Changes of plant community diversity and environmental interpretation in Beichuan landslide site

ZHANG Ge; WANG Qizhi; HE Yuan; ZENG Qianting; HE Jing; WANG Yong; YANG Jie; ZHENG Jiangkun

doi:10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20210188

Volume 39 Issue 1

Feb. 2022

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ZHANG Ge, WANG Qizhi, HE Yuan, ZENG Qianting, HE Jing, WANG Yong, YANG Jie, ZHENG Jiangkun. Changes of plant community diversity and environmental interpretation in Beichuan landslide site[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2022, 39(1): 50-59. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20210188

Citation:

ZHANG Ge, WANG Qizhi, HE Yuan, ZENG Qianting, HE Jing, WANG Yong, YANG Jie, ZHENG Jiangkun. Changes of plant community diversity and environmental interpretation in Beichuan landslide site[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2022, 39(1): 50-59. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20210188

Changes of plant community diversity and environmental interpretation in Beichuan landslide site

doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20210188

ZHANG Ge^{1, 2
,},
WANG Qizhi³,
HE Yuan^{1, 2},
ZENG Qianting^{1, 2},
HE Jing^{1, 2},
WANG Yong⁴,
YANG Jie⁴,
ZHENG Jiangkun^{1, 2
,
,}

1.
Forestry Ecological Engineering in the Upper Reaches of Yangtze River Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
2.
Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Forest Resources Conservation and Ecological Security in the Upper Reaches of Yangtze River, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
3.
Sichuan Nanshan Forestry Forensic Appraisal Center, Chengdu 610051, Sichuan, China
4.
Forest and Grass Seedling Station of Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture, Maerkang 624000, Sichuan, China

Received Date: 2021-02-24
Rev Recd Date: 2021-08-10

Available Online: 2022-02-14

Publish Date: 2022-02-14

Abstract

Objective The objective is to study the variation of community plants diversity in the process of ecological rehabilitation of landslide slashed after earthquake and and make environmental interpretation. Method Taking the soil and plant communities in Mt. Fenghuang landslide slash in Beichuan County as the objects, the landslide slashes were divided into landslide area, transition area and non-landslide area. The vegetation changes in the three areas were analyzed by CCA (canonical correspondence analysis) method, and environmental interpretation was made with regard to the distribution of the plant community. Result (1) From 2013 to 2019, the number of plant families, genera and species in landslide area and transition area increased by 4.00%−483.00%, and that in non-landslide area decreased by 2.00%−37.50%. (2) The plant diversity in landslide area and transition area increased by 0.02%−483.33% while in non-landslide area decreased by 2.00%−52.94%, and the evenness also decreased. (3) The sum of the eigenvalues of the first two axes related to CCA ranking in arbor, shrub and grass layer accounted for 60%−80% of the total value, indicating that the first two axes contained most of the ranking imformation. (4) Soil pH and aggregate characteristics had a great impact on the vegetation distribution. Conclusion The diversity of plant communities in landslide slash has been improved to some extent, and the environmental factors have crucial influence on plant communities. [Ch, 2 fig. 5 tab. 33 ref.]
- landslide,
- vegetation restoration,
- species diversity,
- environmental interpretation

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汶川地震引发了成千上万的山体滑坡。滑坡导致土壤流失和植被破坏，影响生物多样性和生态系统服务功能^[1]；滑坡体形成后极易再次发生地质灾害，造成区域内植被恢复困难^[2-3]。植被恢复是震后灾区重建的重要组成部分^[4]，能够对区域内土壤质量、植物群落的空间分布格局和生物多样性等产生影响^[5-8]。恢复过程中土壤条件和植物群落相互影响，相互促进，存在较好的耦合效应^[9]，运用数学方法可定量分析植被恢复过程中群落植物分布格局与环境因子的关系^[10-13]。本研究以四川省北川县擂鼓镇凤凰山震后滑坡迹地的植物群落为研究对象，对比2013和2019年滑坡区、过渡区和未滑坡区的植物群落结构以及植物多样性，并用典范对应分析(CCA)排序法探讨植物群落组成与环境因子之间的关系，以期为滑坡迹地的植被恢复工作提供参考。

