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随着固碳减排等政策的不断落实,各种废气处理方法得到不同程度的应用。在各种处理方法中,气相吸附剂由于用量少、吸附量大等优点被广泛应用。近年来,关于吸附剂的研究越来越多,如金属基吸附剂[1]、无机基吸附剂[2]以及富含多孔结构的各种活性炭[3]等。而在这些材料之中,活性炭原料来源广泛且价格低廉,制备工艺相对简单,因而被大量用于工业、农业以及日常生活中[4−6]。在制备活性炭的原料中,竹材相比其他原料(如煤质、木质、椰壳等)具有一次成林、储量庞大、生长速度快且经济效益高等优点。
大量研究以毛竹Phyllostachys edulis [7]、方竹Chimonobambusa quadrangularis [8]、瓜多竹Guadua angustifolia、金丝竹Bambusa vulgaris var. striata、青竹Phyllostachys acuta [9]及麻竹Dendrocalamus latiflorus[10]等为原料进行炭化并测试吸附性能,结果表明不同原料制成的竹炭对苯、甲苯、吲哚、挥发性有机化合物(VOC)、甲醛、氨等气态有害物质及亚甲基蓝(MB)、孔雀石绿(MG)、刚果红(CR)和结晶紫(CV)等印染废水中常见污染物有较好的吸附性能。研究者们研究了不同竹炭对不同有害气体与水污染物的吸附,但很少研究炭化工艺对其吸附有害物质的影响。
目前活性炭活化方法有物理法、化学法和物理化学法等[11]。其中,物理法具有无污染、无腐蚀、所需活化剂廉价易得等优点。张艳娟[12]以废竹材为原料,ZHANG等[13]以竹废活性炭为原料,研究水蒸气对原料进行活化并探究了活化条件对孔结构及表面化学性质的影响。化学法有产率高、所需活化温度低等优点,但所需药品腐蚀性大,环境污染严重,且残留活性炭表面活化剂难以除尽。物理化学法结合物理、化学2种方法的优点,但同时也结合了两者的缺点。许伟等[14]以竹粉为原料,经磷酸活化成型后进行水蒸气二次活化,在不同工艺下制备了柱状竹活性炭,表明制得最优活性炭的水蒸气活化温度为875 ℃,活化时间为1 h,流量为3 mL·min−1。相比而言,以上3种方法中,物理法更环保,所需助剂无害,是较理想的活化方法。
刺竹Bambusa sinospinosa作为竹种群中的重要分支,在四川等地有广泛种植,但有关刺竹的研究鲜有报道,且大量刺竹被用于低附加值(如造纸原材料、建筑脚手架等)而导致经济效益低下。本研究以刺竹炭化的低灰分竹炭为原料,通过水蒸气活化法制备刺竹活性炭,选择最优制备工艺,系统研究水蒸气活化对刺竹活性炭的影响程度,为刺竹活性炭的高附加值开发利用提供依据。
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固定活化时间为2.0 h,活化水蒸气量为0.50 L·h−1,探究活化温度(800~900 ℃)对刺竹活性炭得率、强度以及碘吸附值、亚甲基蓝吸附值等吸附性能的影响。由图1A可看出:随着活化温度的升高,刺竹活性炭得率从52.12%降至21.40%,而碘吸附值与亚甲基蓝吸附值不断升高,在875 ℃时碘吸附值(1 235.03 mg·g−1)与亚甲基蓝吸附值(276 mg·g−1)达最高,但当温度达900 ℃时,碘吸附值与亚甲基蓝吸附值均下降,此时得率(21.40%)、强度(85.92%)、碘吸附值(805.00 mg·g−1)与亚甲基蓝吸附值(117 mg·g−1)最低。故选择875 ℃为最优温度。
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固定活化温度为875 ℃,活化水蒸气量为0.50 L·h−1,探究活化时间(0.5~2.5 h)对刺竹活性炭得率、强度以及碘吸附值、亚甲基蓝吸附值等吸附性能的影响。由图1B可以看出:活化时间在0.5~2.0 h时,刺竹活性炭的碘值和亚甲基蓝吸附值在随着活化时间的增加而不断上升,2.0 h时刺竹活性炭的得率(40.85%)、强度(98.85%)、碘吸附值(1 161.60 mg·g−1)、亚甲基蓝吸附值(215 mg·g−1)均比其他活化时间的数值大。而在2.5 h时,得率、强度、碘吸附值、亚甲基蓝吸附值均比2.0 h时大幅下降。故选择2.0 h为最优时间。
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固定活化温度为875 ℃,活化时间为2.0 h,探究活化水蒸气量(0.25~0.75 L·h−1)对刺竹活性炭得率、强度以及碘吸附值、亚甲基蓝吸附值等吸附性能的影响。从图1C可以看出:在缺水蒸气(0.25 L·h−1)时,刺竹活性炭得率及强度相比适量水蒸气(0.50 L·h−1)及过量水蒸气(0.75 L·h−1)均为最低。在过量水蒸气时,刺竹活性炭得率及强度相比适量水蒸气时有下降。与其他2组相比,适量水蒸气时碘吸附值(1 161.6 mg·g−1)与亚甲基蓝吸附值(215 mg·g−1)最高。故选择0.50 L·h−1为最优水蒸气量。
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如图2所示:刺竹炭对应的红外图谱在官能团区(4 000~1 300 cm−1)有3 450、3 130、3 010、1 670、1 610、1 400 cm−1等6处吸收峰,其中3 450 cm−1处对应$ \text{—}\text{OH} $的伸缩振动峰;3 130与3 010 cm−1处对应不饱和碳上的$ \text{C}\text{—}\text{H} $伸缩振动峰;1 670 cm−1处对应C=O伸缩振动峰,可能为酮、酰胺或羧基中的C=O伸缩振动[15];1 610 cm−1处对应芳环中的C=C的伸缩振动,说明在炭和活性炭中均有苯环的存在;1 400 cm−1处对应$ {\text{—}\text{CH}}_{\text{3}} $基反对称变形振动。