Changes of chlorophyll fluorescence in different internodes during <i>Phyllostachys edulis</i> stem development

WANG Keyang; BU Keli; MA Yuandan; LI Qingli; WANG Lingjie; GAO Yan; GAO Haibo; ZHANG Rumin

doi:10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2019.04.009

Volume 36 Issue 4

Jul. 2019

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WANG Keyang, BU Keli, MA Yuandan, LI Qingli, WANG Lingjie, GAO Yan, GAO Haibo, ZHANG Rumin. Changes of chlorophyll fluorescence in different internodes during Phyllostachys edulis stem development[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2019, 36(4): 697-703. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2019.04.009

Citation:

WANG Keyang, BU Keli, MA Yuandan, LI Qingli, WANG Lingjie, GAO Yan, GAO Haibo, ZHANG Rumin. Changes of chlorophyll fluorescence in different internodes during Phyllostachys edulis stem development[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2019, 36(4): 697-703. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2019.04.009

Changes of chlorophyll fluorescence in different internodes during Phyllostachys edulis stem development

doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2019.04.009

1.
School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, Zhejiang, China
2.
College of Life Science, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, Shandong, China

Received Date: 2018-08-02
Rev Recd Date: 2018-11-14
Publish Date: 2019-08-20

Abstract

To reveal the chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of different internodes in the rapid growth period of Phyllostachys edulis, P. edulis shoots and stems were used as materials. The changes of the photosynthetic pigment content and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters for different internodes were studied by using a non-modulated chlorophyll fluorescence (YZQ-500) and the JIP-test data analysis method. Results showed that the content of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoid in P. edulis stems significantly decreased (P < 0.05) with an increase of internodes. Light energy captured per unit area (TRo/CSo), quantum yield of electron transport per unit area (ETo/CSo), quantum yield of PS Ⅱ reaction center absorbing light energy for electron transfer (φ_Eo), photosynthetic performance index (PI_ABS), and number of reaction centers (RC/CSo) significantly decreased (P < 0.05). Quantum for heat dissipation ratio (φ_Do), heat dissipation per unit area (DIo/CSo), and unit reaction center of wasted energy (DIo/RC) significantly decreased (P < 0.05). Since growth and development of the top and bottom internodes of P. edulis revealed activity in the middle and lower internodes having a stronger PS Ⅱ reaction center, a higher light energy conversion efficiency, and less energy dissipation enabling faster growth rates, and since photosynthetic functions of upper internodes were relatively weak meaning growth was slower, this study could be used as a reference value for clarifying the growth mechanism of P. edulis.
- botany,
- Phyllostachys edulis,
- stem,
- internode,
- chlorophyll,
- chlorophyll fluorescence

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沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院沈阳 110142

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叶绿素是植物体中参与光合作用的重要色素，它能够捕捉光能转变成化学能用于植物生长和代谢过程。在植物生长发育过程中，其光合色素含量和叶绿素荧光参数均上升，光合效率增加。随叶片发育，板栗Castanea millissima^[1]和紫丁香Syringa oblate^[2]的叶绿素含量逐渐增加；在银杏Ginkgo biloba叶片展开过程中，叶绿素含量和净光合速率均增加^[3]；在绿豆Vigna radiata幼苗脱黄化初期，叶片叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量随光照时间增加而逐渐上升，而叶绿素a/b比值逐渐降低^[4]。玉米Zea mays叶片展开过程中从叶基到叶尖光化学活性逐渐完善^[5]；杨树Populus叶片在春季发育过程中，光系统Ⅱ（PSⅡ）最大光化学效率、光能吸收、传递效率和反应中心数目均趋于稳定，且光系统也渐渐发育完善^[6]；与针叶相比，挪威云杉Picea abies营养芽的性能指标（PI_ABS）显著下降，PSⅡ最大光化学效率和光合效率也略有下降^[7]。毛竹Phyllostachys edulis作为中国森林资源重要的组成部分，分布面积大，开发利用程度高，是集经济、生态和社会效益于一体的笋材两用竹种。目前，对毛竹的研究主要集中在毛竹林生态系统生物量及其碳通量的变化特征^[8-9]，毛竹叶片叶绿素含量的年动态变化^[10]，毛竹叶片的光合途径^[11]，毛竹发育过程中叶片的光合生理、茎秆的光合色素、光合酶活性的变化^[12-13]等方面。但对毛竹快速生长期茎秆叶绿素荧光参数的研究较为匮乏。鉴于此，本研究以毛竹出笋后快速生长期高度为6 m的茎秆为研究对象，分析了毛竹生长发育过程中，不同节间的光合色素质量分数和叶绿素荧光参数的变化，为进一步研究毛竹快速生长机制提供理论依据。

