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TIE Qianfang, SHI Xiaoyan, XUE Xianglei2, et al. A review on machine harvesting loss reduction and high-yielding agronomic practices in mechanized ratoon rice cropping systems[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2026, 43(X): 1−10 doi:  10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250549
Citation: TIE Qianfang, SHI Xiaoyan, XUE Xianglei2, et al. A review on machine harvesting loss reduction and high-yielding agronomic practices in mechanized ratoon rice cropping systems[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2026, 43(X): 1−10 doi:  10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250549

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A review on machine harvesting loss reduction and high-yielding agronomic practices in mechanized ratoon rice cropping systems

DOI: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250549
  • Received Date: 2025-10-22
  • Accepted Date: 2026-02-10
  • Rev Recd Date: 2026-02-06
  • Regenerated rice cultivation, characterized by “one-crop-two-harvests”, offers significant advantages such as labor-saving efficiency and environmental friendliness , making it vital for ensuring food security . However, mechanical harvesting damage in the first season remains a core issue limiting the yield of the regenerated season and the wider adoption of this cultivation system. This paper systematically reviews the research progress in loss reduction during mechanical harvesting and high-yielding agronomic practices for mechanically harvested regenerated rice. The review focuses on two key aspects: first, technologies and equipment innovations for reducing harvest losses, including optimization of specialized harvesters for regenerated rice (wheeled and tracked chassis), lightweight design, stubble righting devices, intelligent path planning, and matching cultivation techniques such as “wide-narrow row” spacing, aiming to minimize crushing damage through improved machinery and operational adjustments; second, high-yield and stable-yield agronomic strategies, including selection of strongly regenerative and crush-tolerant varieties, early sowing and transplanting aligned with light and heat resources, timely harvesting, and dynamic water-fertilizer management based on stubble height, which collectively establish a robust system for high and stable yields. In summary, against the backdrop of replacing manual labor with machinery, achieving “high yields in both seasons” for regenerated rice fundamentally relies on deep integration and systematic optimization of “variety, agronomy, and machinery”. This involves establishing an integrated technical system spanning pre-production, in-season, and post-production stages, thereby effectively mitigating harvest losses, fully realizing the yield potential and overall benefits of regenerated rice, and providing theoretical and technical support for sustainable rice production. [Ch, 74 ref.]
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A review on machine harvesting loss reduction and high-yielding agronomic practices in mechanized ratoon rice cropping systems

doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250549

Abstract: Regenerated rice cultivation, characterized by “one-crop-two-harvests”, offers significant advantages such as labor-saving efficiency and environmental friendliness , making it vital for ensuring food security . However, mechanical harvesting damage in the first season remains a core issue limiting the yield of the regenerated season and the wider adoption of this cultivation system. This paper systematically reviews the research progress in loss reduction during mechanical harvesting and high-yielding agronomic practices for mechanically harvested regenerated rice. The review focuses on two key aspects: first, technologies and equipment innovations for reducing harvest losses, including optimization of specialized harvesters for regenerated rice (wheeled and tracked chassis), lightweight design, stubble righting devices, intelligent path planning, and matching cultivation techniques such as “wide-narrow row” spacing, aiming to minimize crushing damage through improved machinery and operational adjustments; second, high-yield and stable-yield agronomic strategies, including selection of strongly regenerative and crush-tolerant varieties, early sowing and transplanting aligned with light and heat resources, timely harvesting, and dynamic water-fertilizer management based on stubble height, which collectively establish a robust system for high and stable yields. In summary, against the backdrop of replacing manual labor with machinery, achieving “high yields in both seasons” for regenerated rice fundamentally relies on deep integration and systematic optimization of “variety, agronomy, and machinery”. This involves establishing an integrated technical system spanning pre-production, in-season, and post-production stages, thereby effectively mitigating harvest losses, fully realizing the yield potential and overall benefits of regenerated rice, and providing theoretical and technical support for sustainable rice production. [Ch, 74 ref.]

