Volume 33 Issue 5
Oct.  2016
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Article Contents

ZHONG Bin, CHEN Junren, PENG Danli, LIU Chen, GUO Hua, WU Jiasen, YE Zhengqian, LIU Dan. Research progress of heavy metal phytoremediation technology of fast-growing forest trees in soil[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2016, 33(5): 899-909. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2016.05.024
Citation: ZHONG Bin, CHEN Junren, PENG Danli, LIU Chen, GUO Hua, WU Jiasen, YE Zhengqian, LIU Dan. Research progress of heavy metal phytoremediation technology of fast-growing forest trees in soil[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2016, 33(5): 899-909. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2016.05.024

Research progress of heavy metal phytoremediation technology of fast-growing forest trees in soil

doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2016.05.024
  • Received Date: 2015-11-28
  • Rev Recd Date: 2016-01-31
  • Publish Date: 2016-10-20
  • Phytoremediation is a green and environmental technology used for heavy metal contaminated soil remediation which is commonly used in the world currently. However, the research materials are mainly concentrated on hyperaccumulating plants especially for the screening of remediation species, and less research focus on the fast-growing trees. Hyperaccumulators mainly concentrated in herbaceous plants and had strong ability of absorption and transport of heavy metals because of their ability, but due to the reason of smaller size, low biomass, slow growth rate and undeveloped root the application was limited. Compared with the hyperaccumulators, the fast-growing trees have the advantages of high biomass and rapid growth, etc. The application of fast-growing trees in phytoremediation provides a choice for remediation of heavy metal contaminated soil of large area. This paper reviews the characteristics of fast-growing trees used for heavy metal contaminated soil remediation. At the same times, the tolerance, absorption, transportation, accumulation, distribution, strengthening technology and recycling of fast-growing trees as a remediation materials are also discussed in this paper, which could provides a new research viewpoint in the future.
  • [1] SUN Jingyu, SUN Xiangyang, LI Suyan, WANG Chenchen, YUE Zongwei.  Sources and contamination assessment of heavy metals in the green land soils in Tongzhou District, Beijing . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2024, 41(): 1-9. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230435
    [2] WANG Lu, LI Lele, LAI Mengxia, DU Changxia, FAN Huaifu.  Research progress on the causes of spatial heterogeneity of soil salinity and its effects on plants’ growth . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2022, 39(6): 1369-1377. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20220155
    [3] SHAO Han, WANG Hu, WANG Yan, XU Hongfeng, SU Qian, LIU Yungen.  Effects of different land use modes on soil fertility and heavy metal contents in karst rocky desertification area . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2022, 39(3): 635-643. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20210437
    [4] YUAN Ya’nan, LI Zhengcai, WANG Bin, ZHANG Yujie, HUANG Shengyi.  Stoichiometric characteristics of soil C, N and P in Torreya grandis stands of different ages . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2021, 38(5): 1050-1057. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20200761
    [5] LIU Bo, CHEN Ji, MA Jiawei, FANG Xianzhi, ZHAO Keli, LIU Dan, YE Zhengqian.  Effects of AC electric field and soil moisture on phytoremediation of cadmium contaminated soil by mixed planting of Salix discolor and Sedum alfredii . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2021, 38(6): 1238-1244. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20200725
    [6] YE Chaojun, WU Jiasheng, ZHONG Bin, CHEN Junren, GUO Jia, XU Meizhen, LIU Dan.  Effects of EDTA and organic acid on phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated soil by Phyllostachys edulis . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2018, 35(3): 431-439. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2018.03.006
