Volume 40 Issue 5
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CHEN Shiyan, CHENG Honghao, WU Xiaomeng, XU Yue, ZOU Yunding, BI Shoudong. Interspecific competition of wandering spiders feeding on Empoasca onukii in tea plantations based on Fuzzy analysis[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2023, 40(5): 1008-1017. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20220753
Citation: CHEN Shiyan, CHENG Honghao, WU Xiaomeng, XU Yue, ZOU Yunding, BI Shoudong. Interspecific competition of wandering spiders feeding on Empoasca onukii in tea plantations based on Fuzzy analysis[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2023, 40(5): 1008-1017. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20220753

Interspecific competition of wandering spiders feeding on Empoasca onukii in tea plantations based on Fuzzy analysis

doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20220753
  • Received Date: 2022-12-06
  • Accepted Date: 2023-05-23
  • Rev Recd Date: 2023-05-17
  • Available Online: 2023-09-26
  • Publish Date: 2023-09-26
  •   Objective  The objective is to explore the interspecific competition of wandering spiders feeding on Empoasca onukii in tea plantations, so as to provide scientific basis for the rational conservation and control of wandering spiders against E. onukii.   Method  The population dynamics of E. onukii and wander spiders in ‘Nongkangzao’ and ‘Pingyangtezao’ tea plantations in Science and Technology Demonstration Garden of Anhui Agricultural University in 2021 were analyzed using grey correlation method, Fuzzy classification method and competition coefficient method. The competitive relationship between different wandering spiders was studied and the most competitive wandering spiders were identified. By combining grey correlation degree with competition coefficient, the concept of competition intensity index was derived to verify the accuracy of the obtained results.   Result  According to the grey correlation results, it could be seen that the wandering spiders most correlated with the number of E. onukii were Clubiona reichlini (0.896 7) and Clubiona japonicola (0.890 2) in ‘Nongkangzao’ tea plantation, and ‘Pingyangtezao’ tea plantation was also dominated by C. reichlini(0.860 3)and C. japonicola (0.857 1). Based on the variance analysis results of competition coefficient and competition intensity index, it was found that C. japonicola differed significantly from other spiders, followed by C. reichlini. Oxyopes sertatus differed very significantly from the two in feeding on E. onukii, regardless of the type of wandering spider in the competition.   Conclusion  When feeding on E. onukii in tea plantations, C. japonicola and C. reichlini are the most competitive, while O. sertatus is the least competitive. Effective control of E. onukii can be achieved by reasonably protecting and utilizing highly competitive spiders such as C. japonicola and C. reichlini. [Ch. 2 fig. 6 tab. 33 ref ]
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Interspecific competition of wandering spiders feeding on Empoasca onukii in tea plantations based on Fuzzy analysis

doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20220753

Abstract:   Objective  The objective is to explore the interspecific competition of wandering spiders feeding on Empoasca onukii in tea plantations, so as to provide scientific basis for the rational conservation and control of wandering spiders against E. onukii.   Method  The population dynamics of E. onukii and wander spiders in ‘Nongkangzao’ and ‘Pingyangtezao’ tea plantations in Science and Technology Demonstration Garden of Anhui Agricultural University in 2021 were analyzed using grey correlation method, Fuzzy classification method and competition coefficient method. The competitive relationship between different wandering spiders was studied and the most competitive wandering spiders were identified. By combining grey correlation degree with competition coefficient, the concept of competition intensity index was derived to verify the accuracy of the obtained results.   Result  According to the grey correlation results, it could be seen that the wandering spiders most correlated with the number of E. onukii were Clubiona reichlini (0.896 7) and Clubiona japonicola (0.890 2) in ‘Nongkangzao’ tea plantation, and ‘Pingyangtezao’ tea plantation was also dominated by C. reichlini(0.860 3)and C. japonicola (0.857 1). Based on the variance analysis results of competition coefficient and competition intensity index, it was found that C. japonicola differed significantly from other spiders, followed by C. reichlini. Oxyopes sertatus differed very significantly from the two in feeding on E. onukii, regardless of the type of wandering spider in the competition.   Conclusion  When feeding on E. onukii in tea plantations, C. japonicola and C. reichlini are the most competitive, while O. sertatus is the least competitive. Effective control of E. onukii can be achieved by reasonably protecting and utilizing highly competitive spiders such as C. japonicola and C. reichlini. [Ch. 2 fig. 6 tab. 33 ref ]