TIE Qianfang, SHI Xiaoyan, XUE Xianglei2, et al. A review on machine harvesting loss reduction and high-yielding agronomic practices in mechanized ratoon rice cropping systems[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2026, 43(X): 1−10 doi:  10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250549
Citation: TIE Qianfang, SHI Xiaoyan, XUE Xianglei2, et al. A review on machine harvesting loss reduction and high-yielding agronomic practices in mechanized ratoon rice cropping systems[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2026, 43(X): 1−10 doi:  10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250549
  • 水稻Oryza sativa是全球最重要的粮食作物之一,为超过50%的人口提供口粮[1]。作为全球最大的水稻生产国和消费国,中国在保障世界粮食安全方面具有关键作用。提高水稻产量以应对人口增长带来的粮食需求一直是中国关注的重要内容[2]。当前中国水稻生产体系正面临诸多挑战。传统水稻种植模式管理相对简单,但产量提升潜力有限[3]。双季稻模式虽可实现较高的年产量,但依赖大量农业要素投入,生产效益的提升有限[4]。更为突出的是,双季稻系统因长期淹水栽培和高氮肥施用,已成为农业面源污染的重要来源,其单位面积的温室气体排放量和活性氮损失量显著高于其他种植系统,对环境造成严重压力[5]

    在此背景下,再生稻机械化种植模式作为常规种植的补充,具有显著优势。再生稻是头季稻收获后,利用稻桩上的休眠芽在适宜的条件下萌发生长、成穗,进而再收获一季的水稻[6],具有资源节约和环境友好的特点。已有研究表明:与双季稻相比,再生稻的氮肥施用量、灌溉用水量和劳动力投入分别降低了28.00%、18.00%和32.00%,同时其单位面积的全球变暖潜势和富营养化潜势分别降低了41.20%和33.80%,表现出更优的环境相容性[78]。在产量构成方面,再生稻的年产量显著高于单季稻(增产幅度达48.60%),虽略低于双季稻,但由于生产成本显著降低,其净经济收入和效益成本比具有明显优势[910]。因此,在年均气温≥18 ℃、有效积温为4 200~4 800 ℃,热量条件适宜但不足以支持双季稻栽培的区域,再生稻可以作为提高复种指数和粮食总产的有效技术途径[11]

    然而,该模式在实际推广中面临一系列技术挑战:①机械化碾压损失严重,普通联合收割机作业时对稻茬的碾压率高达30%~50%,造成腋芽损伤,进而导致再生季有效穗数不足,产量损失达30%~45%;②缺乏适配的专用品种,现有品种多从单季稻中筛选,难以兼顾强再生力、耐碾压、抗倒伏及两季米质协同等关键性状;③再生季产量与品质稳定性差,受头季收获期、留茬高度、促芽肥施用及后期温光资源影响显著,整精米率与商品价值稳定性差[1214]。这些制约因素已成为再生稻产业持续健康发展亟待解决的关键问题。因此,本文从再生稻的种植现状、机收减损技术的研究进展,再生稻品种培育及其配套高产栽培技术体系等方面对机械化再生稻种植模式进行综述,以期为推动机械化再生稻的规模化发展提供理论依据和参考。

    • 再生稻作为一种“一种两收”的轻简高效种植模式,在中国、美国、日本、菲律宾、印度、泰国等国家被广泛采用[15]。中国再生稻研究始于20世纪30年代,杨开渠 率先探讨了播种量、移栽密度、留茬高度等因素对再生稻产量的影响[16]。早期再生稻主要作为主粮不足的补充,自20世纪90年代起,重庆、福建及湖北等地开始系统研究再生稻的生理生态特性与高产技术。21世纪以来,随着重穗型杂交稻的推广,华南地区再生稻单产实现显著提升。近年来,随着高再生力品种选育和机械化收割技术的发展,再生稻在中国南方稻区迅速推广,至2022年全国种植面积已超过100万hm−2,主要分布在四川、湖北、湖南、安徽、江西等省份,并呈现向传统热量“次适宜区”北扩的趋势[1718]

