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植物常因具有独特的叶片斑纹而观赏价值倍增。引种于日本的矢竹Pseudosasa japonica是园林绿化中的重要材料[1],变型有花叶矢竹P. japonica f. akebonosuji和曙筋矢竹P. japonica f. akebono。前者有3种叶色,白叶、白绿相间条纹叶和白色渐渐复绿的复绿叶[2],后者叶色多为放射状暗条纹的淡绿叶。3种矢竹叶色丰富、秆型挺拔,是研究叶色变异的理想材料。不同叶色会影响植物光合能力,主要由叶片中色素种类和含量决定。王振兴等[3]对狗枣猕猴桃Actinidia kolomikta彩叶和绿叶研究发现,色素含量是影响叶色的重要因素;吴雪霞等[4]揭示了遮光使得光化学反应的能量在茄子Solanum melongena叶片所吸收的光能中占比逐渐增加,天线色素耗散的能量逐渐减少;银丝竹Bambusa multiplex ‘Silverstripe’不同叶色间的光合色素含量存在显著差异,随绿色叶片面积的下降而下降[5]。叶色是各种色素含量的综合表现,通常表现为绿色是因为叶绿素含量较高,而其他的色素含量比较低[6]。研究发现:随着色素累积水平的改变,植物叶色也发生相应变化[7],这种叶色变异与色素类物质合成降解、叶绿体发育等因素密切相关。张向娜等[8]发现:叶色中叶绿素和类胡萝卜素对茶树Camellia sinensis光合作用、抗逆性、鲜叶适制性等有重要影响。在可见光波段,水稻Oryza sativa不同叶色的冠层光谱反射率随着植株生长而不断变化,叶绿素含量与一阶微分光谱的相关系数呈极显著正相关[9]。色素也反映了植物的光合能力和生理状态,光合色素在光能的吸收、传递和转换过程中起着关键的作用,能驱动光合作用把光能转变为化学能[10],载体为光系统Ⅰ(PSⅠ)和光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)。有研究发现:光胁迫下的杂种杨无性系光化学能量储存分配到PSⅡ的份额要比分配到PSⅠ的多[11]。本研究以3种矢竹不同叶色叶片为对象,解析不同叶色叶片反射光谱特性、PSⅡ和PSⅠ特性之间的差异,探索不同叶色竹种光合能力差异,为进一步探究叶色变异机制奠定基础。
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对同一发展期的叶片调查发现:不同种矢竹叶片颜色差异较大(图1)。花叶矢竹的叶色会出现白叶(AL)和具绿色条纹的花叶(SL),其中白叶能逐渐复绿,但是绿度小且泛黄;曙筋矢竹叶片(VL)为淡绿色;矢竹叶片(GL)呈深绿色。
由表1可知:AL中叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素质量分数最低,与其他叶片差异极显著(P<0.05)。GL的叶绿素a 、叶绿素b 质量分数为最高,叶绿素a较VL高29.8%,较SL高8.8%;叶绿素b较VL高25.1%,较SL高7.6%;类胡萝卜素较VL高20.1%,较SL低11.4%;而SG与VL的差异不显著(P>0.05)。AL的Chl a/b、Car/Chl均为最高,显著高于其他3种叶片;其中SA为叶片白色部分,未测出光合色素。
表 1 不同叶色矢竹光合色素差异
Table 1. Difference of photosynthetic pigment content in different colors’ leaves of P. japonica
材料 Chla/(mg·g−1) Chlb/(mg·g−1) Car/(mg·g−1) Chl a+b/(mg·g−1) Chl a/b Car/Chl AL 0.34±0.015 a 0.26±0.010 a 0.32±0.015 c 0.60±0.035 a 1.3±0.007 a 0.53±0.022 b SG 20.39±0.170 b 18.27±0.120 b 5.52±0.020 a 38.66±0.250 c 1.1±0.020 b 0.14±0.010 a VL 17.09±0.080 b 15.72±0.070 b 4.07±0.184 b 33.81±0.140 b 1.0±0.013 b 0.12±0.007 a GL 22.19±0.120 c 19.66±0.150 b 4.89±0.020 a 41.85±0.220 c 1.14±0.024 b 0.11±0.005 a 说明:同列内不同小写字母表示材料间差异显著(P<0.05) -
除AL外,其他的反射光谱曲线均具有典型的绿色植被反射光谱特征,在500与670 nm左右的位置有2个低反射区。不同叶片反射光谱的反射率在蓝光区(430~470 nm)、绿光区(500~560 nm)不同,SA在绿光区明显高于SG、VL、GL,在556 nm 处达最高值,为0.385,比VL、SG和GL分别高8.0%、46.7%和51.2%;GL在近红外区(780~1 000 nm)最高,达0.600,其他叶片趋于一致(图2A)。由一阶导数(图2B)可以看出,除AL外,其他叶片在绿光区(550~560 nm)和红光区(650~760 nm)均出现最大峰值,黄光区(560~600 nm)出现最小峰值。
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图3所示:不同叶色矢竹叶片的叶绿素归一化指数、光化学植被指数变化趋势一致,从大到小依次为GL、SG、VL、SA、AL。GL(0.420)与SG(0.350)叶绿素归一化指数无显著差异,但显著(P<0.05)高于其他叶片,AL的2种植被指数值均为最低,分别为0.180和0.165。