CHEN Shiyan, CHENG Honghao, WU Xiaomeng, XU Yue, ZOU Yunding, BI Shoudong. Interspecific competition of wandering spiders feeding on Empoasca onukii in tea plantations based on Fuzzy analysis[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2023, 40(5): 1008-1017. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20220753
Citation: CHEN Shiyan, CHENG Honghao, WU Xiaomeng, XU Yue, ZOU Yunding, BI Shoudong. Interspecific competition of wandering spiders feeding on Empoasca onukii in tea plantations based on Fuzzy analysis[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2023, 40(5): 1008-1017. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20220753
  • 小贯小绿叶蝉 Empoasca onukii在中国茶园广泛分布,是对茶树Camellia sinensis危害最大的害虫之一[1]。小贯小绿叶蝉对茶树嫩茎、嫩叶的刺吸会导致茶叶焦枯,抑制茶树正常生长,严重影响茶叶的产量和品质[23]。游猎性蜘蛛(游猎蛛)作为一种捕食性天敌,捕食量大、行动活跃、捕食范围广,对防治害虫、调节生态系统平衡都有重要作用[46]。利用天敌与害虫之间的捕食关系对茶园害虫进行生物防治的方法已有诸多报道[716],这些研究大都直接讨论天敌与害虫之间的关联,对于不同种天敌之间的竞争作用却极少研究。但单一地增加茶园害虫的优势种天敌等势必会导致整个茶园生态系统的不稳定[1718]。FAUST等[19]将2个物种之间的作用关系分为中性、竞争、偏害、寄生、捕食、偏利和互利共生等几种类型。天敌和害虫之间的关系分为捕食和寄生2种类型,天敌之间为了争夺资源多数是竞争关系[20]。除了天敌与害虫之间的捕食和被捕食关系外,各天敌之间的竞争关系也需要得到重视。因此,从生物多样性等多维度对茶园整个生态环境进行调控更有利于长期高效防治茶园害虫,以达到绿色环保的平衡调节作用[21]

    在昆虫种群数量生态学的研究中,对害虫及天敌数据的统计分析通常为抽样分析,采用的分级方式为连续等分分级,这会使得不同精度级宽下的结果具有主观性和偶然性。张书平等[22]将Fuzzy分级法与灰色关联度法相结合研究茶园与假眼小绿叶蝉 Empoasca vitis数量上关系密切的天敌种类,是一种较好的种间关系研究方法。多数学者对林木种间竞争的研究较多[23],未见对茶园各天敌种间竞争关系的报道,将数据按不同方式分级后再研究种间竞争关系的研究更少。为此,本研究运用灰色关联度法,并将Fuzzy分级法与竞争系数法相结合,研究‘农抗早’‘Nongkangzao’和‘平阳特早’‘Pingyangtezao’茶园游猎蛛取食小贯小绿叶蝉的种间竞争关系,并通过竞争强度指数验证所得结论,为茶园合理保护和利用种间竞争关系强的天敌,有效防治小贯小绿叶蝉提供科学依据。

    • 在安徽农业大学科技示范园(31°56′N,117°12′E)中共调查了2种茶园,分别为‘农抗早’和‘平阳特早’茶园,面积均为0.2 hm2。调查时间为2021年3月25日至11月19日,隔15 d调查1次,共14次。茶园互不相连,按常规措施管理。在春茶采摘结束和秋末进行茶树修剪,并且在秋末进行茶园耕翻,加强秋冬季管理,及时除草、修剪茶树和采摘茶叶,诱杀和人工捕杀害虫,不施用化学农药。