    • 为降低头季收割过程中的碾压损失,聚焦收割机底盘结构优化,形成了轮式与履带式两大技术路径。轮式底盘因其转向灵活、转弯半径小的特点,在田块硬化好的区域表现出显著优势[19]。相关研究通过采用高地隙设计、轻量化窄胶轮、液压助力转向、及四轮驱动等技术,在降低碾压率的同时兼顾了作业效率。例如,部分机型通过使轮距与种植行距匹配,并控制轮胎沿固定路径行进,将田间碾压率降低至25%左右,有效保护了稻茬[2022]。然而,轮式底盘在南方常见高湿软泥田块中易发生下陷,导致通过性和作业稳定性下降,限制了其适用范围。针对湿软田块作业瓶颈,履带式底盘的设计因接地面积大、接地比压低,成为近年来的研究重点。通过优化履带参数(如宽度、接地长度)并与割幅、轨距进行系统匹配,可显著降低直行与转弯时的碾压率。部分设计还将轨距设置为行距的整数倍,并协调割幅与轨距关系,从而最大限度避让稻茬,使碾压率从传统机型的40%~50%降至27%左右[23]。此外采用双割台、三角履带、静液压独立驱动等创新结构,进一步提升了在深泥脚田或丘陵湿田中的通过性与作业适应性[2426]。当前研究已从单一参数调整,发展为涵盖行走机构、驱动系统、割台配置与农艺要求的多系统协同设计,向加强底盘设计与作物-土壤-机器系统的深度融合方向发展。

    • 为减轻再生稻头季收割过程中对稻茬的碾压损伤,轻量化设计是再生稻头季机械化收获技术的重要发展方向之一。该领域主要通过结构优化、材料替代及计算辅助优化技术等3个层面展开。在结构优化方面,通过小型化、模块化设计(水陆两用微型收割机)或改变作业方式(如分穗收割)降低质量,但此类设计常面临作业效率受限或工况适应性不足的挑战[2729]。在材料与结构协同优化方面,研究通过替换轻质合金或复合材料,并结合截面形状、拓扑结构等重新设计,实现了部件级别的显著减重(割台降低质量50 kg,桥壳减质量17.8%),展现出多目标优化的潜力,但也带来成本上升问题,经济性仍是产业化关键瓶颈[3031]

      在计算辅助优化技术应用方面,轻量化设计向精准化、系统化发展。拓扑优化、参数优化及模态分析等方法,使得机架、底盘等关键部件在满足静动态性能的前提下,实现了10%~23%的减重效果,体现了仿真驱动设计的效率[3235]。总体来看,当前轻量化研究已超越单纯降低质量,进入性能-质量-成本协同权衡的阶段,需进一步加强新型轻质材料应用与智能化优化算法的结合,注重全生命周期性能与经济效益的综合评价,以推动收割机轻量化技术的发展。

    • 机械收获过程中的碾压现象难以完全避免。在此背景下,发展出机械化稻茬扶正装置作为一种补偿性农艺措施。研究表明:对碾压后倒伏的稻茬进行物理纠偏可以恢复其生长态势,例如人工扶正能使再生季平均增产38%[36]。目前扶正装置已形成同步作业型(如收获同时扶正)、柔性接触性(减少二次损伤)和高效拨正型(成功率超91%)等不同技术路径,展现出作为辅助技术路线的潜力[3739]。但该类装置从原理迈向田间广泛应用仍需突破复杂工况适应性、作业效率稳定性及与主机长期协同可靠性等关键瓶颈,未来需进一步结合作物生理响应机制与动态作业环境进行系统优化。

    • 在再生稻机械化收获过程中,传统的经验式路径规划常导致碾压严重,影响再生季产量[40]。为此,学者对降低碾压率为核心的智能化路径规划开展研究,其关键在于通过算法优化路径,减少重复碾压面积并实现精准作业。研究显示:采用优化算法路径规划可显著降低碾压面积并提升作业效率[41] 。例如,张国忠等采用HGBCARP式路径改进遗传算法用于路径规划后,可降低单位碾压面积11.79%~27.20%[42],并提高倒伏水稻产量1.64%~1.95%;融合传统蚁群算法与2-opt算法的混合优化算法,在田间试验中可将直线段碾压率控制在17.55%以内,同时实现3.15 cm的路径跟踪精度[43]。这些研究为融合北斗导航、物联网与人工智能技术的路径规划系统开发奠定理论基础,支持人机协同作业,可有效缓解因频繁卸粮导致的重复碾压问题。