1. 研究区概况与研究方法

1.1. 研究区概况

研究区位于四川盆地西北部北川羌族自治县擂鼓镇凤凰山(31°14′~32°14′N，103°44′~104°42′E)，属北亚热带湿润季风气候，多年平均气温为15.6 ℃，平均降水量为1 399 mm，主要集中在6—9月，占全年降水量的71%~76%。擂鼓镇全境皆山，土壤质地以砾石为主，土壤类型主要为黄壤土、黄棕壤、暗棕壤等，地质条件差，水文条件复杂，山体岩石破碎。植被主要有常绿阔叶林、常绿落叶混交林、针阔叶混交林、高山和亚高山草甸，各类森林面积约1.5×10⁵ hm²，其中天然林1.1×10⁵ hm²，人工林4.0×10⁴ hm²，森林覆盖率为76%。滑坡迹地(31°46′24″N，104°25′24″E)位于擂鼓镇凤凰山，滑坡体平面形态呈不规则“撮箕”形，主滑方向南偏西44°，体积1.08×10⁷ m³，为特大整体滑移型滑坡体。滑坡体顺滑动方向整体呈上陡、中缓、下陡的形态，可分为两阶滑移平台。堆积体属强风化灰岩和白云质灰岩的风化块体，土壤类型为砾质石灰土。

1.2. 样地调查

设置滑坡区、过渡区和未滑坡区。滑坡区为2008年震后形成的滑坡迹地，地表裸露；过渡区为滑坡区与未滑坡区的扭曲地带，有少量滑坡，原地貌受到了一定程度上的破坏；未滑坡区受地震影响较小，植被保持原状，郁闭度较高。3个区域在未滑坡前均为柏木Cupressus funebris次生林，郁闭度相似，均处于整片林分较为中间的位置。样地情况如表1。每个区域各设置3个20 m×20 m乔木样方(共计9个)，每个乔木样方内选取具有代表性的6个5 m×5 m灌木样方(共计54个)和12个1 m×1 m草本样方(共计108个)。2013年7月和2019年10月，记录乔木样方中胸径(BDH)≥3 cm的乔木个体物种名、数量、株高及冠幅，灌木及草本样方记录物种名、株数或丛数、株高及盖度，计算物种重要值及每个区域的多样性指数^[14]。采集土壤样品时，去除表面覆盖物，用土铲取表层20 cm×20 cm×10 cm的原状土，带回实验室。待风干后，剔除残根、砾石等杂质待测。土壤理化性质的测定依据森林土壤分析方法^[15]进行。

样地	海拔/m	坡度/(°)	坡向/(°)	备注
滑坡区	735~762	32~38	北偏西24~30	2011年采用宾格护坡，并按2 m×4 m的株行距栽植刺槐Robinia pseudoacacia幼苗
过渡区	723~757	32~38	北偏西21~27	自然恢复，沟蚀明显，主要为灌草植被
未滑坡区	732~764	30~38	北偏西22~29	柏木次生林，植被保持原状，郁闭度90%以上

Table 1. General condition of the sample plots

1.3. 数据处理

研究区水文气象条件差异较小，故选择与植被分布、生长紧密相关的环境因子(pH、养分指标及团聚体指标)矩阵与物种重要值矩阵进行CCA排序分析，各样地土壤环境因子情况如表2。采用SPSS 20.0对数据进行单因素方差分析并进行最小显著差异法(LSD)检验，采用Origin 9.5绘图，采用Canoco 4.5进行排序分析及排序图的绘制。

年份	区域	有机碳/(g·kg⁻¹)	全氮/(g·kg⁻¹)	全磷/(g·kg⁻¹)	全钾/(g·kg⁻¹)	pH	碱解氮/(mg·kg⁻¹)
2013	滑坡区	28.212 b	0.884 d	0.314 de	0.232 cd	8.197 a	52.232 b
	过渡区	40.752 b	1.728 c	0.235 e	0.331 b	8.147 a	119.577 b
	未滑坡区	45.813 b	1.919 c	0.352 d	0.430 a	8.033 a	118.408 b

2019	滑坡区	38.936 b	2.913 b	0.566 c	0.202 d	8.043 a	129.531 b
	过渡区	33.572 b	2.333 bc	0.689 b	0.202 d	7.977 a	138.130 b
	未滑坡区	97.188 a	4.382 a	0.914 a	0.267 c	7.953 a	350.595 a