    • 采用平行跳跃法在茶园随机选取3行,每行茶树相隔1 m,在每行间隔1 m处设置1个2 m×1 m的样方,每行取10个样方,每个茶园取30个样方。用目测调查的方式在每个样方随机选取10片叶,调查一些不易振落的害虫及天敌的种类和数量,再用盘拍法对样方中所有枝条进行盘拍(盘拍所用搪瓷盘口长为40 cm,宽30 cm,搪瓷盘上喷洒稀释1 000倍的洗衣粉水溶液)。调查记载盘中害虫及天敌物种数和个体数,不能准确鉴定的物种样本编号保存,装瓶带回室内由专家鉴定。

    • 将害虫数量(Yi)及其主要天敌数量(Xj)分别看作1个本征系统,害虫数量作为该系统的参照序列,天敌作为比较序列,并把不同样方的害虫及其主要天敌的数量作为该序列在第k个样方的效果白化值,进行双序列关系分析。数据经均值化后得:

      式(1)和式(2)中:n表示样方数,M表示天敌种类数。YiXj在第k个样方上的关联系数rij为:

      式(3)中:ρ 为分辨系数,取值区间为[0, 1],一般取 ρ = 0.5,为扩大各物种之间关联度的差异,本研究取 ρ = 0.8。$|Y_{i}\left(k\right)-{X}_{j}\left(k\right) |$ 为序列YiXj在第k点上差的绝对值;$ \mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\left|{Y}_{i}\left(k\right)-{X}_{j}\left(k\right)\right| $为1级最小差,$ {\mathrm{min}}_{i}{\mathrm{min}}_{j}\left|{Y}_{i}\left(k\right)-{X}_{j}\left(k\right)\right| $ 为2级最小差。$ \mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}\left|{Y}_{i}\left(k\right)-{X}_{j}\left(k\right)\right| $与$ {\mathrm{max}}_{i}{\mathrm{max}}_{j}\left|{Y}_{i}\left(k\right)-{X}_{j}\left(k\right)\right| $ 分别为1级和2级最大差。利用该公式可求出第j种天敌(Xj)与害虫(Yi)数量间的关联度为$R({Y}_{i},{X}_{j})=1/n\displaystyle \sum _{k=1}^{M}{r}_{ij}\left(k\right)$,其大小反映害虫与天敌相互联系的紧密程度。天敌与害虫数量间关联度越大,表明天敌与害虫数量关系越密切[24]。本研究由数据处理系统软件(DPS系统)进行灰色关联度数据的运算。

    • 在论域[A1, A2, A3$, \;\cdots , $ An$, \;\cdots , $ Am]上按所求解问题的性质和要求规定的一个隶属函数μi,叫作Fuzzy分级隶属函数。将通常连续等分分级的频数作为原始数据,设原始数据为[a1, a2, a3$,\; \cdots , $ an$, \;\cdots , $ am],称${\hat{{a}}}_{{i}}=\displaystyle \sum _{{n}={i}-5}^{{i}+5}{{\mu }}_{{i}}{{a}}_{{n}}$为第i个Fuzzy等级的Fuzzy频数。它在论域上的分布曲线叫Fuzzy频数曲线[2526]。本研究规定Fuzzy分级隶属函数μi为:

      式(4)中:n为原始数据项数,i为Fuzzy频数项数。则Fuzzy频数为$ {\hat{a}}_{i}=\displaystyle \sum _{n=i-5}^{i+5}{\mu }_{i}{a}_{n}={a}_{i}+ 0.8\left({a}_{i+1}+{a}_{i-1}\right)+0.6\left({a}_{i+2}+{a}_{i-2}\right)+0.4\left({a}_{i+3}+{a}_{i-3}\right)+0.2\left({a}_{i+4}+{a}_{i-4}\right)+0.1\left({a}_{i+5}+{a}_{i-5}\right) $。为了解茶园游猎蛛的自然种群动态,减少在对游猎蛛进行竞争关系分析时由种群数据导致的误差,本研究根据游猎蛛种群数量变化幅度,对游猎蛛的种群数据按照30个样方中5只游猎蛛的级宽进行等分分级统计(级宽不宜太宽也不宜太窄),算出各级出现的频数,再以30个样方中5只游猎蛛为级宽的频数作为原始数据即[a1, a2, a3$,\; \cdots , $ an$, \;\cdots , $ am]进行Fuzzy分级统计。由Excel 2019计算Fuzzy频数。