在指纹区(1 300~500 cm−1)有1 050、876、809和747 cm−1等4处吸收峰,其中1 050 cm−1处对应$ \text{C}\text{—}\text{O} $伸缩振动;876、809和747 cm−1等3处吸收峰是间位双取代苯的3个$ \text{C}\text{—}\text{H} $的面外弯曲振动[16],说明存在间双取代的苯基。通过图谱对比可以看到:在刺竹活性炭的红外图谱中,3 130、3 010、1 670、1 610、1 400和1 050 cm−1等6处吸收峰有不同程度的减弱,其中1 670 cm−1处峰吸收强度变弱,说明在活化过程中C=O被热解为气体或液体副产物,致使酮、酰胺或羧基中的C=O减少,1 610 cm−1处吸收强度变弱是由于高温;876、809和747 cm−1等3处吸收峰消失,说明在高温活化的过程中间双取代的苯基被烧蚀;通过电镜 (SEM)观察表明:以上主要峰形的减弱或消失说明其对应的官能团不同程度被烧蚀,是活性炭产生孔隙的来源之一。另外3 450 cm−1处刺竹活性炭的峰变强,是在红外压片时样品吸附了水所致。
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从图3可以看出:刺竹炭与刺竹活性炭在2θ=20°~30°处均有结晶峰(002)存在,说明两者均含有乱层石墨[17],刺竹活性炭在2θ=28°时尖峰消失,与刺竹炭相比,刺竹活性炭的峰向更高的角度移动、变宽。刺竹炭在2θ=40.42°处的峰与2θ=43.19°处的峰在经过活化之后均向更高角度移动,并在2θ=40°~50°内,形成石墨α轴结构(101)晶面。
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从图4A可见:刺竹炭的吸脱附曲线未闭合,这是因为刺竹炭部分未炭化完全,本身孔结构较单一,且孔径较大致使其比表面积较小所致。从图4B可以看到:刺竹活性炭的吸附支为Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型等温线的组合[18],Ⅰ型等温线表明刺竹活性炭在N2吸附过程中存在微孔填充现象,说明刺竹活性炭中含有微孔;Ⅱ型等温线表明其在吸附过程中存在大孔的物理吸附过程,说明刺竹活性炭中仍含有大孔结构;刺竹活性炭的N2吸脱附曲线并不重合,存在H4型回滞环,而回滞环的形成是因为刺竹活性炭中存在介孔,导致氮气分子在低压常压下冷凝产生毛细凝聚[19]。表明刺竹活性炭中微孔、介孔、中孔并存。
图 4 刺竹炭与刺竹活性炭N2吸脱附曲线
Figure 4. N2 adsorption and desorption curves of B. sinospinosa charcoal and activated charcoal
由表1可知:刺竹炭经活化后比表面积大幅提升,从3.724 m2·g−1提升至837.005 m2·g−1,增大了224倍;微孔比表面积从刺竹炭的5.902 m2·g−1提升至刺竹活性炭的756.063 m2·g−1,提升了128倍;微孔容及总孔容也有不同程度大幅提升;刺竹活性炭的平均孔径由原有刺竹炭的43.508 nm降至23.378 nm。说明经活化之后,刺竹活性炭大孔比例大幅下降,微孔与介孔比例升高。
表 1 刺竹炭与刺竹活性炭孔结构参数
Table 1. Pore structure parameters of B. sinospinosa charcoal and activated charcoal
样品 比表面积/
(m2·g−1)微孔比表面积/
(m2·g−1)微孔体积/
(cm3·g−1)总孔体积/
(cm3·g−1)微孔体积占总孔体积
百分比/%平均孔
径/nm刺竹炭 3.724 5.902 0.003 0.004 75.000 43.508 刺竹活性炭 837.005 756.063 0.388 0.489 79.346 23.378 -
从图5可以看出:刺竹炭的维管束与基本组织较完整,表面光滑,孔隙较少,部分维管束发生破碎、坍塌。相比刺竹炭,刺竹活性炭表面仍保持微观构造的基本特征,但变得粗糙、孔隙变多,使得刺竹活性炭具有更大的比表面积以及更好的吸附能力。
Production and adsorption properties of activated charcoal fromBambusa sinospinosa
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摘要:
目的 为充分利用刺竹Bambusa sinospinosa材,提高其利用率,进一步探究刺竹活性炭的生产工艺及使用领域,以达到提升其附加值的目的。 方法 以刺竹炭为原料,使用水蒸气活化法,采用单因素实验法探究温度、时间、水蒸气量对刺竹活性炭的得率及吸附性能的影响。使用傅里叶红外吸收光谱仪(FTIR)、X-射线衍射仪(XRD)、比表面积及孔隙度分析仪(BET)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等对刺竹活性炭进行测试和表征。 结果 ①刺竹活性炭的最优活化工艺为:活化温度875 ℃、活化时间2.0 h、水蒸气量0.50 L·h−1。在该工艺下制备的刺竹活性炭得率为29.07%,强度达97.68%,碘吸附值为1 235.03 mg·g−1,亚甲基蓝吸附值为276 mg·g−1,吸附性能较好。②红外吸收光谱表明:经活化之后峰值在3 130、3 010、1 670 cm−1等处变弱,876、809、747 cm−1处吸收峰消失,但主要峰依然存在;XRD分析表明:活性炭中含有石墨α轴结构;经比表面积测试和电镜观察,最优工艺活化后的刺竹活性炭孔隙发达,孔容、孔径都有不同程度的提升,总孔容为0.489 cm3·g−1,微孔容为0.388 cm3·g−1,平均孔径为23.378 nm,BET比表面积为837.005 m2·g−1。 结论 使用最优活化工艺所制备的刺竹活性炭具有较好的性能,可用于吸附、除污等不同场合。