1. 材料与方法

1.1. 试验地概况

试验地位于浙江省杭州市临安区（29°56′~30°27′N，118°51′~119°52′E）现代毛竹示范园内，毛竹林为纯林。该区属中亚热带季风气候，温暖湿润，四季分明。年平均气温15.8 ℃，7月气温最高，平均为28.1 ℃，1月气温最低，平均为3.4 ℃。极端最高气温为41.9 ℃，极端最低气温-13.3 ℃。年平均降水量为1 628.6 mm，年平均日照时数为1 939.0 h，无霜期为234.0 d，森林覆盖率达76.5%。毛竹林土壤属山地红壤，土层深度60 cm以上。每年3，7和11月施肥，来年从毛竹密度大的区域收获竹笋。

1.2. 试验材料

试验材料为2017年当年生毛竹笋竹，2017年4月末，选取生境条件一致，生长状况良好，株高6 m左右，基径约15 cm的自然状态下的毛竹笋竹，从茎秆地上部分的基部将其伐倒，将节间按照从基部至顶部的顺序编号，每间隔2个节间选取测定点，从基部至顶部依次选取编号为1，4，7，10，13，16，19，22的节间，测定时间为10:00-12:00。选取5株笋竹，每株作为1个独立实验，共5次重复。

1.3. 测定方法

1.3.1. 光合色素质量分数的测定

称取0.5 g茎秆外层绿色组织，取样厚度为2 mm，将其迅速剪成碎块后放入具塞的试管中，加入体积分数为80%的丙酮5 mL，室温下遮光萃取48 h，至茎秆外层绿色组织完全变白，取上清液分别在波长为663，646和470 nm处测定其光密度值（D）。参照LICHTENTHALER^[14]的公式分别计算光合色素的质量分数。

1.3.2. 快速叶绿素荧光诱导曲线的测定

采用非调制式叶绿素荧光仪（YZQ-500，中国）进行快速叶绿素荧光诱导曲线的测定。测定前暗适应20 min，然后暴露在饱和脉冲光（3 000 μmol·m^-2·s^-1蓝光）下1 s，以10 μs（2 ms之前）和1 ms（2 ms之后）的间隔记录荧光信号，测得快速叶绿素荧光诱导动力学曲线（OJIP）。

1.4. 叶绿素荧光动力学参数分析

依照STRASSER等^[15-16]提出的能量流动模型，天线色素吸收的能量（ABS）其中一小部分主要以热能和荧光的形式耗散掉，大部分则被反应中心（RC）所捕获，在反应中心激发能被转化为还原能，将初级醌受体（Q_A）还原为Q_A^-，Q_A^-又可以被重新氧化，从而产生电子传递（ET）用于固定二氧化碳或其他途径，以此为基础发展起来的数据处理就被称为JIP-test。根据JIP-test^[15-16]计算得到的部分参数见表 1。

参数缩写	描述
F_o	在暗适应后的最小荧光强度
F_p	在暗适应后的最大荧光强度
φ_po	最大光化学效率
ψ_o	捕获激子将电子传递到电子传递链Q_A^-下游其他电子受体的概率
φ_Eo	PSⅡ反应中心吸收光能用于电子传递的量子产额
φ_Do	用于热耗散的量子比率
ABS/CSo	单位面积吸收的光能
TRo/CSo	单位面积捕获的光能
ETo/CSo	单位面积电子传递的量子产额
DIo/CSo	单位面积的热耗散
ABS/RC	单位反应中心吸收的光能
TRo/RC	单位反应中心捕获的用于还原Q_A的能量
ETo/RC	单位反应中心捕获的用于电子传递的能量
DIo/RC	单位反应中心耗散掉的能量
RC/CSo	单位面积内反应中心的数量
PI_ABS	以吸收光能为基础的性能指数