    • 目前制约再生稻发展的关键因素是缺乏再生力强、适宜机械化的专用品种[44]。理想型再生稻品种应兼具以下特性:头季生育期适中(130~140 d)、再生能力强、高产稳产、米质优良,并同时具备抗倒伏、抗病性以及对机械收割碾压损伤的良好耐受性[45]。研究表明:不同品种对收割机碾压的耐受性存在显著差异[46],该特性对于减轻机械收获导致的再生季产量损失至关重要。目前主推品种多数属于中熟杂交稻,以两系杂交种表现突出,例如‘两优6326’‘Liangyou 6326’、‘丰两优香1号’ ‘Fengliangyouxiang 1’和‘甬优4949’‘Yongyou 4949’等,这些品种在多个省份均表现出头季和再生季产量稳定且协同高产的特点。但品种适应性存在明显地域差异,如湖北省以‘丰两优香1号’、‘新两优223’‘Xinliangyou 223’和‘黄华占’‘Huanghuazhan’为主;湖南省主推‘甬优4949’、‘两优9918’‘Liangyou 9918’和‘隆两优华占’‘Longliangyouhuazhan’[47];广东省则更倾向于选用‘黄华占’、‘美香占2号’‘Meixiangzhan 2’等品种。国际水稻研究所培育的IR68726-3-3-1-2/IR71730-51-2组合在东南亚地区表现卓越,其头季及再生季产量均显著高于对照品种[11]。品种对碾压的耐受性差异明显,该性状对于减轻机收带来的再生季产量损失极为关键。但现有品种在这方面的系统性评价仍较为缺乏。未来育种工作应聚焦于两大方向:一是加快选育适合机械化作业、再生力强的籼粳杂交品种;二是推进“品种−农艺−农机”融合的宜机化栽培模式研究,从而突破当前品种单一性和生育期限制,促进再生稻产业的可持续发展。

    • 再生稻多种植于光热资源有限的区域,头季稻的播种与收获时间直接决定再生季的生长发育与产量构成 [4849]。为充分利用有限的光热资源,宜采用“早播早栽”策略。研究表明:该技术可延长头季营养生长期,促进干物质积累,既保障头季产量,又为再生腋芽萌发储备充足养分,同时有助于再生季在安全抽穗期内完成生育进程,避免低温冷害同时助于再生稻在安全抽穗期内完成生育进程,避免低温冷害[50]。此外,头季稻收获时机也是影响产量的重要因素。一般情况下,头季稻收获需综合考虑地域气候和收获方式。在地域气候影响方面,湖北省建议在95%谷物成熟时进行收获[51],而四川省则通常待谷粒完全成熟(100%)时收获以促进休眠芽的形成[52],重庆地区研究发现,适度推迟头季收获可使再生稻产量呈现前增后降趋势[53]。在收获方式方面,人工收条件下多在籽粒完全成熟时收获,机械化收获条件下,多在95%籽粒达到黄熟期进行收获。因此,科学规划头季稻的播种期与收获期,是协调两季资源利用、实现全年稳产高产的核心栽培措施。

    • 预留机收行种植通过预留50~60 cm减少机收碾压。研究表明:在种植密度降低30%情况下,预留机收行模式仅使头季减产小幅下降(约4.8%),但整体上精米率与产量有一定提升(分别为2.8%、9.2%),显示出其在产量与品质协同提升方面的综合优势[5455]。此外,通过设置合理的宽窄行布局可提高机械作业效率,同时通过优化田间群体结构、增强光能利用与边际效应提高单株生产力,并有助于减轻病虫害发生、降低头季机收碾压比例,充分发挥水稻边际效应,促进再生季高产[5659]。综上,预留机收行种植和宽窄行种植在减轻碾压损伤、优化群体结构、发挥边际效应等方面表现出明显效果,为实现再生稻高产高效与机械化收获的协同发展提供了可行的技术路径。未来可进一步研究该模式在不同区域、品种及栽培条件下的适应性,完善配套农机装备,以推动其更大范围的标准化应用。

    • 留桩高度是影响再生稻再生能力与产量形成的关键农艺调控因子。研究表明:不同留桩高度通过影响根系活力与腋芽萌发调控产量,高留桩(35~50 cm)有助于延缓头季稻根系衰老,维持再生期根系活力;低留桩(5~15 cm)则促进低节位再生根形成,提高再生根系比例[6061]。具体实践中留桩高度存在显著的区域与品种特性。在光热条件充足的华南地区,低留桩(5 cm)有利于短生育期品种低位芽快速萌发,配合肥水管理可延长再生季生育期,提高干物质积累,实现高产[6263]。而在温光条件受限的长江中下游地区,较高留桩(45 cm)有助于保障安全齐穗,稳定产量[6465]。收获方式也直接影响留桩选择,机械收割因作业限制常采用12~15 cm的适度低留桩,在保证作业可行性的同时仍能获得较高的产量[66],人工收获常采用35~45 cm高留桩更易获得高产。总体而言,再生稻留桩高度的优化遵循因品种,地域和机制适宜的原则,对于中高位芽优势品种,在光温适宜区域可适当降低留桩以延长再生季,光热丰富区宜采用低留桩发挥大穗型品种产量潜力,温光受限区域则应维持较高留桩以确保安全抽穗,机械收割条件下采用12~15 cm留桩以兼顾效率与产量。未来研究可进一步探明不同生态区“品种-留桩高度-栽培模式”的最佳配置体系,为实现再生稻高产稳产提供更具区域适应性的技术支撑。