    [7] LIANG Licheng, YU Shuquan, ZHANG Chao, QIAN Li, QI Peng.  Spatial distribution and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in Yongkang City . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2017, 34(6): 972-982. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2017.06.002
    [8] JIN Wenjiang, HOU Ping, ZHANG Wei, LIANG Licheng, YU Fei.  Spatial distributions and ecological risks of heavy metals in surface sediments and riparian soils of the Aojiang River Basin, Wenzhou . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2017, 34(6): 963-971. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2017.06.001
    [9] ZHANG Su, LIANG Peng, WU Shengchun, ZHANG Jin, CAO Zhihong.  Temporal and spatial distribution of heavy metal contamination in Gaohong, Lin'an, Zhejiang Province . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2017, 34(3): 484-490. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2017.03.014
    [10] ZHANG Jianyun, GAO Caihui, ZHU Hui, ZHONG Shuigen, YANG Wenyan, ZHENG Junlong, WU Shengchun, SHAN Shengdao, WANG Zhirong, ZHANG Jin, CAO Zhihong, Peter CHRISTIE.  Mechanism and effects of biochar application on morphology and migration of heavy metals in contaminated soil . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2017, 34(3): 543-551. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2017.03.021
    [11] XU Weijie, GUO Jia, ZHAO Min, WANG Renyuan, HOU Shuzhen, YANG Yun, ZHONG Bin, GUO Hua, LIU Chen, SHEN Ying, LIU Dan.  Research progress of soil plant root exudates in heavy metal contaminated soil . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2017, 34(6): 1137-1148. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2017.06.023
    [12] XIAO Jiujin, LIN Honggui, ZHOU Xin, YOU Hua, LI Yun, ZHANG Jian.  Soil fauna community structure in Cryptomeria fortunei artificial stands at different slope elevations in summer . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2016, 33(2): 257-264. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2016.02.010
    [13] LIU Shenshen, ZHANG Zhen, HE Jinling, MA Youhua, HU Hongxiang, ZHANG Chunge.  Purification effect of aquatic plants on nitrogen, phosphorus and heavy metal polluted water . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2016, 33(5): 910-919. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2016.05.025
    [14] SUN Tao, LU Kouping, WANG Hailong.  Advance in washing technology for remediation of heavy metal contaminated soils: effects of eluants and washing conditions . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2015, 32(1): 140-149. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2015.01.021
    [15] YAN Wenbo, LIU Dan, PENG Danli, LI Song, CHEN Junren, YE Zhengqian, WU Jiasen, WANG Hailong.  Technology advances of ecological restoration and environmental remediation of heavy metal mines . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2015, 32(3): 467-477. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2015.03.021
    [16] HU Yangyong, MA Jiawei, YE Zhengqian, LIU Dan, ZHAO Keli.  Research progress on using Sedum alfredii for remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soil . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2014, 31(1): 136-144. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2014.01.021
    [17] ZHANG Tao, LI Yongfu, JIANG Peikun, ZHOU Guomo, LIU Juan.  Research progresses in the effect of land-use change on soil carbon pools and soil respiration . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2013, 30(3): 428-437. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2013.03.021
    [18] LI Dong-lin, JIN Ya-qin, ZHANG Ji-lin, RUAN Hong-hua.  Heavy metal soil pollution in the Qinhuai River riparian zone . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2008, 25(2): 228-234.
    [19] JIANGPei-kun, XU Qiu-fang, LUO Xu-qin, WANGJun-qi.  Changes in heavy metal amount of bamboo shoots of Phyllostachys praecox responsive to nitrogen rate . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2004, 21(4): 424-427.
    [20] JIANG Pei-kun, XU Qiu-fang, YANG Fang.  Relationship between water soluble organic carbon and heavy metal elements in the soil under Phyllostachy praecox stands . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2003, 20(1): 8-11.
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Research progress of heavy metal phytoremediation technology of fast-growing forest trees in soil

doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2016.05.024

Abstract: Phytoremediation is a green and environmental technology used for heavy metal contaminated soil remediation which is commonly used in the world currently. However, the research materials are mainly concentrated on hyperaccumulating plants especially for the screening of remediation species, and less research focus on the fast-growing trees. Hyperaccumulators mainly concentrated in herbaceous plants and had strong ability of absorption and transport of heavy metals because of their ability, but due to the reason of smaller size, low biomass, slow growth rate and undeveloped root the application was limited. Compared with the hyperaccumulators, the fast-growing trees have the advantages of high biomass and rapid growth, etc. The application of fast-growing trees in phytoremediation provides a choice for remediation of heavy metal contaminated soil of large area. This paper reviews the characteristics of fast-growing trees used for heavy metal contaminated soil remediation. At the same times, the tolerance, absorption, transportation, accumulation, distribution, strengthening technology and recycling of fast-growing trees as a remediation materials are also discussed in this paper, which could provides a new research viewpoint in the future.

ZHONG Bin, CHEN Junren, PENG Danli, LIU Chen, GUO Hua, WU Jiasen, YE Zhengqian, LIU Dan. Research progress of heavy metal phytoremediation technology of fast-growing forest trees in soil[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2016, 33(5): 899-909. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2016.05.024
Citation: ZHONG Bin, CHEN Junren, PENG Danli, LIU Chen, GUO Hua, WU Jiasen, YE Zhengqian, LIU Dan. Research progress of heavy metal phytoremediation technology of fast-growing forest trees in soil[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2016, 33(5): 899-909. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2016.05.024
  • 近年来,随着工农业的发展及人类的活动,重金属对土壤的污染越来越严重。2014年发布的《全国土壤污染状况调查公报》显示,全国土壤重金属总的超标率为16.1%。土壤污染防治需要的资金量非常大,“土壤污染防治行动计划”的发布预计带动5.7万亿元投资。针对中国及世界上严重的土壤重金属污染问题,有着众多的研究方法,如物理化学和生物方法[1]。生物方法又分为动物修复、植物修复和微生物修复[2],其中植物修复是新兴的一种绿色环保的修复技术[3]。近年来,在植物修复过程中对于超累积植物的研究比较多[4],而速生林木相对比较少[5]。速生林木相对超累积植物,生物量大、生长迅速,且不与食物链相连,但对重金属的吸收能力相对较弱。针对速生林木的优缺点,如果在吸收量上得到有效强化,将大大提升植物修复的效率。因此,展开对速生林木的强化研究具有重要的研究意义。

  • 目前,在植物修复方面研究的超累积植物主要是草本植物,如东南景天Sedum alfredii[6-7],龙葵Solanum nigrum[8-9],蜈蚣草Pteris vittata[10]和商陆Phytolacca acinosa[11]等。超累积植物对重金属的富集和转运能力强,但它们的生物量低、植株矮小、生长缓慢,主根系不发达等因素,限制了在植物修复中的应用。

    速生林木生物量大、生长迅速、对金属胁迫耐性较强,且不与食物链相连,能吸收多种重金属,能够修复大面积污染土壤,修复重金属后还可以在回收重金属及建材等多方面的利用,具有一定的经济效益。能源林及用材林等速生林木是土壤重金属修复的主要材料,其中柳树Salix spp.,杨树Populus spp.是国内外研究最多的2种林木,且杨树和柳树在中国分布最广,无性繁殖率高,稍加管理便能成活[12]。目前,速生林木修复重金属污染土壤的研究主要集中在植物对重金属的吸收转运、累积分布、胁迫抗性和强化修复这几方面。

    速生林木资源丰富、生长迅速,尤其在幼年期,如柳树幼苗在速生期苗高生长量占总生长量的60.5%,地径生长量占总生长量的64.0%[12];杨树经过6 a的生长,地上部生物量达到112.8 t·hm-2,而干木材蓄积量达到237.5 m3·hm-2[13]。速生林木不仅可以修复重金属,还能吸收其他污染、净化空气和水的作用,美化环境,被广泛运用于园林绿化和植树造林,资源化利用前景广阔。

  • 国外运用速生林木修复重金属污染土壤起步相对较早。瑞典在镉污染的耕地中种植大面积的柳树来修复,并将收获的柳树作为能源来利用[14];SLYCKEN等[15]在被冶炼厂所导致的铅、锌、镉等重金属污染的农田土壤中种植柳树,镉、锌的去除能力达到69 g·hm-2·a-1和1 911 g·hm-2·a-1。在中国,利用速生林木修复重金属污染土壤大多还在试验阶段。赖发英等[16]在A和B不同实验区的重金属污染的土壤中种植杨树,B土壤中的铜、铅、锌、镉含量分别下降了22.15%,19.61%,36.64%,2.03%。李金花等[17]对受到铅、锌、铜、镉重金属污染的土壤种植杨树,其中对镉的富集系数最大,其值达到16,具有良好的去除镉的能力。

    在植物修复重金属污染土壤的过程中采用的试验方法一般有水培试验、土培试验以及田间试验,如表 1所示。在水培和土培试验中,研究材料主要是速生林木的种子或幼苗,且研究重点在重金属胁迫下的生理生化影响,抗性和富集以及快速初步地进行筛选植物修复材料,而田间试验则是进一步的验证修复土壤重金属材料的筛选。

    Table 1.  Research of heavy metal contaminated soil in different research methods and treatment levels