Table 1. Formulae and glossary of terms for the analysis of the fluorescence transient OJIP

1.5. 数据分析

所有数据均为5次重复的平均值±标准差，利用Origin 9.0统计分析和作图。采用one-way ANOVA，进行Turkey多重比较（P＜0.05）。

3. 讨论

叶绿素含量的变化对植物光合作用具有一定影响，可作为植物表现光合生理状态的良好指示剂^[18]。在毛竹出笋后的快速生长期，不同部位叶绿素a，叶绿素b，类胡萝卜素和总叶绿素质量分数均增加，60 d时最高^[19]。随着毛竹年龄的增加，茎秆和叶片中的叶绿素a，叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素质量分数均增加^[20]。本研究中，毛竹茎秆中部及下部发育较为成熟，其表面包被的笋箨已逐渐脱落，茎秆外层由下至上接受的光照面积和光照时间逐渐减少，进而导致茎秆皮层绿色组织中光合色素质量分数逐渐减小，叶绿素a/b逐渐增加（表 2）。在毛竹快速生长期，茎秆中下部较高的叶绿素质量分数及其较强的吸收光能和同化二氧化碳能力可能是维持毛竹笋竹快速生长的原因之一。

植物光合原初反应和叶绿素荧光存在着密切的关系，快速叶绿素荧光诱导动力学曲线（OJIP）能够提供关于PSⅡ供体侧、受体侧及PSⅡ反应中心电子氧化还原状态等光化学信息^[21-22]。在毛竹快速生长期，上部节间的ψ_O和φ_Po均减小，故而φ_Eo下降，且归一化处理后上部节间的J相和I相荧光强度仍下降，表明上部节间PSⅡ反应中心吸收的光能用于电子传递较少，受体侧的传递电子能力较弱，电子在PSⅡ反应中心受体侧Q_A^-处大量积累，Q_A到Q_B的电子传递链过程受到了抑制^[23]，同时其Q_A和Q_B被还原的能力相对较弱。PI_ABS性能指数可以准确地反映植物光合机构的整体状态^[5]。上部节间ABS/RC较高，TRo/RC和ETo/RC变化不明显（表 6），同样表明上部节间单位反应中心所吸收的能量并没有更多地用于还原Q_A和电子传递。PI_ABS和φ_Po整体均减小，但PI_ABS的变化幅度比φ_Po大，表明这与PSⅡ有活性反应中心的数目和在PSⅡ和PSⅠ之间的传递电子数量有着极大关系。

快速叶绿素荧光诱导动力学曲线（OJIP）还可反映植物光合器官对光能的吸收、转化和耗散等状况^[17]。OJIP曲线上的O点（F_o）可理解为植物PSⅠ的活性^[24]，毛竹茎秆上部节间的ABS/CSo和F_o均高于中下部，表明上部单位面积吸收的光能更多地分配给了PSⅠ，使PSⅠ活性增强，而PSⅡ获得的激发能较少。上部的TRo/CSo和ETo/CSo低于中下部，表明上部节间单位面积吸收的光能较多，但单位面积光合利用率较低，PSⅡ反应中心活性和光合能力也相对较弱。上部节间F_P低于中下部，表明上部节间有活性的反应中心数量较少，这与RC/CSO的变化相一致。中下部节间RC/CSo和φ_Po均高于上部，表明中下部PSⅡ反映中心活性较强，色素所吸收和捕获的能量用于光化学部分的比例较高，优先推动了PSⅡ电子传递（ETo/RC）^[25]，通过光化学反应转化成与光合作用有关的化学能，有效地发挥了光合机构的功能，提高了茎秆中PSⅡ反应中心内原初的转化效率，这与温星等^[12]对毛竹叶片的研究结果一致。在光合机构捕获光能发生电子传递的同时，其中一部分以热能和荧光的形式耗散掉，而光能利用和耗散方式之间存在着相互竞争的关系^[26]。上部节间φ_Do，DIo/CSo和DIo/RC均比中、下部高，这是因为茎秆发育过程中，上部节间的光合系统还未发育成熟，实际用于光合作用的能量较少，PSⅡ和PSⅠ之间电子传递较慢，光合效率较低，通过耗散更多的能量来维持整个能量的合理分配，避免过剩的激发能对光合系统的破坏，这与孙山等^[1]对板栗的研究结果一致。