    • 水稻生产中的水肥协同调控是影响产量形成的关键栽培技术[6768]。在再生稻体系中,氮肥施用策略具有时序特异性,以维持叶片功能、增强根系活力,并为腋芽萌发储备碳水化合物[6970]。研究表明:施肥有2个关键窗口期可显著提高再季产量,即收获前10 d左右的保芽保根肥,以及收获后3~7 d的促蘖肥[71]。施肥效果受主季氮素状况、留茬高度及稻秆质量等因素调控,且当主季单茎鞘干质量为1.22~1.78 g时,促芽肥的增产效应最为显著。此外,优化施肥质量比(基肥∶穗肥∶促芽肥=45∶15∶40)可使再生稻产量和氮肥利用效率显著提升[72]

      水分管理同样关键。头季灌浆中后期需要排水晒田,以提高土壤硬度,减轻机械收获对稻桩的碾压损伤。研究表明:相较于持续淹水处理,干湿交替灌溉可使头季稻增产5.8%~11.3%,再生季增产11.9%~14.3%[7374]。综上,再生稻水肥管理需根据留茬高度、土壤水分及生育阶段进行动态协同调控。未来可进一步研究不同灌溉方式(如干湿交替、控水晒田)与不同形态氮肥(如缓释肥、控释肥)在机械化种植模式下的协同效应,探索既能增产增效、又能提升抗逆能力的最优水肥组合模式。

    • 再生稻的高产稳产是品种遗传特性、精细农艺管理与高效农机作业三者协同作用的结果。当前,发展的关键瓶颈在于专用机型研发滞后、农机农艺深度融合度不足及区域性技术方案缺乏。为此,建议从以下几个方面系统推进。①机收减损是再生稻机械化发展的首要突破口。 通过优化专用收割机底盘结构(轮式与履带式)、实施轻量化设计、研发稻茬扶正装置、推行智能化路径规划,并配套“宽窄行”种植模式,可显著降低碾压率、保护稻茬再生潜力,为再生季高产奠定基础。未来应进一步加强农机与农艺的协同创新,推动形成“品种−行距−机具−作业路径”一体化技术方案。②高产稳产需构建“品种−农艺−农机”三位一体的技术体系。 品种方面,应加快选育强再生力、耐碾压、适宜机械化作业的专用籼粳杂交品种;农艺方面,需因地因种制定以“早播早栽、因桩调肥、干湿灌溉、适高留茬”为核心的动态调控策略;农机方面,应持续推进窄履带、轻量化、智能导航等减损装备的研发与集成应用。再次,区域适配性是技术落地与推广的关键。 不同生态区在温光资源、土壤条件、品种特性等方面差异显著,机收留桩高度、肥水管理、收获时期等农艺措施必须进行本地化优化。未来应加强区域性技术模式的构建与验证,形成可复制、可推广的标准化技术规程。最后,智能化与精准化是再生稻产业可持续发展的重要方向。 依托物联网、大数据、人工智能等技术,构建基于作物生长模型与环境感知的智能决策系统,实现水肥精准调控、病虫害绿色防控与机械化智能作业,将显著提升再生稻生产的标准化、高效化和绿色化水平。

      综上,为实现再生稻“两季双高产”目标,须坚持系统思维,推动品种选育、农艺创新与农机装备的深度融合,构建覆盖产前、产中、产后的全程一体化技术体系。未来应加强多学科交叉与产学研协作,聚焦关键技术瓶颈开展联合攻关,为再生稻产业的规模化、机械化、智能化发展提供有力支撑,助力中国水稻生产绿色转型与粮食安全能力持续提升。

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