    • 一般用Levins的生态重叠公式计算竞争系数[27]

      式(5)中:$ {P}_{ik} $ 和$ {P}_{jk} $分别为种i和种j在第k个样方中的相对优势度,n为样地数。

      使用重叠的方法计算竞争系数的公式[28]

      式(6)中:αij为种j对种i的竞争系数,PikPjk分别是第i个物种和第j个物种使用的第k个资源的比例。αij = αji,PIANKA[28]评价该式是对称的,并称其为重叠值。MAY[2930]将该式与其他表达式进行比较,沿用了PIANKA的表达式,并将其作为按函数比例进行计算的竞争系数。本研究中所求得的竞争系数均按上述(6)式计算。

    • 本研究将关联度与竞争系数相结合,引入竞争强度指数的概念。不同天敌与同一害虫之间关联度的比值称为相对密切度,该相对密切度与2种天敌之间竞争系数的乘积即为竞争强度指数,种i对种j的竞争强度指数(C)为:

      式(7)引入了害虫与天敌关系因素,RiyRjy分别为天敌XiXj与害虫Y数量上的关联度,αij为种j对种i的竞争系数。本研究中竞争系数和竞争强度指数均由 Excel 2019 对Fuzzy频数计算所得,再使用DPS数据处理系统软件用多重比较方法中的 Duncan 新复极差法进行竞争系数和竞争强度指数平均值和显著水平的分析[31]

    • 选取调查日期中2个茶园游猎蛛数量最多的7种蜘蛛作为主要天敌,分别为鞍型花蟹蛛Xysticus ephippiatus、三突花蟹蛛Ebrechtella tricuspidata、粽管巢蛛Clubiona japonicola、斑管巢蛛C. reichlini、斜纹猫蛛Oxyopes sertatus、黑色跳蛛Plexippus paykulli和条纹蝇虎P. setipes。它们的数量动态见表1

      茶树品种日期
      (月-日)
      害虫数量/头游猎蛛数量/头
      X1X2X3X4X5X6X7
      ‘农抗早’ 03-2531016323277
      04-161127107019
      05-07422600220
      05-233015005121
      06-042227150150
      06-2017520555050
      07-08594146551886380
      08-1020927231560202624
      08-224292319295933256
      09-0692199192357186
      09-173017171310311319
      10-13181204545
      11-0152429939419
      11-194711361535
      合计 1 937310250155177253155262
      ‘平阳特早’03-259230013174
      04-16110500162
      05-07311600060
      05-23573410050
      06-0425115030110
      06-201391581820101
      07-08674264624342270
      08-10318173174233130
      08-225348182148311029
      09-0616029121418391610
      09-17201312121937129
      10-134720020112
      11-01235283223
      11-1910812352624
      合计 2 339245230128128170118174
        说明:X1~X7分别指鞍型花蟹蛛、三突花蟹蛛、粽管巢蛛、斑管巢蛛、斜纹猫蛛、黑色跳蛛和条纹蝇虎数量(头)。

      Table 1.  Population dynamics of E. onukii and wandering spiders in two tea plantations

      用灰色关联度法求得小贯小绿叶蝉与游猎蛛数量之间的灰色关联度(表2)。由表2可知:与小贯小绿叶蝉在数量上关联度最大的前3位天敌,‘农抗早’茶园为斑管巢蛛、粽管巢蛛和黑色跳蛛;‘平阳特早’茶园为斑管巢蛛、粽管巢蛛和三突花蟹蛛。2个茶园均有斑管巢蛛和粽管巢蛛。