综上所述，在毛竹快速生长期，茎秆不同节间的叶绿素荧光参数存在明显差异，中下部PSⅡ的结构已经基本发育完整，此时PSⅡ反应中心活性较强，电子传递速率较快，能量耗散较少，光能利用效率较高，生长较快；上部节间则与中下部相反，生长比较缓慢。研究成果对明确毛竹快速生长机制具有参考价值。

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节间	光合色素质量分数/(μg·g^-1)				叶绿素a/b
节间	叶绿素a	叶绿素b	总叶绿素	类胡萝卜素	叶绿素a/b
1	15.19 ± 0.28 a	5.07 ± 0.04 a	20.26 ± 0.29 a	6.37 ± 0.27 a	3.00 ± 0.24 c
4	16.22 ± 0.27 a	5.27 ± 0.40 a	21.49 ± 0.39 a	7.00 ± 0.28 a	3.10 ± 0.27 c
7	15.80 ± 1.09 a	5.21 ± 0.20 a	21.01 ± 1.28 a	6.66 ± 0.48 a	3.03 ± 0.10 c
10	13.98 ± 0.42 b	3.91 ± 0.11 b	17.89 ± 0.53 b	6.27 ± 0.32 a	3.58 ± 0.02 c
13	10.01 ± 0.63 c	2.71 ± 0.03 c	12.22 ± 0.61 c	4.27 ± 0.19 b	3.69 ± 0.25 c
16	6.49 ± 0.29 d	1.70 ± 0.09 d	8.19 ± 0.23 d	2.89 ± 0.17 c	3.83 ± 0.35 bc
19	2.43 ± 0.07 e	0.53 ± 0.02 e	2.96 ± 0.09e	1.23 ± 0.09 d	4.59 ± 0.1 ab
22	1.83 ± 0.15 e	0.38 ± 0.03 e	2.22 ± 0.16e	0.97 ± 0.05 d	4.82 ± 0.55 a
说明：数值为平均值±标准差。同列不同字母表示差异显著(P＜0.05)，同列相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)

节间	F_o	F_P	RC/CSo	PI_ABS
1	15.83 ± 0.85 c	52.50 ± 1.00 c	4.40 ± 0.10 bc	0.69 ± 0.17 a
4	16.47 ± 0.75 c	60.97 ± 0.81 b	5.21 ± 0.57 ab	0.68 ± 0.20 a
7	17.43 ± 2.27 c	64.60 ± 1.15 ab	5.12 ± 0.16 ab	0.69 ± 0.20 a
10	17.67 ± 0.23 c	69.00 ± 2.15 a	5.07 ± 0.27 ab	0.72 ± 0.15 a
13	17.80 ± 0.72 c	65.90 ± 2.51 ab	5.86 ± 0.46 a	0.88 ± 0.16 a
16	21.67 ± 2.15 b	64.37 ± 0.95 ab	5.68 ± 0.24 ab	0.13 ± 0.03 b
19	24.10 ± 0.72 b	64.30 ± 1.51 b	4.71 ± 0.12 b	0.17 ± 0.04 b
22	31.40 ± 0.56 a	43.77 ± 3.81 d	3.14 ± 0.96 c	0.07 ± 0.04 b
说明：数值为平均值±标准差。同列不同字母表示差异显著（P＜00.05），同列相同字母表示差异不显著（P＞0.05）

