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农田杂草与作物竞争,影响作物生长发育,导致作物产量下降,是农业生产面临的主要危害之一[1]。中国每年的杂草发生面积超过
9000 万hm2,造成的主粮作物损失超过300万t[2]。传统的杂草管理方式,如物理拔除和化学除草剂等,并不能彻底解决农田中的杂草问题,且存在诸多弊端[3]。因此,农作物栽培等领域可以结合生态学理论(如作物-杂草竞争、物种共存等方向)进行学科交叉研究,寻找可持续的综合性杂草管理策略。例如,通过施肥[4]、调控种植密度[5]和杂草种类[6]来调控作物-杂草群落的结构和群落内植物的功能性状,进而影响杂草与作物的资源竞争,从而达到提升作物产量的目的[7−8]。小麦 Triticum aestivum是支撑全球粮食产量的主要作物之一,中国小麦种植面积约2 400万 hm2,占全球总产量的17%[9],麦田杂草主要以禾本科Poaceae植物为主,造成的小麦产量损失每年超过15%,高达150万 t[10]。麦田杂草约200多种,以安徽巢湖农业示范基地小麦田为例,其优势杂草主要为野燕麦Avena fatua和稗草Echinochloa crus-galli,共占杂草总丰度的86%[11]。野燕麦是常见的恶性杂草。稗草原本是水稻Oryza sativa田中的典型杂草[12],偏好温暖阴湿的生长环境,但随着多地区推广稻麦轮作耕作制度,稗草也开始在水分充足的稻茬麦田中出现[11]。
合理的种植密度和施肥是调节作物生长发育的重要栽培措施之一,直接关系到作物的表型和产量[13−14]。适宜的种植密度和施肥可以提高资源利用率,形成优良的农田群落结构[14]。此外,杂草密度和类型也是影响作物产量的主要因素之一[15]。通过改变作物和杂草密度、比例和类型,使群落内出现多种低竞争能力的杂草,进而提升作物产量[7−8]。
植物的功能性状决定了植物对资源的竞争能力[16],是植物适应环境变化的关键生态策略,反映了植物在特定环境中生存和繁衍的能力[17]。其中,株高和叶片性状是光合活动的重要指标[18−19],这些性状不仅与植物的生物量积累和光资源的吸收利用有关,还能够揭示植物的养分供应状态和生存策略[20]。而根系作为植物吸收水分和矿质元素的主要器官,其形态特征与植物吸收利用、生长发育和籽粒产量密切相关。如更高的株高、更大的叶、根面积和体积等,均有助于作物获取光、水、氮等资源并提高利用效率,进而促进生物量的积累[21]。但目前针对小麦-杂草体系中种植密度、比例和施肥对小麦功能性状影响的研究相对较少。因此,本研究以冬小麦为目标作物,研究优势杂草野燕麦和稗草在不同密度和施肥条件下对小麦的生物量和功能性状的影响,旨在为小麦杂草管理和生产提供理论依据。
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本研究选择在安徽省合肥市庐阳区大杨镇的合肥高新技术农业园内(31°55′28.17″N,117°12′12.85″E)的温室大棚中进行。研究区属于亚热带湿润季风气候,年平均气温为14~22 ℃,全年降水充沛且多集中在夏季,光照充足。供试小麦品种为‘烟农19’‘Yannong 19’,野燕麦和稗草种子采集于合肥高新技术农业园内。挑选均匀饱满、无虫眼和霉坏的小麦、野燕麦和稗草种子,清洗消毒后置于培养皿中,在25 ℃光照培养箱内育苗,待幼苗长至2~4 cm,选取长势基本一致的幼苗移栽进行盆栽试验。
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冬小麦于2021年11月13日播种,2022年5月开始收割。所用花盆上口直径为24.5 cm,下口直径为18.5 cm,高25.0 cm。设置3种种植方式(表1):小麦单播(W)、小麦与野燕麦混播(W-O)、小麦与稗草混播(W-B)。氮肥施用量为小麦田常规施肥量(210.000 kg·hm−2),对应每盆施加2.182 g尿素,在移栽前作为基肥溶于水后一次性施入盆栽土壤中[11]。植物栽种参考响应曲面法,在设置密度梯度的同时,嵌套小麦和杂草的种植比例详见表1。盆栽总计128盆,采取随机区组设计摆放,降低光照和温度等环境差异对植株生长的影响。在移栽后的2周内对盆栽中死亡的幼苗进行替补移栽,并去除来自于土壤库中的植株幼苗。
表 1 小麦和杂草的种植方式
Table 1. Planting pattern for wheat and weeds
种植方式 种植密度
(株·盆−1)种植比例(小麦∶杂草) 施肥处理 盆数 小麦单播(W) 4、8、12、16 100%∶0 未施肥 16盆(4种种植密度各4盆) 施肥 16盆(4种种植密度各4盆) 小麦-稗草混播(W-B) 4、8、12、16 25%∶75%、50%∶50%、75%∶25% 未施肥 24盆(4种种植密度各6盆,内含3种种植比例各2盆) 施肥 24盆(4种种植密度各6盆,内含3种种植比例各2盆) 小麦-野燕麦混播(W-O) 4、8、12、16 25%∶75%、50%∶50%、75%∶25% 未施肥 24盆(4种种植密度各6盆,内含3种种植比例各2盆) 施肥 24盆(4种种植密度各6盆,内含3种种植比例各2盆) -
将植株从土壤中完整采集,分为地上和地下部分,用蒸馏水冲洗干净后置于65 ℃烘箱内48 h至恒量,利用天平(精度
0.0001 g)称取植株生物量。对于地上性状,收样前使用直尺测量植物地上部分的最大拉伸高度,记为最大株高;从每株植物中随机选择不少于总数四分之一的健康完整叶片测量叶片性状,包括叶片鲜质量、叶面积和叶片干质量。叶面积使用Digimizer统计软件测量,叶片质量由天平称量。利用叶面积/叶片干质量计算比叶面积,叶片干质量/叶片鲜质量计算叶片干物质相对含量。对于地下性状,利用根系扫描仪(Expression 12000XL, EPSON) 和WinRHIZO根系分析软件测量植株根长、根表面积和根体积。利用根表面积/根干质量计算比根面积,根长/根干质量计算比根长,根体积/根干质量计算比根体积,根干质量/根体积计算根组织密度。 -
所有数据采用R 4.2.3软件进行分析和绘图。利用ggplot2包绘图[22];将原始数据进行以10为底的对数转化以使数据总体符合正态分布,进而利用stats包对取对数后的数据进行线性回归、方差分析及多重比较,分析种植密度、种植比例、施肥对小麦生物量和功能性状的影响;利用vegan包对原始数据进行冗余分析[23]。
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不同种植密度和施肥处理下优势杂草对小麦生长特征的影响
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240193
Effect of dominant weeds on wheat growth characteristics under different planting densities and fertilization treatments