      游猎蛛‘农抗早’‘平阳特早’游猎蛛‘农抗早’‘平阳特早’
      灰色关联度排位灰色关联度排位灰色关联度排位灰色关联度排位
      鞍型花蟹蛛0.833 850.826 14斜纹猫蛛0.754 860.794 76
      三突花蟹蛛0.856 940.856 23黑色跳蛛0.857 030.802 65
      粽管巢蛛 0.890 220.857 12条纹蝇虎0.744 270.763 47
      斑管巢蛛 0.896 710.860 31

      Table 2.  Grey correlation between E. onukii and wandering spiders in two tea plantations

    • 图1图2可看出:2个茶园Fuzzy分级频数集中性明显大于等分分级频数。图1A中在第4、7和12个级宽处出现3个明显的峰值,而图1B中 7条曲线均由高到低一致趋于平缓。图2A中从第11个级宽处多数曲线已贴近横轴,而图2B中的曲线从第15个级宽开始才趋于横轴。通过Fuzzy分级法得到的新数据明显增加了原始数据的有效区间,并且Fuzzy频数由原始数据通过Fuzzy隶属函数求得,每个原始数据都与几个等级发生联系,而等分分级里每个原始数据只与1个等级发生联系,因此Fuzzy频数无明显的分级界限。对2种频数进行t检验,‘农抗早’茶园中鞍型花蟹蛛、三突花蟹蛛、粽管巢蛛、斑管巢蛛、斜纹猫蛛、黑色跳蛛和条纹蝇虎这7种蜘蛛的t值依次为2.333、2.379、2.281、2.646、3.937、3.059、1.975,‘平阳特早’茶园这7种蜘蛛的$ t $值依次为 2.176、2.048、2.153、2.477、3.151、2.090、1.591。自由度为34时,t0.01=2.728,t0.05=2.032,t0.10=1.091,除条纹蝇虎外,2个茶园各游猎蛛2种频数间的差异都显著,并且斜纹猫蛛的2种频数间差异极显著。Fuzzy频数的直接图示是曲线,可保持原始数据的精度,故用此法分级的数据进行后续竞争关系的分析,其结果更接近实际。

      Figure 1.  Equally graded frequency curve (A) and Fuzzy frequency curve (B) of the number of wandering spiders in ‘Nongkangzao’ tea plantation        

      Figure 2.  Equally graded frequency curve (A) and Fuzzy frequency curve (B) of the number of wandering spiders in ‘Pingyangtezao’ tea plantation        

    • 以Fuzzy频数作为原始数据,计算2个茶园各游猎蛛之间的竞争系数并将结果列于表3。对各游猎蛛及其竞争对手之间的竞争系数进行方差分析,再用新复极差法分析天敌之间竞争系数的差异性(表4)。所得结果中,当竞争对手分别为鞍型花蟹蛛、三突花蟹蛛、粽管巢蛛和条纹蝇虎时,游猎蛛间差异显著,此时不同竞争对手下竞争力最强的游猎蛛不同,故暂时无法得出茶园竞争力最强的蜘蛛类别,但除斑管巢蛛和黑色跳蛛外,无论竞争对手为哪种游猎蛛,所有游猎蛛都与斜纹猫蛛差异显著,且斜纹猫蛛的均值都最小。因此,可得出结论:除斑管巢蛛和黑色跳蛛外,5种游猎蛛里斜纹猫蛛竞争力最弱。

      茶树品种竞争对手游猎蛛间竞争系数
      鞍型花蟹蛛三突花蟹蛛粽管巢蛛斑管巢蛛斜纹猫蛛黑色跳蛛条纹蝇虎
      ‘农抗早’ 鞍型花蟹蛛1.000 00.991 50.983 70.939 80.906 30.959 20.991 0
      三突花蟹蛛0.991 51.000 00.995 20.973 30.893 80.928 20.995 3
      粽管巢蛛 0.983 70.995 21.000 00.980 30.901 50.916 70.993 6
      斑管巢蛛 0.939 80.973 30.980 31.000 00.872 90.856 80.961 4
      斜纹猫蛛 0.906 30.893 80.901 50.872 91.000 00.959 80.871 7
      黑色跳蛛 0.959 20.928 20.916 70.856 80.959 81.000 00.915 9
      条纹蝇虎 0.991 00.995 30.993 60.961 40.871 70.915 91.000 0
      ‘平阳特早’鞍型花蟹蛛1.000 00.989 30.998 50.976 50.913 70.993 50.975 1
      三突花蟹蛛0.989 31.000 00.984 20.977 40.869 70.984 40.992 5
      粽管巢蛛 0.998 50.984 21.000 00.967 40.909 30.996 30.967 4
      斑管巢蛛 0.976 50.977 40.967 41.000 00.939 70.954 00.957 1
      斜纹猫蛛 0.913 70.869 70.909 30.939 71.000 00.880 60.826 5
      黑色跳蛛 0.993 50.984 40.996 30.954 00.880 61.000 00.967 7
      条纹蝇虎 0.975 10.992 50.967 40.957 10.826 50.967 71.000 0