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由图4可以看出:GL的Fv/Fm为0.80,SG和VL的Fv/Fm降低为0.72和0.75,说明它们反应中心的活性有所下降。而AL显著(P<0.05)低于其他叶片,仅为0.32。GL的Fv/Fm显著(P<0.05)高于AL和SG,VL的Fv/Fm占GL的94%。说明反应中心活性从大到小依次为GL、VL、SG、AL。叶片光化学性能指数PIABS可以更为准确地反映植物光合机构的状态[22]。其中:ψP0为暗适应后的最大光化学效率,ψ0为反应中心捕获的激子将电子传递到电子传递链中QA−下游电子受体的概率。SG与VL的PIABS差异不显著(P>0.05),但都与GL差异显著(P<0.05),分别为GL的46.2%与42.1%。AL的PIABS最低,为0.32。VL与GL的Fv/Fm无显著差异(P>0.05),PIABS存在显著差异(P<0.05),GL较VL高56.3%。
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如图5A所示:AL的初始荧光(F0)最大,SG的F0最小,说明AL的反应中心发生可逆性失活,SG的反应中心活性或类囊体的完整性均大于其他叶片。2 ms时的荧光强度(FJ)和30 ms时的荧光强度(FI)、最大荧光产量(FP=Fm)均表现为AL大于其他叶片,SG均小于其他叶片。SA为花叶矢竹条纹叶(SL)中的白色部分,未检测出相关数据。GL和VL的荧光诱导动力学曲线(OJIP曲线)差异不大,在O、J、I点近乎相同,大于SG且小于AL。将OJIP曲线双重归一化后得到快速叶绿素荧光诱导动力学曲线(图5B),3个竹种的不同叶色叶片均存在O、J、I、P点,说明光合电子链仍然能够有效运转。J点和I点主要反映PSⅡ受体侧活性。VL的曲线与GL没有重合,在J点处明显分开。J点出现是由于电子传递时间差而还原态质体醌A(QA−)大量累积导致的荧光迅速上升,说明VL累积的QA−最多。I点与P点一致,从大到小依次为VL、AL和SG、GL,当达到P点时,说明PSⅡ完全关闭,荧光产量最高。
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由图6可以看出:各叶片在t时的820 nm相对吸收值(It)呈“V”型变化,且SG、VL、GL变化趋势相同。在16 ms时,各叶片的820 nm相对光吸收值达到最低点,1~16 ms,各叶片的820 nm相对吸收值均呈现下降趋势,且下降速度从大到小依次为SG、VL、GL、AL、SA。180 ms时,820 nm相对光吸收值达到最大值,从大到小依次为SG、VL、GL、SA、AL。16~180 ms,各叶片的820 nm相对吸收值整体呈现上升趋势。由图7可以看出:GL的ΔI/I0最大,且与其他叶片差异显著(P<0.05),SA的ΔI/I0最低,AL与SA的ΔI/I0差异不显著(P>0.05),与其他叶片差异显著(P<0.05)。PSⅠ最大氧化还原能力从大到小依次为GL、VL、SG、AL、SA。花叶矢竹条纹叶白色部分(SA)复绿之后(AL)ΔI/I0上升,说明PSⅠ活性上升。
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如图8所示:在能量传递效率方面,捕获的光量子进入电子传递的效率(Ψ0)和吸收的光能进入电子传递的效率(φE0)的趋势一致,均从大到小依次为AL、SG、VL、SG,且AL与其他叶片差异显著(P<0.05)。在单位反应中心的性能方面,不同叶片的反应中心吸收光能(ABS/RC)、PSⅡ的最大捕获量(TRO/RC)、用于电子传递的能量(ETO/RC)、单位反应中心的热耗散(DIO/RC)这4个代表单位反应中心的性能的参数趋势较为一致。ABS/RC从大到小依次为AL(8.13)、SG(2.97)、VL(2.38)、GL(1.96)。AL吸收的光能远远高于其他叶片,还原QA的能量及用于电子传递的能量最高。但是GL的单位面积反应中心(RC/CSO)的数量最多,SG的RC/CSO数量为最少。
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相关分析表明(表2):矢竹类叶片的叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素a+b、类胡萝卜素质量分数与叶绿素归一化指数(ChlNDI)、光化学植被指数(PRI)都显著正相关(P<0.05)。且叶绿素a、叶绿素b与ChlNDI、PRI呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。ChlNDI和吸收的光能进入电子传递的效率(φEo)呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),与Fv/Fm、PIABS显著正相关(P<0.05);但PRI与PIABS相关性不显著(P>0.05),PRI与Fv/Fm、φEo为显著(P<0.05)相关。
表 2 叶片ChlNDI和PRI与色素质量分数、Fv/Fm、PIABS、φE0的相关性
Table 2. Correlation between reflectance spectrum parameters and pigment contents