  • 种子萌发与植物的受耐性相关,研究重金属对速生林木种子萌发的影响可以在一定程度上反映植物耐重金属胁迫能力[38]。研究表明:在不同浓度铅离子(Pb2+)和镉离子(Cd2+)对毛竹Phyllostachys edulis种子萌发和幼苗早期生长的影响下,随着Pb2+和Cd2+浓度的增加,毛竹种子的发芽率呈现出先升高后降低的趋势,发芽指数、活力指数均与浓度呈负相关关系[39]。这表明,某些重金属在低浓度下对植物有促进作用,而高浓度下则抑制。也有研究表明:银杏Ginkgo biloba种子经重金属处理后,在种子萌发初期对银杏的蛋白质代谢和氨基酸代谢有着促进作用,但随着种子萌发的进行,在高浓度重金属下对银杏种子生理代谢产生了抑制效应[40]

    重金属胁迫对植物生长发育也有一定的影响,其生物量的变化反应植物对重金属的耐性。研究表明:低浓度重金属对樟树Cinnamomum camphora和栾树Koelreuteria paniculata幼苗生长没有明显伤害,甚至可以促进生长;高浓度重金属导致幼株长势衰弱,叶片发黄枯萎,生长量下降,侧须根生长受阻,幼苗生长缓慢,甚至死亡[41],也表现出“低促高抑”现象。温瑀等[42]研究表明:随重金属处理浓度的增加,小叶丁香Syringa microphylla,红瑞木Swida alba,辽东水蜡Ligustrum obtusifolium,杞柳Salix integra等4种绿化植物株高和地径的增加都受到抑制,浓度越高,抑制越明显。

  • 重金属影响着林木的生理生化特性,对植物的光合作用、酶活性以及细胞膜透性产生影响[43-45]。在重金属镉的胁迫下,杨树Populus canescens幼苗表现出一定的毒害症状,叶片失绿,甚至出现坏死斑,根生长受阻,而光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导数显著降低[46]。石贵玉等[47]研究泥栽培实验发现:当培养液中镉浓度为0.6 mmol·L-1时,桐花树Aegiceras corniculatum和白骨壤Aricennia marina幼苗生长正常,叶绿素含量和光合速率变化不大。杨卫东等[48]通过水培方法,添加不同浓度镉对旱柳Salix matsudana光合作用和内肽酶变化活性影响发现:镉处理降低了总叶绿素、叶绿素a和叶绿素b质量分数,核酮糖-1, 5-二磷酸羧化酶、加氧酶(rubisco)活性随着介质中镉浓度增加而降低;镉抑制根和叶磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(PEPC)活性;同对照相比,根中游离氨基酸质量分数没有显著变化;而叶中游离氨基酸质量分数增加;不同浓度镉处理降低根的内肽酶活性,高浓度镉使叶内肽酶活力增加。李艳丽等[49]研究表明:随着重金属铅胁迫浓度的增加,旱柳的比叶质量、株高与地径生长受到抑制,叶绿素质量分数及根系活力呈下降的趋势,叶片游离脯氨酸质量分数与细胞膜透性呈逐渐增加趋势。

  • 速生林木在重金属环境中长期生长以及环境的适应,对重金属产生了一定的耐性[50]。杨卫东等[51]研究发现:旱柳叶片中有65%~69%的镉富集于细胞壁中;而根中的镉也集中在细胞壁,占59%~66%。植物体内的一些螯合物质在植物对重金属的解毒过程中起到作用,因此,螯合也是植物对细胞内重金属解毒的主要方式之一[52]。当部分金属离子穿过细胞壁和细胞膜进入细胞后,能和细胞质中的蛋白质、谷肤甘肚、有机酸等形成复杂的稳定螯合物,它们能使重金属的毒性降低[53]。ANNEGRET等[54]研究表明:小黑杨Populus trichocarpa×deltoides金属硫蛋白(MT)基因的表达增强了对重金属的耐性。植物体内的酶系统的保护也能增强植物对重金属的抗性。有研究表明[23]:在铅胁迫质量分数不超过2 000 mg·kg-1时,桐花树幼苗叶片中的过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶活性高于对照,且随铅质量分数的升高而上升,说明在一定胁迫浓度下,过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶已被激活,能对铅胁迫起防御作用,提高了植物抗铅的能力。