      Table 3.  Competition coefficients among wandering spiders in two tea plantations

      竞争对手F物种2个茶园竞争
      系数均值
      5%显著
      水平
      1%极显著
      水平
      竞争对手F物种2个茶园竞争
      系数均值
      5%显著
      水平
      1%极显著
      水平
      鞍型花蟹蛛7.530粽管巢蛛 0.991 1aA斜纹猫蛛1.203黑色跳蛛 0.920 2aA
      三突花蟹蛛0.990 4aA鞍型花蟹蛛0.910 0aA
      条纹蝇虎 0.983 0aA斑管巢蛛 0.906 3aA
      黑色跳蛛 0.976 4aA粽管巢蛛 0.905 4aA
      斑管巢蛛 0.958 2aAB三突花蟹蛛0.881 7aA
      斜纹猫蛛 0.910 0bB条纹蝇虎 0.849 1aA
      三突花蟹蛛11.356条纹蝇虎 0.993 9aA黑色跳蛛0.562鞍型花蟹蛛0.976 4aA
      鞍型花蟹蛛0.990 4aA粽管巢蛛 0.956 5aA
      粽管巢蛛 0.989 7aA三突花蟹蛛0.956 3aA
      斑管巢蛛 0.975 4aA条纹蝇虎 0.941 8aA
      黑色跳蛛 0.956 3aA斜纹猫蛛 0.920 2aA
      斜纹猫蛛 0.881 7bB斑管巢蛛 0.905 4aA
      粽管巢蛛 3.305鞍型花蟹蛛0.991 1aA条纹蝇虎12.037三突花蟹蛛0.993 9aA
      三突花蟹蛛0.989 7aA鞍型花蟹蛛0.983 0aA
      条纹蝇虎 0.980 5aA粽管巢蛛 0.980 5aA
      斑管巢蛛 0.973 9aA斑管巢蛛 0.959 2aA
      黑色跳蛛 0.956 5abA黑色跳蛛 0.941 8aA
      斜纹猫蛛 0.905 4bA斜纹猫蛛 0.849 1bB
      斑管巢蛛 1.610三突花蟹蛛0.975 3aA
      粽管巢蛛 0.973 9aA
      条纹蝇虎 0.959 2aA
      鞍型花蟹蛛0.958 2aA
      斜纹猫蛛 0.906 3aA
      黑色跳蛛 0.905 4aA
        说明:计算不同竞争对手下各游猎蛛在2个茶园竞争系数的平均值,5%水平上均数最大的标记为a,1%水平上均数最大的标记为A。向下比较,与之差异性不显著的标记相同字母,差异性显著的标记不同字母。

      Table 4.  Results of the new multiple range test analysis of competition coefficients among various wandering spiders in two tea plantations

    • 结合关联度和竞争系数将所求的竞争强度指数列于表5。对竞争强度指数进行方差分析,用新复极差法进行比较(表6)。由表6可知:无论竞争对手为哪种游猎蛛,粽管巢蛛都与其他蜘蛛差异显著,其次为斑管巢蛛,且游猎蛛中斜纹猫蛛与两者差异极显著。因此,可得出结论:粽管巢蛛竞争力最强,斑管巢蛛次之,斜纹猫蛛竞争力最弱。