年份	区域	有效磷/ (mg·kg⁻¹)	速效钾/ (mg·kg⁻¹)	风干性团聚体分形维数	水稳性团聚体分形维数	风干性团聚体平均几何直径/mm	水稳性团聚体平均几何直径/mm
2013	滑坡区	0.496 c	166.695 b	2.278 a	2.665 a	1.456 d	0.849 e
	过渡区	0.693 c	126.246 bc	2.225 ab	2.626 a	1.570 c	0.803 e
	未滑坡区	3.288 b	238.029 a	2.209 ab	2.519 b	1.624 c	0.974 d

2019	滑坡区	0.920 c	137.305 bc	1.981 c	2.488 b	1.961 b	1.291 c
	过渡区	1.450 c	108.980 c	2.142 b	2.496 b	1.972 b	1.397 b
	未滑坡区	4.561 a	151.193 bc	1.971 c	2.394 c	2.092 a	1.571 a

年份	区域	风干性团聚体平均质量直径/mm	水稳性团聚体平均质量直径/mm	团聚体破坏率/%	不稳定团粒系数/%
2013	滑坡区	3.764 d	1.764 e	16.297 a	21.853 a
	过渡区	4.127 cd	1.433 d	12.718 b	17.138 b
	未滑坡区	4.458 c	1.958 d	8.823 c	12.803 c

2019	滑坡区	5.659 b	3.390 c	13.101 b	14.680 c
	过渡区	5.969 ab	3.831 b	11.291 b	14.032 c
	未滑坡区	6.262 a	4.404 a	9.016 c	10.350 d
说明：不同小写字母表示不同样地间差异显著(P＜0.05)

Table 2. Soil environmental factors in landslide site

3. 讨论

3.1. 滑坡迹地植物群落的多样性变化

组成群落的植物种类的数量决定群落的复杂程度，反映了群落的稳定性^[16]。本研究中，2013—2019年，滑坡迹地 3个区域乔木层、灌木层和草本层科属种数量增加，但禾本科与菊科植物的种数下降，说明随着群落结构的发展，菊科和禾本科的先锋草本植物有所退化^[14]。滑坡迹地不同区域受损程度不同，物种组成也存在一定的差异，草本层以小蓬草、茅叶荩草等菊科和禾本科的植物为主，灌木层以刺槐等豆科Fabaceae植物为主。这与李波等^[17]对虹口地震滑坡体自然恢复的研究结果较为一致。随着群落的发展，滑坡区和过渡区均出现柏木，可能的原因是滑坡导致此2个区域之前存在的乔木受到损毁，但其种子留存在土壤中，随着时间的推移，迹地上原来的优势种又重新生长并发展起来。未滑坡区乔木层的科属种数均减小，可能是优势种柏木的生长占据了更多的光热条件，导致林下其他植物种减少，引起该区域乔木层均匀度指数的大幅减少^[18-20]。王树森等^[21]也认为：随着植被恢复的进行，群落的物种多样性会先升高后降低。

中度干扰理论认为：在无干扰或轻度干扰下，植物会在有限的资源条件下进行生存竞争，导致植物多样性较低；适度干扰时，植物自身之间的竞争力减弱，个体竞争力强的物种能够生存下来，干扰也会增加环境因子的差异性，多方面的因素导致植物多样性增加；但在高度干扰下，受多种因素影响植物多样性反而降低^[22]。本研究发现：2013年3个区域草本层多样性指数从大到小表现为过渡区、滑坡区、未滑坡区，2019年表现为滑坡区、过渡区、未滑坡区，大致符合干扰理论。2013年滑坡区受干扰程度大，土壤条件差，因此植物多样性较低；而过渡区受干扰程度较滑坡区小，因此多样性较高；未滑坡区几乎不受影响，植物种间竞争强，因此多样性反而比过渡区小。2019年随着土壤条件的改善，滑坡区植物多样性大幅度升高，这与陈小雪等^[5]、吴旭东等^[23]结果相似，而过渡区和未滑坡区由于植物种间竞争较强，多样性只是小幅度升高，证实了群落总是朝着草本—灌木—乔木的方向发展^[24]。滑坡区2013年无乔木，因此草本层受乔木和灌木生长的影响最小，过渡区其次，未滑坡区最大。乔木层和草本层的群落均匀度指数增加，但灌木层减小，可能由优势物种减少而其他伴生物种增加所导致^[25]。

