Tree density and growth of <i>Mytilaria laosensis</i> stands with natural seed regeneration on clearcut land

TANG Jixin; LEI Yuancai; ZENG Ji; LI Zhongguo; LI Wuzhi; NONG Liangshu; ZHAO Zong

doi:10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2018.03.009

Volume 35 Issue 3

May 2018

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TANG Jixin, LEI Yuancai, ZENG Ji, LI Zhongguo, LI Wuzhi, NONG Liangshu, ZHAO Zong. Tree density and growth of Mytilaria laosensis stands with natural seed regeneration on clearcut land[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2018, 35(3): 459-466. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2018.03.009

Citation:

TANG Jixin, LEI Yuancai, ZENG Ji, LI Zhongguo, LI Wuzhi, NONG Liangshu, ZHAO Zong. Tree density and growth of Mytilaria laosensis stands with natural seed regeneration on clearcut land[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2018, 35(3): 459-466. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2018.03.009

Tree density and growth of Mytilaria laosensis stands with natural seed regeneration on clearcut land

doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2018.03.009

1.
Experimental Center of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Pingxiang 532600, Guangxi, China
2.
Research Institute of Forest Resources Information Techniques, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China

Received Date: 2017-04-17
Rev Recd Date: 2017-06-05
Publish Date: 2018-06-20

Abstract

To explore the effect of density on growth of young Mytilaria laosensis stands with natural seed regeneration on clearcut land, a single factor randomized block design experiment with natural spacing (ck treatment, three replications) and spaced seedling(T_A, T_B and T_C treatments, three replications) stands was established, and variance analysis of the stands were analysed with Least Significant Difference methods in Data Processing System(14.5), to test diameter at breast height (DBH), tree height, and single volume. Results showed that:(1) between ck and spaced seedling stands, during 3.5 years after spacing, stand density significantly decreased (P < 0.01) the average growth of total growth and annual increment of DBH, tree height, and single volume in the ck stands types; whereas, the total growth of DBH, tree height, and single volume of dominant trees with both stands were not significantly affected (P > 0.05). Spaced treatments(finished in 1.5 years old of seedling, remain density in hectare:T_A 1 650, T_B 2 800, and T_C 2 500)significantly improved (P < 0.01) the average growth of the stands and reduced differentiation of diameter grades in the stands. (2) The higher stand density(ck), the earlier intersection time of the average growth curve and the annual growth curve for average DBH or tree height of the stand was appeared. Also, the peak value of annual growth for average DBH of ck stands occurred in the second year, and the peak value of spaced stands was during the second and 4th year. Before the 5th year, it was fast growth period for the stands with natural seed regeneration, so spacing was very important with radial growth of the stands. (3) The time of intersection for curves of average growth and annual growth of tree height in the ck stands was between the second and third year, but with the spaced stands did not intersect before the 5th year. Growth for tree height of dominant trees in all stands before the 5th year was fast(the annul increment of top height in each treatment was more than 1.49 m in each year). (4) Different types of stands had different diameter distributions; the ck stand had an inverted J distribution, but the spaced stands had an approximately normal distribution. (5) In the spaced stands, after 3.5 years, the average growth for DBH, tree height, and volume of less dense forest stands(T_A treatment stands) was better than those with higher density treatments(T_C or T_B stands). Thus, understanding of the mature period for seeds, the seed falling-stage, and natural regeneration characteristics of Mytilaria laosensis could enhance the scientific cutting time, cutting methods, clean ways for removing residues, shrubs, and herbaceous plants, and methods for spacing seedlings to enable effective natural regeneration on cutover land thereby promoting forest growth.
- silviculture,
- Mytilaria laosensis,
- clearcut land,
- seed,
- natural regeneration,
- growth of young stands,
- effect of density,
- spaced planting