  • 速生林木的根系发达,对土壤中的重金属具有强烈的吸收作用[55]。根系也可通过呼吸释放二氧化碳与水形成碳酸或向外分泌柠檬酸、苹果酸等有机酸来活化,并进一步加以吸收[56-57]。重金属进入根系后,一部分被运输到地上部,重金属进入根内部运输至导管后随蒸腾作用运输到地上部。重金属可通过质外体或共质体进入根内部,质外体运输时,当达到内皮层时,由于内皮层上存在凯氏带,在运输中被阻挡而不能通过,最终通过共质体向内运输至导管[55]。重金属可通过木质部向上运输,也可以从木质部横向运输到韧皮部。在馒头柳Salix matsudana中,镉从根到地上部的长距离运输主要通过韧皮部完成的[58]

  • 朱宇恩等[59]研究旱柳体内铜迁移特征中发现:不同组织富集能力顺序为根>叶>茎,且SEM-EDAX分析发现,根内铜主要存在于表皮、中柱及维管束部分,茎内铜则主要分布在皮层、韧皮部和木质部。董方平等[36]研究发现:锑矿区构树Broussonetia papyrifera根、枝、茎、叶各器官累积重金属锑、砷、铅的顺序为叶>枝>茎>根,累积锌的顺序为叶>枝>根>茎。重金属锑、锌、铅、砷主要富集在构树的叶、枝部。锑矿区重金属污染地构树整株累积的锑为155.85 mg·kg-1,锌为150.12 mg·kg-1,铅为7.56 mg·kg-1,砷为18.90 mg·kg-1,其中85%的重金属累积在构树的地上部分,且60%以上累积在构树的叶部。吴海燕等[58]在馒头柳对镉的研究中发现馒头柳地上部有非常强的持续富集能力;地上部富集的镉占植株吸收总镉量的52%~62%,且主要集中在叶片。杨树中金属含量最低是树干,最高是衰老叶片,因此,清除落叶是必要的,以防止重金属对土壤造成二次污染[60]

  • 速生林木的生物量大、根系发达,但吸收能力较弱。速生林木强化技术主要在螯合剂强化、微生物强化及农艺措施强化等方面。通过强化技术可提高土壤中重金属活性或促进植物生长来增强对重金属的吸收累积,具体如图 1所示。

    Figure 1.  Strengthening technology of soil heavy metal remediation

  • 在污染土壤中施加乙二胺四乙酸、柠檬酸、苹果酸等螯合剂,可与土壤中一些重金属发生配位反应,使不溶态转化为可溶态,提高重金属在土壤中的生物有效性,从而促进植物的吸收。金诚等[61]通过盆栽实验发现投加螯合剂显著提高了土壤中水提态铅的含量,且乙二胺四乙酸相比于乙二醇双(2-氨基乙醚)四乙酸和柠檬酸,更有助于杨树对土壤中铅的吸收和积累,但过量的乙二胺四乙酸会对植物产生一定的毒性,降低其生物量[62]。ZHIVOTOVSKY等[63]观察柳树在盆栽试验和田间试验的吸收和转运铅差异中发现乙二胺四乙酸的使用能使铅大量地向地上部转移,转移量超过1 000 mg·kg-1。尽管螯合剂对重金属污染土壤修复具有强化作用,但螯合剂的使用也存在着一定的风险,主要表现在淋失与地下水的污染,残留的螯合物也有可能产生新的污染[64]。因此,使用可生物降解、对植物无毒害和对环境影响小的螯合剂修复重金属污染土壤具有重要的意义。

  • 根际微生物可提高重金属的生物有效性来促进重金属在植物中的累积[65]。目前,研究的微生物主要是真菌、细菌等[66-67]。丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhizal, AM)真菌能与林木形成良好的共生关系,促进植物的生长和根的活动,从而提高植物对重金属的吸收及修复,同时也提高对重金属的抗性[68]。BOJARCZUK等[69]在研究灰杨Populus×canescens在重金属铜和铅污染土壤生长中,发现在接种丛枝菌根真菌的灰杨比未接种的灰杨更好地生存在重金属污染的土壤中,且可有效降低土壤中的重金属浓度。在重金属污染条件下,丛枝菌根真菌能与植物形成良好的共生关系,且丛枝菌根真菌能够显著促进植物吸收磷,增加植物生物量,同时改变植物重金属吸收及分配,减少重金属的生理毒害[70],也增加了植物体内抗氧化酶的活性,提高了对重金属的抗性[71-72]。李霞等[73]研究发现,丛枝菌根真菌降低了翅英木Zenia insignis体内铁、铜、锌和铅浓度,同时增加了铁、铜、锌和铅累积量。