3.2. 滑坡迹地植物群落分布环境解释

植物群落应对复杂生存环境的结果是形成不同的群落分布格局，而分布格局的可塑性能够客观表达植物对生存环境的适应性^[26]。在较大空间尺度上，降水和温度等地带性气候被认为是影响植物群落空间分布的主要因素^[27]，而中等空间尺度上，海拔和坡向对植物群落分布格局的影响较大^[28]。在小空间尺度上由于海拔差异小且坡向一致，土壤环境因子被认为是植被分布格局的主导因子^[29]。2013—2019年，随着植被恢复，滑坡区和过渡区对环境因子变化的响应较未滑坡区更加明显，物种分布特点受到多重环境因子的影响^[30]。MA等^[31]提出氮磷钾是影响区域物种组成的主要因素，同时养分的分布特征能够在一定程度上解释草本植物和灌木的不均匀分布。丛静等^[32]发现pH与植物的生长和分布存在一定关系，如打破碗花花喜腐殖质丰富的酸性至中性土壤，土壤条件过酸过碱都会导致植株死亡，因此，2013年只有过渡区有打破碗花花分布，2019年随着研究区pH减小，打破碗花花在3个区域均有分布。植被和土壤作为一个有机整体，植物的生长能对土壤起到一定的改良作用，使土壤性质向着良性方向发展^[33]。

4. 结论

2019年滑坡迹地3个区域菊科和禾本科草本植物所占比例较2013年均有所下降；未滑坡区的乔木层科属种数和草本层的属数及种数减少，其他均增加；Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Simpson优势度指数均表现为未滑坡区乔木层减小，其余增大；各区域草本层的Pielou均匀度指数均增大；未滑坡区乔木层和草本层的丰富度指数减小，其余增大。

CCA排序分析中乔木、灌木和草本层的前2轴累积解释量分别为77.9%、74.4%和66.3%，包含了CCA排序的绝大部分信息。不同植物对环境因子的敏感性不同，pH和土壤团聚体特征对植物群落分布的影响较大。排序结果反映了各个环境因子的实际生态意义，对滑坡迹地植物群落分布具有较好的解释能力。

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植被层	滑坡区				过渡区				未滑坡区
	2013年		2019年		2013年		2019年		2013年		2019年
	物种	重要值	物种	重要值	物种	重要值	物种	重要值	物种	重要值	物种	重要值
乔木层			刺槐	0.484 8	刺槐	0.424 6	刺槐	0.269 5	柏木	0.645 8	柏木	0.649 5
			柏木	0.229 8	漆树	0.314 2	柏木	0.204 0	桤木	0.113 2	杜仲	0.094 6
			南酸枣	0.158 7	醉鱼草	0.198 4	枫杨	0.188 9	香椿	0.104 7	榆树	0.072 2

灌木层	刺槐	0.382 2	西南绣球	0.236 4	刺槐	0.349 6	西南绣球	0.218 5	柏木	0.160 2	铁仔	0.182 1
	马桑	0.230 7	地果	0.175 7	雀儿舌头	0.183 9	卵果蔷薇	0.111 7	铁仔	0.157 6	柏木	0.164 8
	漆树	0.140 0	火棘	0.124 5	插田泡	0.148 8	豪猪刺	0.106 8	刺槐	0.111 1	雀儿舌头	0.076 2
	醉鱼草	0.129 1	马桑	0.060 7	构树	0.099 2	地果	0.077 4	卵果蔷薇	0.096 0	枫杨	0.071 3