节间	φ_Po	φ_Eo	ψ_o	φ_Do
1	0.70 ± 0.02 a	0.36 ± 0.03 a	0.51 ± 0.04 a	0.30 ± 0.02 bc
4	0.73 ± 0.01 a	0.32 ± 0.04 a	0.44 ± 0.05 a	0.27 ± 0.01 c
7	0.73 ± 0.03 a	0.33 ± 0.02 a	0.45 ± 0.03 a	0.27 ± 0.03 c
10	0.74 ± 0.01 a	0.34 ± 0.03 a	0.46 ± 0.04 a	0.26 ± 0.01 e
13	0.73 ± 0.02 a	0.36 ± 0.03 a	0.50 ± 0.05 a	0.25 ± 0.01 c
16	0.66 ± 0.03 a	0.23 ± 0.01 b	0.39 ± 0.01 b	0.34 ± 0.03 bc
19	0.63 ± 0.01 b	0.21 ± 0.03 b	0.34 ± 0.04 b	0.37 ± 0.01 b
22	0.28 ± 0.07 c	0.15 ± 0.01 c	0.26 ± 0.16 c	0.72 ± 0.07 a
说明：数值为平均值±标准差。同列不同字母表示差异显著（P＜00.05），同列相同字母表示差异不显著（P＞0.05）

节间	ABS/CSo	TRo/CSo	ETo/CSo	DIo/CSo
1	15.83 ± 0.85 c	11.05 ± 0.33 ab	5.63 ± 0.27 ab	4.79 ± 0.54 c
4	16.47 ± 0.75 c	12.01 ± 0.38 ab	5.26 ± 0.77 ab	4.45 ± 0.38 c
7	17.43 ± 2.27 c	12.96 ± 1.15 ab	5.75 ± 0.56 ab	4.75 ± 1.13 c
10	17.67 ± 0.23 c	13.14 ± 0.25 a	6.04 ± 0.64 ab	4.52 ± 0.06 c
13	17.80 ± 0.72 c	12.98 ± 0.24 a	6.42 ± 0.63 a	4.82 ± 0.54 c
16	21.67 ± 2.15 b	10.33 ± 0.31 c	5.24 ± 0.04 ab	7.33 ± 1.42 bc
19	24.10 ± 0.72 b	10.07 ± 0.05 c	5.01 ± 0.05 b	9.03 ± 0.40 b
22	31.40 ± 0.56 a	8.75 ± 1.98 d	4.73 ± 0.43 b	22.65 ± 2.52 a
说明（数值为平均值±标准差。同列不同字母表示差异显著(P < 0.05)，同列相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)

节间	ABS/RC	TRo/RC	ETo/RC	DIo/RC
1	3.60 ± 0.16 bc	2.51 ± 0.08 a	1.28 ± 0.07 a	1.09 ± 0.11 bc
4	3.18 ± 0.23 c	2.32 ± 0.19 a	1.01 ± 0.04 a	0.86 ± 0.06 c
7	3.40 ± 0.35 bc	2.48 ± 0.16 a	1.12 ± 0.10 a	0.92 ± 0.20 c
10	3.49 ± 0.14 bc	2.60 ± 0.10 a	1.19 ± 0.07 a	0.89 ± 0.05 c
13	3.04 ± 0.16 c	2.22 ± 0.16 a	1.09 ± 0.05 a	0.82 ± 0.04 c
16	3.81 ± 0.21 bc	2.52 ± 0.03 a	0.48 ± 0.03 a	1.29 ± 0.19 bc
19	5.11 ± 0.13 b	3.20 ± 0.04 a	1.08 ± 0.12 a	1.92 ± 0.09 b
22	8.72 ± 1.84 a	2.52 ± 1.03 a	1.32 ± 0.33 a	6.20 ± 0.81 a
说明（数值为平均值±标准差。同列不同字母表示差异显著(P < 0.05)，同列相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)

Changes of chlorophyll fluorescence in different internodes during Phyllostachys edulis stem development

doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2019.04.009