      茶树品种竞争对手游猎蛛间竞争强度指数
      鞍型花蟹蛛三突花蟹蛛粽管巢蛛斑管巢蛛斜纹猫蛛黑色跳蛛条纹蝇虎
      ‘农抗早’ 鞍型花蟹蛛1.000 01.019 01.050 31.010 70.820 40.985 90.884 5
      三突花蟹蛛0.964 71.000 01.033 81.018 50.787 30.928 30.864 3
      粽管巢蛛 0.921 40.958 01.000 00.987 50.764 40.882 50.830 6
      斑管巢蛛 0.873 90.930 10.973 21.000 00.734 80.818 90.797 8
      斜纹猫蛛 1.001 21.014 71.063 21.037 01.000 01.089 80.859 4
      黑色跳蛛 0.933 20.928 10.952 20.896 50.845 31.000 00.795 3
      条纹蝇虎 1.110 41.146 11.188 61.158 50.884 21.054 81.000 0
      ‘平阳特早’鞍型花蟹蛛1.000 01.025 41.036 11.017 00.879 00.965 30.9012
      三突花蟹蛛0.954 41.000 00.985 20.982 00.807 20.922 70.884 9
      粽管巢蛛 0.962 30.983 21.000 00.971 00.843 10.932 90.861 7
      斑管巢蛛 0.937 60.972 80.963 81.000 00.868 10.890 00.849 3
      斜纹猫蛛 0.949 70.937 00.980 71.017 21.000 00.889 30.794 0
      黑色跳蛛 1.022 61.050 21.064 01.022 60.872 01.000 00.920 5
      条纹蝇虎 1.055 11.113 11.086 11.078 50.860 41.017 31.000 0

      Table 5.  Competition intensity indices among wandering spiders in two tea plantations

      竞争对手F物种2个茶园竞争
      强度指数均值
      5%显著
      水平
      1%极显著
      水平
      竞争对手F物种2个茶园竞争
      强度指数均值
      5%显著
      水平
      1%极显著
      水平
      鞍型花蟹蛛32.992粽管巢蛛 1.043 2aA斜纹猫蛛2.142斑管巢蛛 1.027 1aA
      三突花蟹蛛1.022 2abA粽管巢蛛 1.022 0aA
      斑管巢蛛 1.013 8abA黑色跳蛛 0.989 5abA
      黑色跳蛛 0.975 6bA三突花蟹蛛0.975 8abA
      条纹蝇虎 0.892 9cB鞍型花蟹蛛0.975 4abA
      斜纹猫蛛 0.849 7cB条纹蝇虎 0.826 7bA
      三突花蟹蛛33.492粽管巢蛛 1.009 5aA黑色跳蛛1.575粽管巢蛛 1.008 1aA
      斑管巢蛛 1.000 2aAB三突花蟹蛛0.989 1aA
      鞍型花蟹蛛0.960 9abAB鞍型花蟹蛛0.977 9aA
      黑色跳蛛 0.925 5bBC斑管巢蛛 0.959 6aA
      条纹蝇虎 0.874 6cC斜纹猫蛛 0.858 6aA
      斜纹猫蛛 0.797 3dD条纹蝇虎 0.857 9aB
      粽管巢蛛 9.706斑管巢蛛 0.979 3aA条纹蝇虎10.533粽管巢蛛 1.137 3aA
      三突花蟹蛛0.970 6aAB三突花蟹蛛1.129 6aA
      鞍型花蟹蛛0.941 9aAB斑管巢蛛 1.118 5aA
      黑色跳蛛 0.907 7abABC鞍型花蟹蛛1.082 7aA
      条纹蝇虎 0.846 2bcBC黑色跳蛛 1.036 1aA
      斜纹猫蛛 0.803 8cC斜纹猫蛛 0.872 3bB
      斑管巢蛛 3.588粽管巢蛛 0.968 5aA
      三突花蟹蛛0.951 4abA
      鞍型花蟹蛛0.905 8abcA
      黑色跳蛛 0.854 4abcA
      条纹蝇虎 0.823 6bcA
      斜纹猫蛛 0.801 5cA
        说明:计算不同竞争对手下各游猎蛛在2个茶园竞争强度指数的平均值,5%水平上均数最大的标记为a,1%水平上均数最大的标记为A。向下比较,与之差异性不显著的标记相同字母,差异性显著的标记不同字母。