草本层	小蓬草	0.222 3	茅叶荩草	0.158 9	茅叶荩草	0.2829	细叶薹草	0.189 3	卷柏	0.261 1	细叶薹草	0.312 6
	茅叶荩草	0.164 0	细叶薹草	0.102 5	野棉花	0.109 1	茅叶荩草	0.122 7	野棉花	0.087 3	卷柏	0.105 6
	鬼针草	0.088 0	打破碗花花	0.094 0	千里光	0.054 3	打破碗花花	0.075 8	粗齿冷水花	0.056 3	斑茅	0.055 7
	千里光	0.061 9	冷水花	0.054 5	艾	0.052 8	老鹳草	0.051 0	白茅	0.051 7	打破碗花花	0.039 5
	香薷	0.060 0	白茅	0.052 4	野菊	0.046 9	斑茅	0.050 7	艾	0.050 3	冷水花	0.037 2
说明：马桑Coriaria nepalensis；漆树Toxicodendron vernicifluum；醉鱼草Buddleja lindleyana；小蓬草Erigeron canadensis；鬼针草　　　　　Bidens pilosa；千里光Senecio scandens；香薷Elsholtzia ciliata；南酸枣Choerospondias axillaris；地果Ficus tikoua；火棘　　　　　Pyracantha fortuneana；打破碗花花Anemone hupehensis；冷水花Paederia foetida；白茅Imperata cylindrica；雀儿舌头Leptopus 　　　　　chinensis；插田泡Rubus coreanus；构树Broussonetia papyrifera；野棉花Anemone vitifolia；艾Artemisia argyi；野菊　　　　　Chrysanthemum indicum；枫杨Pterocarya stenoptera；卵果蔷薇Rosa helenae；豪猪刺Berberis julianae；老鹳草Geranium 　　　　　wilfordii；斑茅Saccharun arundinaceum；桤木Alnus cremastogyne；香椿Toona sinensis；卷柏Selaginella tamariscina；粗齿冷　　　　　水花Pilea sinofasciata；杜仲Eucommia ulmoides；榆树Ulmus pumila

植被层	排序轴	pH	MWD1	GMD1	D1	MWD2	GMD2	D2
乔木层	第1轴	0.768 5*	−0.390 5	−0.361 1	0.301 5	−0.437 9	−0.491 2	0.757 7*
乔木层	第2轴	−0.447 6	0.6691	0.661 3	−0.546 0	0.619 7	0.5895	−0.392 5

灌木层	第1轴	0.961 1**	−0.874 4*	−0.866 0*	0.793 3*	−0.822 7*	−0.861 3*	0.960 6**
灌木层	第2轴	0.088 9	0.134 5	0.123 2	−0.057 4	0.1239	0.072 4	0.162 2

草本层	第1轴	0.967 1**	−0.950 1**	−0.946 8**	0.814 5*	−0.874 5*	−0.905 1**	0.953 6**
草本层	第2轴	−0.172 9	−0.242 1	−0.258 7	0.239 5	−0.274 0	−0.204 2	−0.144 6

植被层	排序轴	PAD	ELT	SOC	TN	TP	TK	AN
乔木层	第1轴	0.900 5**	0.925 5**	−0.556 9	−0.491 4	−0.515 9	−0.271 4	−0.504 7
乔木层	第2轴	0.380 9	−0.0487	−0.305 8	0.212 7	0.4562	−0.816 1*	−0.128 0

灌木层	第1轴	0.769 0*	0.898 0**	−0.540 6	−0.799 5*	−0.797 9*	0.031 3	−0.641 2
灌木层	第2轴	0.495 4	0.319 5	−0.684 7	−0.254 2	−0.035 7	−0.665 8	−0.514 7

草本层	第1轴	0.728 5	0.913 3**	−0.576 8	−0.8745*	−0.8515*	0.1834	−0.733 7*
草本层	第2轴	−0.648 0	−0.382 5	0.269 6	−0.026 1	−0.181 6	0.896 8**	0.103 0

植被层	排序轴	AP	AK	特征值占比/%		累积贡献率/%
乔木层	第1轴	−0.886 8**	−0.660 9	51.97		52.00
乔木层	第2轴	−0.317 7	−0.426 2	25.88		77.90

灌木层	第1轴	−0.708 4	−0.095 3	43.77		43.80
灌木层	第2轴	−0.696 3	−0.495 9	30.67		74.40

草本层	第1轴	−0.590 9	0.241 5	40.15		40.20
草本层	第2轴	0.650 6	0.909 1**	26.09		66.30
说明：pH. 土壤酸碱度；MWD1. 风干性团聚体平均质量直径；GMD1. 风干性团聚体平平均几何直径；D1. 风干性团聚体分形　　　　　维数；MWD2. 水稳性团聚体平均质量直径；GMD2. 水稳性团聚体平均几何直径；D2. 水稳性团聚体分形维数；PAD. 团　　　　　聚体破坏率；ELT：不稳定团粒系数；SOC. 土壤有机碳；TN. 土壤全氮；TP. 土壤全磷；TK. 土壤全钾；AN. 土壤碱解　　　　　氮；AP. 土壤速效磷；AK. 土壤速效钾。表示显著相关(0.01＜P＜0.10)，*表示极显著相关(P＜0.01)