleyanum叶绿体超微结构及黄酮合成关键酶活性的影响,有利于提升三叶青的品质。 方法 以2年生三叶青实生苗为材料,通过控水盆栽试验(设置水涝、干旱和对照),分析水分胁迫对三叶青叶绿体超微结构、块根总黄酮质量分数以及黄酮合成途径中的3个关键酶[苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、查尔酮合成酶(CHS)和查尔酮异构酶(CHI)]活性的影响。 结果 干旱和水涝均引起三叶青叶片叶绿体数量减少,叶绿体质体小球的数量增多、体积变大、颜色变浅,叶绿体基粒片层结构不再整齐紧密;干旱时,三叶青总黄酮质量分数在胁迫12 d达到峰值,水涝时则在胁迫16 d达到峰值,而PAL、CHS和CHI等3个关键酶则在黄酮质量分数达到峰值前期或者是同期表现出较高的活性;随着胁迫时间的延长,黄酮质量分数和关键酶活性都有不同程度的下降,黄酮质量分数与PAL、CHS、CHI活性均显著相关(P<0.05)。 结论 适度的水分胁迫可提高三叶青块根中黄酮类化合物的质量分数以及相关酶的活性。图7表1参36 Abstract:Objective This study aims to investigate the effects of water stress on the ultrastructure of chloroplast and the activity and content of key enzymes in the flavonoid synthesis pathway of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum, so as to improve the quality of T. hemsleyanum. Method With two-year-old seedlings of T. hemsleyanum as materials, and through water control pot experiments (setting waterlogging, drought, and the control), the effects of water stress on chloroplast ultrastructure, root flavonoid content and the activities of three key enzymes [phenylalanine ammonia lyase(PAL), chalcone synthase(CHS) and chalcone isomerase(CHI)] in flavonoid synthesis pathway were analyzed. Result Drought and waterlogging both caused the decrease of chloroplast number in the leaves, and they moved toward the center of the cell instead of clinging to the cell wall. Besides, the number of plastid globules in the chloroplast increased and the volume became larger, the color became lighter, and the lamella structure of chloroplast was no longer neat and compact. The total flavonoid content of T. hemsleyanum reached the peak on the 12th day under drought stress, and reached the peak on the 16th day under waterlogging stress. Analysis of key enzyme activities in the biosynthetic pathway of flavonoids showed that the activities of PAL, CHS and CHI increased successively in the early stage of the maximum flavonoid content or during the same period, but with the extension of stress time, the total flavonoid content and key enzyme activities decreased in varying degrees. There was a significant correlation between the content of flavonoids and the activities of PAL, CHS, and CHI (P<0.05). Conclusion Moderate water stress can increase the content of flavonoids in the roots of T. hemsleyanum and enhance the activity of related enzymes. [Ch, 7 fig. 1 tab. 36 ref.] -
Key words:
- water stress /
- Tetrastigma hemsleyanum /
- ultrastructure /
- flavonoid /
- key enzyme
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表 1 水分胁迫下黄酮质量分数、PAL、CHS、CHI之间的相关性分析
Table 1. Correlation analysis between flavonoid content, PAL, CHS and CHI under water stress
处理 黄酮 PAL CHS CHI 水涝 黄酮 1 PAL 0.143 1 CHS 0.830* 0.614 1 CHI 0.854* 0.413 0.950** 1 干旱 黄酮 1 PAL 0.256 1 CHS 0.846* 0.699 1 CHI 0.895* 0.625 0.980** 1 对照 黄酮 1 PAL 0.565 1 CHS −0.014 0.464 1 CHI 0.336 0.553 0.920** 1 说明:*表示显著相关(P<0.05);**表示极显著相关(P< 0.01) -
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