  • 农艺措施是强化植物修复重金属的基本措施,主要是促进植物的生长,提高生物量来增加对重金属的累积,包括施肥、增加二氧化碳浓度和田间管理等。肥料的施加改变了土壤的环境,为植物提供营养物质,促进植物生长和吸收重金属的能力。其中,氮是植物体内蛋白质、酶、叶绿素、维生素等的重要组成元素,氮肥在植物对重金属的解毒中起到重要的作用,可以降低重金属对植物的毒害作用。ZHANG等[74]通过盆栽试验对镉胁迫下杨树扦插苗施加氮肥,高浓度镉处理下施加氮肥不仅增加了植株的生长,并且体内的叶绿体结构完整,在重金属胁迫中起到解毒作用。二氧化碳浓度的升高也增加了植物对重金属的抗性,提高植物的生物量,进而提高了植物对重金属的修复。有研究表明:在镉处理下,二氧化碳浓度的增加有效地刺激了杨树和柳树生长。随着光合作用的增强,增加了抗氧化酶活性,提高了杨树和柳树对镉的抗性[75],并且增加了隔在杨树和柳树中的累积[76]。定期地将林木进行地上部的短期轮伐及对落叶的清理可有效地清除重金属,提高植物的修复效率[77]

  • 能源林及用材林等速生林木在修复重金属污染后的回收利用具有一定的经济效益,比如重金属的回收、植物能源的利用以及建材方面的利用[78]。在重金属回收和能源利用方面,欧美国家首先把植物修复和能源生产结合起来,达到一定的生态和经济效益。将富集重金属的林木进行焚烧处理,大大减少了约90%以上的质量和体积,而焚烧后的底灰可用作农田和林地肥料,产生的热能用于所需要的电能[79]。在建材方面,速生林木被广泛运用于建筑、煤矿、家具等产业。在一些行业中,林木会长期的暴露在自然环境中,经受风吹、日晒、雨淋和虫蛀而腐蚀。为了防止进一步被腐蚀,人们采用防腐剂渗透到林木内部达到防腐、防虫效果,节约林木资源。目前市场上防腐剂主要以活性成分二价铜离子和硼酸盐类化合物为主[80-81]。含有重金属的林木如果能运用到防腐中,具有积极的应用价值。在中轻度重金属污染下生长的林木可用作于生物能源、纸浆及工艺品的生产,在使用过程中必须考虑是否会对环境和人们带来影响。针对速生林木生物量大的优点,进行修复重金属材料的资源化利用具有重大的意义。林木资源具有多方面的利用,深入处理的修复材料可应用于能源和建材工程等领域,具有重要的经济效益和社会效益。

  • 目前,针对重金属污染土壤,在植物修复方面研究的超累积植物较多,但对速生林木的研究较少,且对速生林木的研究大多数是幼苗在重金属胁迫下生理生化的影响以及重金属在体内的累积分布,没有像超累积植物一样进行深入研究。今后应从以下几个方面对速生林木修复重金属污染展开研究。①在速生林木对重金属的吸收转运及耐性机制方面,重点围绕重金属在林木体内的耐性/解毒机制及吸收转运机制,根际微生物的作用机理对重金属的根际吸收及重金属在木质部的转运情况进行研究,达到细胞层次。②在强化修复土壤重金属技术方面,由于速生林木对重金属的吸收能力相对较弱,在其对重金属的吸收量上得到一定的强化,提高对重金属的吸收及转运,具有重要的应用价值。在今后的研究中,应将螯合剂、微生物和农艺措施等强化技术结合起来进行重金属污染土壤修复,并应用在大田试验中。③速生林木修复重金属后具有很大的生物质能,针对速生林木的特点,将速生林木修复重金属后的材料进行资源化利用,深入地开展修复材料在应用于能源和建材工程领域,以及吸收重金属后材料防腐、防虫效果的研究,具有重要的生态效益和经济效益。

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