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References

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[6]	ULVCRONA K A, CLAESSON S, SAHLÉN K, et al. The effects of timing of pre-commercial thinning and stand density on stem form and branch characteristics of Pinus sylvestris[J]. Forestry, 2007, 80(3):323-325.
[7]	STOKES V, KERR G. Long-term growth and yield effects of respacing natural regeneration of Sitka spruce in Britain[J]. Eur J For Res, 2013, 132(2):351-362.
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[16]	WANG Binggen, LU Lihua. Study on forest site quality evaluation and appropriate choice of tree species for sites of Daqingshan experimental base in Guangxi[J]. For Res, 1998, 11(1):78-85.
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基于森林近自然经营的理论和技术，利用各种自然力，改善森林的结构和功能，充分保护、促进和利用林下的天然更新，减少森林经营的人力、物力和财力投入, 是森林近自然化经营的重要原则，也是森林可持续经营的有效途径^[1-2]。受“里约赫尔辛基进程”森林认证及森林近自然经营要求的影响，“利用天然更新实现林分皆伐迹地的下一代更新”已引起了广泛的国际关注^[3]，相对于传统人工造林更新，利用天然更新实现采伐迹地的更新，其更新及恢复的过程无需育苗、炼山、整地、挖坑和造林，具有物种和结构多样性高、更新成本低、更新过程地表水土流失少等优点[3^-10]。虽然天然更新具有如此多的优点，但国内以往对森林天然更新的研究主要集中在天然林方面，有关人工林天然更新的研究报道较少^[11]，还未能满足中国人工林健康可持续经营的需要。故对皆伐作业具有可有效天然更新的潜力树种，运用近自然森林经营的理论和技术，研究制定科学的经营措施，促进和利用其采伐迹地的天然更新，对丰富中国人工林健康可持续经营的理论和实践具有重要意义。米老排Mytilaria laosensis又名壳菜果、三角枫、山桐油，为金缕梅科Hamamelidaceae壳菜果属Mytilaria常绿阔叶乔木，天然分布于中国广东、广西和云南省区以及越南和老挝等地，是中国南亚热带区域适生范围广的用材树种，具有速生、干形通直圆满、材质优良、改良土壤、萌生力强、落种于林缘及空旷地宜萌发等特性[12^-15]。基于米老排树种的天然更新特性，本研究旨在探索米老排人工林皆伐迹地种子天然更新幼林的生长及其密度效应规律，为米老排皆伐作业法天然更新的间苗抚育提供技术支撑。

1. 研究区概况

研究区位于广西壮族自治区凭祥市的中国林业科学研究院热带林业实验中心（热林中心）哨平实验场39林班2经营班（22°05′12″~22°05′22″N，106°53′13″~106°53′33″E），属南亚热带季风区，干湿季明显；太阳总辐射强，全年日照时数为1 500~1 600 h，年均气温为21.0 ℃，≥10 ℃积温为7 000~7 500 ℃，最热月平均气温为27.5 ℃，最冷月平均气温为13.0 ℃，极端最低气温为-1.0 ℃；年均降水量为1 380 mm，年蒸发量为1 370 mm。海拔为230 m，属低山丘陵；土壤为花岗岩发育而成的赤红壤，土层较厚^[16]；有机质在土壤A层、B层的质量分数分别为3.71%和1.75%，全氮质量分数为0.17%，全磷质量分数为0.03%，pH 4.1~4.6。更新迹地前茬林为米老排人工纯林，造林时间1984年春，造林苗木为裸根实生苗，造林密度为2 500株·hm^-2；皆伐前经过1次透光伐及1次抚育间伐（株数间伐强度20%~30%），皆伐时间为2011年底（皆伐作业前当年的米老排林分种子雨已基本散落；林分皆伐与集材后人工清理采伐剩余物，未炼山）。伐前林分平均胸径为20.2 cm，平均树高为22.2 m，立木密度为1 492株·hm^-2，郁闭度为0.9，凋落物层厚度为5~10 cm，林下灌木主要有山苍子Litsea cubeba，香港大沙叶Pavetta hongkongensis和三桠苦Evodia lepta等，草本主要有粽叶芦Thysanolaena maxima，五节芒Miscanthus floridulus，山姜Alpinia japonica等。皆伐后，迹地种子天然更新苗木主要为次年更新，更新的树种主要为米老排。