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摘要:
目的 明晰种植密度、施肥以及杂草对小麦Triticum aestivum生长的影响,可为麦田管理提供科学参考。 方法 选取小麦及小麦田优势杂草野燕麦Avena fatua和稗草Echinochloa crus-galli为研究对象,设置不同种植密度(4、8、12和16株·盆−1)、不同种植比例(小麦∶杂草种植比例为25%∶75%、50%∶50%、75%∶25%、100%∶0)和施肥的盆栽控制试验,研究不同处理下小麦生物量、株高、叶片和根性状的变化。 结果 ①无论在单播还是混播条件下,随着种植密度和小麦种植比例的增大,单株小麦的生物量显著减小(P<0.05),即存在着负密度制约效应;②在单播条件下,施肥显著增大了单株小麦的生物量和叶面积(P<0.05);在混播条件下,施肥有增加单株小麦生物量、根长和根表面积的趋势,且该结果不具有杂草依赖性;③种植密度、比例和施肥的交互作用主要影响小麦根长和根表面积,而对其余性状作用较小。 结论 在单播系统中施肥提高了小麦的地上性状,而在混播系统中施肥则促进了小麦地下性状的增长;不论是单播还是混播,种植密度对小麦的负面密度依赖效应均一致。表明农田管理策略的成效受到与杂草共存关系的影响。图4表1参38 Abstract:Objective This study, with an investigation of the effects of planting density, fertilization, and neighboring weed species identity on wheat growth, is aimed to provide scientific guidance for wheat cultivation. Method With wheat (Triticum aestivum) and two dominant weed species [wild oat (Avena fatua) and barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli)] selected as target species, a competition experiment was conducted between pairs of wheat and weeds, by setting four planting densities (4, 8, 12 and 16 plants·pot−1), four wheat-weed planting ratios (25%∶75%, 50%∶50%, 75%∶25% and 100%∶0), as well as with or without nitrogen addition. After growing for about six months, the total biomass, plant height, leaf and root functional traits of wheat were measured. Result (1) In monoculture or mixtures with weed species, individual wheat’s biomass decreased with the increase of planting density and the proportion of wheat (P<0.05) (i.e., the occurrence of negative density dependence). (2) For individual wheat plants grown in monoculture, fertilization significantly increased their biomass and leaf area (P<0.05) while for those grown in mixture with wild oats or barnyard grass, fertilization had the trend to increase the biomass, root length and root surface area, which did not depend on weed species identity. (3) The interaction effects of planting density, proportion, and fertilization significantly affected wheat root length and area, but demonstrated no effects on other traits. Conclusion Fertilization enhanced wheat’s aboveground traits in monoculture and belowground traits in mixed cropping, with consistent negative density dependence in both systems. This indicates that agricultural management outcomes are influenced by weed interactions. [Ch, 4 fig. 1 tab. 38 ref.] -
Key words:
- crop-weed competition /
- species coexistence theory /
- weed management /
- trait
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表 1 小麦和杂草的种植方式
Table 1. Planting pattern for wheat and weeds
种植方式 种植密度
(株·盆−1)种植比例(小麦∶杂草) 施肥处理 盆数 小麦单播(W) 4、8、12、16 100%∶0 未施肥 16盆(4种种植密度各4盆) 施肥 16盆(4种种植密度各4盆) 小麦-稗草混播(W-B) 4、8、12、16 25%∶75%、50%∶50%、75%∶25% 未施肥 24盆(4种种植密度各6盆,内含3种种植比例各2盆) 施肥 24盆(4种种植密度各6盆,内含3种种植比例各2盆) 小麦-野燕麦混播(W-O) 4、8、12、16 25%∶75%、50%∶50%、75%∶25% 未施肥 24盆(4种种植密度各6盆,内含3种种植比例各2盆) 施肥 24盆(4种种植密度各6盆,内含3种种植比例各2盆) -
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