图5表1参27 Abstract:Objective This study, with an investigation of the production process and application fields of activated charcoal of Bambusa sinospinosa, is aimed to make full use of B. sinospinosa, improve its utilization rate, and improve its added value. Method First, with B. sinospinosa charcoal used as the raw material, steam activation method as well as single factor experiment were employed to explore the effect of temperature, time, steam vapour amount on the yield of B. sinospinosa activated charcoal and its adsorption performance. Then, Fourier infrared absorption spectrometer (FTIR), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), specific surface area and porosity analyzer (BET), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and other testing instruments were utilized to test and characterize the prepared activated charcoal of B. sinospinosa. Result (1) The activation process of the B. sinospinosa activated charcoal was optimal when activation temperature was 875 ℃, activation time was 2.0 h while steam vapour amount was 0.50 L·h−1 under which the yield of activated carbon was 29.07%, the strength was 97.68%, the adsorption value of iodine was 1 235.03 mg·g−1, and the methylene blue adsorption value was 276 mg·g−1, making a favorable adsorption performance. (2) The infrared absorption spectra showed that the absorption peaks started to weaken at 3 130, 3 010 and 1 670 cm−1 until they disappeared at 876, 809 and 747 cm−1 but the main peaks persisted; XRD analysis showed that the activated carbon contained graphite α-axis structure and as shown by surface area test and electron microscope observation, the pore volume and pore size of activated carbon activated by the optimal process were developed, with the total pore volume, the micropore volume, the average pore size and the BET specific surface area being 0.489 cm3·g−1, 0.388 cm3·g−1, 23.378 nm, and 837.005 m2·g−1 respectively. Conclusion The B. sinospinosa activated charcoal prepared by the optimal activation process had good performance and could be used on various occasions such as adsorption and decontamination. [Ch, 5 fig. 1 tab. 27 ref.] -
Key words:
- Bambusa sinospinosa /
- activated charcoal /
- steam activation /
- adsorption property /
- activation process
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表 1 刺竹炭与刺竹活性炭孔结构参数
Table 1. Pore structure parameters of B. sinospinosa charcoal and activated charcoal
样品 比表面积/
(m2·g−1)微孔比表面积/
(m2·g−1)微孔体积/
(cm3·g−1)总孔体积/
(cm3·g−1)微孔体积占总孔体积
百分比/%平均孔
径/nm刺竹炭 3.724 5.902 0.003 0.004 75.000 43.508 刺竹活性炭 837.005 756.063 0.388 0.489 79.346 23.378 -
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