2. 研究方法

2.1. 实验设计及样地调查方法

2013年春，经对米老排皆伐迹地天然更新实地的踏查，选择代表性地块，按单因素随机区组设计，设计间苗抚育试验，以不间苗作为对照组（ck），处理组间苗密度分别为1 650株·hm^-2（T_A），2 800株·hm^-2（T_B），2 500株·hm^-2（T_C），3重复·组^-1，共12个面积为400~600 m²·个^-1矩形样地。

迹地苗木间苗抚育定株方法：将固定样地均匀划分为5 m × 5 m的样格，选择空间分布均匀、无虫害、干形好和长势优良的苗木为保留木。

本底数据调查方法：①间苗抚育林分，对保留木进行编号，并测量胸径和树高；②未间苗抚育林分，随机抽取4~7个（400 m²抽4个，600 m²抽7个）样格为固定观测样格，对固定观测样格内所有高度大于0.3 m的林木进行编号，并测量胸径和树高。

迹地种子更新林间苗抚育和本底调查的完成时间分别为2013年6月和2013年7月。2014-2016年，连续3 a对固定样地林木进行定株生长观测，记录各年林分的生长及密度状况。胸径、树高、单株材积均为样地林分统计的平均值，单株材积计算公式^[17]：v=0.683 297×10^-4d^{1.926 256}h^{0.884 061 4}。其中：d表示林分平均胸径，h表示林分平均树高。

2.2. 数据分析及方法

数据统计分析及作图分别采用DPS（V14.5）和EVIEWS 8.0软件，方差分析采用最小显著差法（LSD）多重比较法。

4. 结论与讨论

4.1. 结论

与对照组相比，间苗处理对林分优势木胸径、树高和单株材积的总生长量影响不显著，对林分平均胸径、平均树高和平均单株材积的总生长量与连年生长量影响显著；间苗处理明显提高林分平均整体生长水平，减小林分径阶分化程度，提高“大径木”百分比，减缓林分平均胸径和平均树高连年生长量的衰减速度。

米老排种子天然更新林平均胸径与其优势木胸径的连年生长量峰值均出现第2~4年，所有处理优势木胸径平均生长量与连年生长相交时间均在前5 a。此阶段为种子更新林径向生长的旺盛期，间苗抚育保留合理密度对林分的径向生长极为重要。

未间苗处理林分平均树高的连年生长量与平均生长量曲线在第2~3年相交，间苗处理平均树高的连年生长量与平均生长量曲线在第5年仍未相交；林分优势木前5 a的树高生长处于旺盛期。

间苗处理林分优势木树高平均生长量与连年生长量曲线的相交时间早于其林分平均树高对应曲线的相交时间。

未间苗处理林分径阶分布呈倒J型分布，间苗处理林分径阶分布近似正态分布，间苗处理相对“大径木”比例较高。表明间苗处理在改变林分径阶分布的类型、峰值和分化程度上作用明显。

4.2. 讨论

基于近自然森林经营的理论和技术，利用米老排人工林种子的成熟期、落种期和天然更新特性（在林内及林缘的裸露空旷地易于天然更新），择机对米老排人工林进行采伐及对其采伐更新迹地实施科学的间苗抚育，可实现采伐迹地种子的天然更新和种子更新林的高效生长；节省传统人工造林环节的挖坑、整地、植苗等人力及物力的投入，避免或减轻传统造林方式对森林环境（植被和土壤等）的破坏。由于本研究试验林分间苗抚育时间较短，而在采伐收获前，哪种间苗抚育措施林分更好，种子天然更新林的生长与传统人工更新林的生长孰优孰劣，仍需进一步研究。