光谱参数 Chla Chlb Chl a+b Car Fv/Fm PIABS φEo ChlNDI 0.966** 0.961** 0.924** 0.898* 0.883* 0.802* 0.937** PRI 0.969** 0.977** 0.931** 0.929** 0.759* 0.648 0.823* 说明:*表示P<0.05,**表示P<0.01
Reflection spectrum and photochemical characteristics of different colors’ leaves in Pseudosasa japonica
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摘要:
目的 通过解析矢竹Pseudosasa japonica不同叶色叶片反射光谱特性、光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)和光系统Ⅰ(PSⅠ)特性之间的差异,探索不同叶色竹种光合能力差异,从生理角度分析矢竹叶色变异特性并为进一步探究叶色变异机制奠定基础。 方法 取生长健壮的矢竹叶片(GL)、花叶矢竹P. japonica f. akebonosuji复绿叶片(AL)、花叶矢竹条纹叶片[(SL)包括白色部分(SA)和绿色部分(SG)]、曙筋矢竹P. japonica f. akebono(VL)4种不同叶色叶片为材料,测定光合色素质量分数、叶绿素归一化指数(ChlNDI)、光化学植被指数(PRI)、快速荧光动力学参数及820 nm相对吸收值。 结果 叶片叶绿素质量分数从大到小依次为GL、SL、VL、AL;不同叶色矢竹叶片的叶绿素归一化指数、光化学植被指数变化趋势一致,从大到小依次均为GL、SG、VL、SA、AL;4个色叶的光系统Ⅰ最大氧化还原能力从大到小依次为GL、VL、SG、AL;花叶矢竹复绿叶、条纹绿叶和曙筋矢竹都具有叶绿素荧光曲线动力学活性,但光系统Ⅱ反应中心开放降低程度与矢竹差异显著(P<0.05),能量用于电子传递份额变小;缺乏叶绿素使得单位反应中心吸收的光能不断增加,可能是因为它需要更多的反应中心来应对其较低的转化效率,但最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)和叶片性能指数(PIABS)都逐渐降低,可能是光系统Ⅱ反应中心发生可逆失活,能吸收光能但不能推动电子传递。 结论 叶色变异导致矢竹叶片光合色素质量分数存在差异,进而影响叶绿素归一化指数和光化学反射指数特征参数,叶绿素缺乏会影响光系统Ⅱ活性反应中心发生可逆性失活。花叶矢竹条纹叶片反应中心较少,但仍具有较好的光系统Ⅱ活性和叶绿素水平,维持较好的光合能力,这可能与其独特的花叶性状有关。图8表2参31 Abstract:Objective This study is aimed to explore the differences in photosynthetic capacity of different colors’leaves of Pseudosasa japonica, analyze the leaf color variation from a physiological point of view and lay the foundation for the further exploration of the mechanism of leaf color variation. Method With the strong bamboo leaves of Pseudosasa japonica(GL), regreened leaves of P. japonica f. akebonosuji(AL), striped leaves of P. japonica f. akebonosuj(SL), including the white part(SA) and the green part(SG), and the leaves of P. japonica f. akebono(VL) selected as the subjects, an investigation was conducted of the photosynthetic pigment content, ChlNDI, PRI, fast fluorescence kinetic parameters and 820 nm relative absorption. Result a) The relative content of chlorophyll in leaves was as follows: GL>SL>VL>AL and the change trend of chlorophyll normalized difference index (ChlNDI) and photochemical reflectance index(PRI) in different leaves of Pseudosasa japonica is the same, which is GL>SG>VL>SA>AL; b) The maximum redox capacity of Photosystem Ⅰ(PSⅠ) of three bamboo species was GL>VL>SG>AL; the regreened leaves and the striped green leaves of P. japonica f. akebonosuji and the P. japonica f. akebono demonstrate chlorophyll fluorescence curve kinetic activity, but the