      Table 6.  Results of the new multiple range test analysis of competitive intensity indices among various wandering spiders in two tea plantations

    • 本研究首先通过灰色关联度分析初步得出2个茶园与小贯小绿叶蝉数量相关性最大的游猎蛛均为斑管巢蛛和粽管巢蛛,再对7种游猎蛛的种群数量进行Fuzzy分级统计,将得出的Fuzzy频数作为原始数据进行竞争系数分析,结果显示:除斑管巢蛛和黑色跳蛛外,5种游猎蛛中斜纹猫蛛竞争力最弱。为验证结果准确性,综合灰色关联度和竞争系数结果引入了竞争强度指数概念,得出7种游猎蛛中斜纹猫蛛竞争力最弱,并且在任何竞争对手下粽管巢蛛都与其他蜘蛛差异显著,其次为斑管巢蛛,即在取食茶园小贯小绿叶蝉时粽管巢蛛和斑管巢蛛竞争力最强,斜纹猫蛛竞争力最弱。

      在进行Fuzzy分级统计时,并未对小贯小绿叶蝉数量进行分级,因为在进行竞争关系分析时,只需要7种游猎蛛的数量数据,故无需对小贯小绿叶蝉数量做同样的处理。在进行灰色关联度分析时,小贯小绿叶蝉和7种游猎蛛数量均未进行处理,原因是小贯小绿叶蝉数量与7种游猎蛛数量数据大小相差较大,选择过大的级宽会导致游猎蛛数量均处于第1级宽内,选择较小级宽会出现较多级层且在靠后多个级层里只有小贯小绿叶蝉数据,而游猎蛛数据均为0。对7种游猎蛛的种群数量进行Fuzzy分级,然后进行竞争关系的统计计算,使它们的数据集中性更加突出,弥补了抽样时造成的误差,是一种简洁有效的计算方法。

      2个茶园竞争力最强和最弱的蜘蛛相同。本研究的2个茶园均按常规措施管理,不使用化学农药,且于冬季除草修剪,修剪会影响天敌的虫口基数,而‘农抗早’和‘平阳特早’抗逆性和抗寒性强[32],因此在相近的受害程度后,‘农抗早’和‘平阳特早’恢复时间均较短,恢复效果均较好,害虫所处环境变化的速度一致性可能是研究结果相同的原因之一。此外,茶园竞争力最强的是斑管巢蛛,这可能与斑管巢蛛的生活习性有关。斑管巢蛛定居且游猎于树冠上被害卷叶或枯叶等阴暗干燥处,白天基本不出行,黄昏时刻,蜘蛛开始活动,主动巡游猎取食,沿着枝、叶逐一搜索前进,几乎无遗漏之处。合理保护和利用斑管巢蛛这类竞争力强的蜘蛛可达到有效防治小贯小绿叶蝉的目的。

      对茶园游猎蛛之间竞争作用的研究可以更好地理解游猎蛛之间的竞争如何影响害虫的数量和变化趋势以及如何影响生物防治的有效性[33]。至今利用害虫与天敌的种间关系对茶园害虫进行生物防治更多地还是停留在增加优势种天敌数量的方向上,分析天敌之间的竞争作用有利于选出最高效的天敌组合,在不破坏茶园原有生态环境的基础上高效防治害虫。

      本研究中的7种游猎蛛都是广食性天敌,但为了研究方便,把它们作为只取食小贯小绿叶蝉一种食饵的单食性天敌,若进行深入研究就需要考虑多种猎物(害虫)共存时天敌对食物的嗜食性,在此基础上应用竞争关系分析方法就能更加真实地反映天敌之间的关系。另外,本研究是分析天敌两两之间的竞争关系,实际上,在食饵不足时,7种天敌之间也存在竞争关系,这种情况有待进一步研究。

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