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林龄/a	间苗时间/a	处理	密度/(株· hm^-2)	胸径/cm		树高/m		材积/(×10^-2 m³·株^-1)
林龄/a	间苗时间/a	处理	密度/(株· hm^-2)	总生长量	连年增量	总生长量	连年增量	总生长量	连年增量
1.5	0	T_A	1 650	1.18±0.10 aA	0.79±0.06 aA	2.01±0.05 aA	1.34 ± 0.04 aA	0.02±0.00 aA	0.01±0.00 aA
		T_B	2 800	1.23±0.17 aA	0.82±0.11 aA	2.13±0.15 aA	1.42 ± 0.10 aA	0.02±0.01 aA	0.01±0.01 aA
		T_C	2 500	1.19±0.12 aA	0.79±0.08 aA	2.14±0.05 aA	1.43 ± 0.04 aA	0.02±0.00 aA	0.01±0.00 aA
		ck	27 871	1.10±0.16 aA	0.73±0.11 aA	1.97 ±0.15 aA	1.31±0.10 aA	0.02±0.01 aA	0.01±0.01 aA
2.5	1.0	T_A	1 650	3.20±0.15 bA	2.02±0.24 aA	3.55±0.09 bA	1.53 ± 0.08 aA	0.20±0.03 bB	0.18±0.03 bB
		T_B	2 800	3.40±0.21 abA	2.17±0.38 aA	3.88±0.20 abA	1.75 ± 0.24 aA	0.24±0.04 bAB	0.22±0.05 bAB
		T_C	2 500	3.85±0.20 aA	2.66±0.32 aA	4.08±0.23 aA	1.94 ± 0.23 aA	0.32±0.05 aA	0.30±0.05 aA
		ck	27 100	1.94±0.29 cb	0.84±0.40 bb	3.49±0.31 bA	1.53 ± 0.43 aA	0. 08±0.02 cc	0.06±0.03 cc
4.0	2.5	T_A	1 650	6.19±0.47 aA	1.99±0.40 aA	6.85±0.53 aA	2.20±0.41 aA	1.27±0.28 aA	0.72±0.20 aA
		T_C	2 800	5.81±0.11 aA	1.61 ±0.09 abA	7.00±0.52 aA	2.08±0.33 aA	1.13 ± 0.11 aA	0.59±0.06 aA
		T_C	2 500	6.10±0.33 aA	1.50±0.10 bA	7.13±0.56 aA	2.03±0.23 aA	1.27±0.21 aA	0.63±0.11 aA
		ck	25 067	2.38±0.34 bb	0.29±0.07 cb	4.45±0.29 bB	0.64±0.16 bB	0.14±0. 05 aB	0.04±0.02 bB
5.0	3.5	T_A	1 650	8.04±0.44 aA	1.85 ± 0.08 aA	9.43±0.40 aA	2.58±0.19 aA	2.77±0.40 aA	1.50±0.14 aA
		T_C	2 800	7.15±0.05 bA	1.34±0.09 bB	9.12±0.39 aA	2.12±0.15 bA	2.13±0.10 bA	1.00±0.05 bB
		T_C	2 500	7.47±0.29 abA	1.37±0.06 bb	9.33±0.72 aA	2.20±0.18 abA	2.38±0.35 abA	1.11±0.12 bB
		ck	23 893	2.66±0.34 cb	0.28±0.06 cc	5.13±0.29 bB	0.68±0.19 cB	0.19±0.05 cB	0.05±0.02 cc
说明：数据为均值±标准差；同列不同小写字母表示同一年相同因子的不同处理间差异显著(P < 0.05);同列不同大写字母表示同一年相同因子的不同处理间差异极显著(P < 0.01); ck即对照，对应树高大于1.3 m的统计数据