PhotosystemⅡ(PSⅡ) reaction center had a significantly lower degree of openness than that of the Pseudosasa japonica, and the share of energy used for electron transfer becomes smaller; c) The lack of chlorophyll makes the light energy absorbed by the unit reaction centers increase continuously, probably because it requires more reaction centers to cope with its lower conversion efficiency, however, the maximum photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) and the leaf performance index on absorption basis (PIABS) are gradually reduced, possibly due to the fact that the PSⅡ reaction center is reversibly deactivated, able to absorb light energy yet unable to promote electron transfer. Conclusion The variation of leaf color will lead to the difference of photosynthetic pigment content in different kinds of Pseudosasa japonica, and then affect the chlorophyll normalization index and photochemical reflectance index characteristic parameters. Chlorophyll deficiency will affect the active reaction center of PSⅡ, causing reversible inactivation. There are fewer reaction centers in the striped leaves of P. japonica f. akebonosuji, but it still demonstrates good PSⅡ activity, chlorophyll level, and maintains good photosynthetic capacity, usually subject to the uniqueness of flowers and features of leaves. [Ch, 8 fig. 2 tab. 31 ref.] -
Key words:
- Pseudosasa japonica /
- leaf color variation /
- reflectance spectrum /
- photoreaction system
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表 1 不同叶色矢竹光合色素差异
Table 1. Difference of photosynthetic pigment content in different colors’ leaves of P. japonica
材料 Chla/(mg·g−1) Chlb/(mg·g−1) Car/(mg·g−1) Chl a+b/(mg·g−1) Chl a/b Car/Chl AL 0.34±0.015 a 0.26±0.010 a 0.32±0.015 c 0.60±0.035 a 1.3±0.007 a 0.53±0.022 b SG 20.39±0.170 b 18.27±0.120 b 5.52±0.020 a 38.66±0.250 c 1.1±0.020 b 0.14±0.010 a VL 17.09±0.080 b 15.72±0.070 b 4.07±0.184 b 33.81±0.140 b 1.0±0.013 b 0.12±0.007 a GL 22.19±0.120 c 19.66±0.150 b 4.89±0.020 a 41.85±0.220 c 1.14±0.024 b 0.11±0.005 a 说明:同列内不同小写字母表示材料间差异显著(P<0.05) 表 2 叶片ChlNDI和PRI与色素质量分数、Fv/Fm、PIABS、φE0的相关性
Table 2. Correlation between reflectance spectrum parameters and pigment contents
光谱参数 Chla Chlb Chl a+b Car Fv/Fm PIABS φEo ChlNDI 0.966** 0.961** 0.924** 0.898* 0.883* 0.802* 0.937** PRI 0.969** 0.977** 0.931** 0.929** 0.759* 0.648 0.823* 说明:*表示P<0.05,**表示P<0.01 -
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