林龄/a	间苗时间/a	处理	密度/(株·hm^-2)	胸径/cm	树高/m	材积/(×10^-2m³·株^-1)	高径比
1.5	0	T_A	1 650	2.94 ± 0.59 aA	3.24 ± 0.15 aA	0.16 ± 0.06 aA	113.54 ± 23.76 aA
		T_B	2 800	3.09 ± 0.16 aA	3.44 ± 0.46 aA	0.18 ± 0.03 aA	111.16 ± 12.88 aA
		T_C	2 500	3.09 ± 0.25 aA	3.37 ± 0.20 aA	0.16 ± 0.02 aA	109.43 ± 3.80 aA
		ck	27 871	3.14 ± 0.83 aA	3.61 ± 0.48 aA	0.21 ± 0.12 aA	118.64 ± 21.99 aA
2.5	1.0	T_A	1 650	4.91 ± 0.52 aA	4.83 ± 0.31 aA	0.56 ± 0.15 aA	98.77 ± 5.53 aA
		T_B	2 800	6.00 ± 0.60 aA	5.52 ± 0.95 aA	1.00 ± 0.33 aA	91.67 ± 7.90 aA
		T_C	2 500	5.97 ± 0.35 aA	5.12 ± 0.50 aA	0.91 ± 0.17 aA	85.79 ± 4.66 aA
		ck	27 100	5.78 ± 1.18 aA	5.88 ± 0.58 aA	1.01 ± 0.48 aA	103.22 ± 11.17 aA
4.0	2.5	T_A	1 650	8.73 ± 1.07 aA	8.06 ± 0.73 aA	2.87 ± 0.94 aA	92.50 ± 3.68 bA
		T_B	2 800	9.21 ± 0.62 aA	9.24 ± 0.46 aA	3.54 ± 0.57 aA	100.45 ± 4.01 abA
		Tc	2 500	8.87 ± 0.65 aA	8.67 ± 0.38 aA	3.11 ± 0.55 aA	97.93 ± 3.08 abA
		ck	25 067	8.03 ± 1.04 aA	8.13 ± 0.71 aA	2.47 ± 0.82 aA	101.60 ± 4.21 aA
5.0	3.5	T_A	1 650	10.84 ± 0.72 aA	10.64 ± 0.63 aA	5.49 ± 1.00 aA	98.19 ± 0.68 bA
		T_B	2 800	11.10 ± 0.64 aA	11.01 ± 0.17 aA	5.89 ± 0.63 aA	99.46 ± 6.33 bA
		Tc	2 500	10.78 ± 0.75 aA	10.88 ± 1.09 aA	5.55 ± 1.22 aA	100.84 ± 4.84 bA
		ck	23 893	9.30 ± 1.25 aA	10.77 ± 1.07 aA	4.19 ± 1.45 aA	116.31 ± 8.51 aA
说明：处理组取3株·样地^-1优势木，对照取2株·样地^-1优势木作为统计对象

径阶/cm	间苗1.0 a后径阶分布百分比/%				间苗2.5 a后径阶分布百分比/%				间苗3.5 a后径阶分布百分比/%
径阶/cm	T_A	T_B	T_C	ck	T_A	T_B	T_C	ck	T_A	T_B	T_C	ck
1	6.52	6.51	0.34	40.74	-	0.78	-	34.99	-	-	-	30.27
2	21.74	13.02	10.44	32.53	0.87	1.82	1.37	28.92	-	0.53	0.69	30.27
3	25.22	32.55	23.91	18.40	6.52	6.25	3.42	14.68	0.89	2.92	1.72	13.97
4	32.61	31.51	34.68	6.24	7.83	11.98	6.85	10.60	2.67	6.37	1.38	8.73
5	13.04	14.58	25.25	1.75	11.74	16.93	20.55	6.07	5.78	8.49	6.90	7.57
6	0.87	1.30	4.38	0.22	23.04	26.30	24.66	2.98	8.89	12.20	17.24	4.66
7	-	0.26	1.01	0.11	26.52	22.14	25.68	1.32	12.89	21.75	19.66	2.21
8	-	0.00	-	-	18.70	11.20	12.67	0.33	21.78	23.61	22.07	1.63
9	-	0.26	-	-	3.04	2.08	3.77	0.11	22.67	14.85	18.28	0.58
10	-	-	-	-	1.74	0.26	1.03	-	20.44	7.16	7.93	0.00
11	-	-	-	-	-	0.26	-	-	2.67	1.59	2.41	0.12
12	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	1.33	0.27	1.38	-
13	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	0.00	0.34	-
14	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	0.27	-	-
说明："-"表示该处理下径阶的株数百分比为0

Tree density and growth of Mytilaria laosensis stands with natural seed regeneration on clearcut land

doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2018.03.009