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植硅体,又称“植硅石”[1],存在于很多植物细胞中,禾本科Poaceae植物细胞中其含量特丰富[2]。植硅体是高等植物在生长过程中沉淀在细胞壁、细胞腔内以及细胞间隙中的非晶质二氧化硅矿物颗粒[3]。植硅体结构复杂,其主要成分是二氧化硅(670~950 g·kg-1),水(10~120 g·kg-1),碳(1~60 g·kg-1)以及一些微量元素钠、钾、钙、铁、铝、钛等[4]。植物死亡或凋落以后,大量的植硅体被释放到土壤中并很好的保存起来[5],对全球碳汇起到重要作用[2]。竹子作为典型的硅超富集禾本科植物[6-7],在全球范围内的覆盖面积约为22 × 106 hm2[8]。中国是世界上竹子分布最广的国家之一,现存的竹林面积约有5×106 hm2[9],其中约有2/3是毛竹Phyllostachys edulis[10]。毛竹是中国经营历史悠久的竹种[11],具有巨大的生物量,它的生态学功能在陆地硅和碳循环中起到重要的作用[12]。在植物的生长过程中,受蒸腾作用控制,硅元素主要以植硅体的形式富集在竹子等植物的叶片中[2, 13-14]。植硅体主要通过竹叶凋落物归还于土壤中[2]。本研究选取浙江省不同地区的毛竹作为研究对象,通过对不同岩性土壤上发育的同一竹龄毛竹竹叶和同一岩性土壤上发育的不同竹龄的毛竹竹叶中植硅体含量的分布特征进行分析,来阐明毛竹中植硅体的分布规律,为了解毛竹林植硅体碳汇调控以及植硅体在竹林生态系统硅和碳在生物地球化学循环中的作用提供科学参考。
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表 1给出了不同岩性上发育的同一竹龄毛竹土壤的基本理化参数。不同岩性下毛竹土壤pH值差异显著,变化范围为pH 4.33~5.15,呈现为酸性。4种不同岩性下的土壤中有机碳的质量分数差异显著,花岗岩和花岗闪长岩上发育的土壤中有机碳分别为32.9和29.3 g·kg-1,要远高于页岩和玄武岩。玄武岩上发育的土壤中有效硅的含量为237.5 mg·kg-1,显著高于其他3种岩性(表 1)。
表 1 不同岩性类型毛竹土壤的基本理化参数
Table 1. Basic physicochemical parameters of soil from different lithologies
岩性 pH值 有机碳/(g·kg-1) 有效硅/ (mg·kg-1) 页岩 5.15±0.12 a 13.4±1.9 cd 65.3±0.45 b 花岗闪长岩 4.33±0.15 c 29.3±0.8 b 50.3±0.79 c 花岗岩 4.36±0.23 c 32.9±2.2 a 67.3±0.85 b 玄武岩 4.54±0.09 b 17.3±1.4 c 237.5±0.92 a 说明:所列数值间的差异比较为同一指标不同样品间的比较,不同小写字母表示数值之间的差异达到显著水平(P<O.05)。 -
同一岩性(页岩)下不同竹龄的毛竹竹叶中二氧化硅平均质量分数变化范围是51.8~62.6 g·kg-1,植硅体平均质量分数为50.8~57.6 g·kg-1,差异不显著(表 2)。不同岩性下同一竹龄的毛竹竹叶中二氧化碳以及植硅体平均质量分数变化见表 3。由表3可知:不同岩性下所发育的毛竹竹叶中二氧化硅质量分数以及植硅体质量分数的变化显著,变化范围分别为56.1~103.7 g·kg-1,50.8~99.1 g·kg-1。
表 2 页岩土壤上不同竹龄毛竹竹叶中二氧化硅及植硅体平均质量分数
Table 2. Effects of plant age based on the same lithology on the average contents of SiO2 and phytolith in moso bamboo leaves
样品编号 二氧化硅/(g·kg-1) 植硅体/(g·kg-1) 植硅体产生通量/(kg·hm·-2a-1) 青山1年生毛竹 62.6±21.1 a 52.4±23.2 a 159.8~320.4 青山3年生毛竹 51.8±1.5 a 57.6±7.5 a 175.6~352.2 青山5年生毛竹 56.1±9.7 a 50.8±14.7 a 154.9~310.6 说明:所列数值间的差异比较为同一指标不同样品间的比较, 不同小写字母表示数值之间的差异达到显著水平(P<0.05) 表 3 不同岩性土壤上5年生毛竹竹叶中二氧化硅及植硅体平均质量分数
Table 3. Effects of plant age based on the same lithology on the average contents of SiO2 and phytolith in moso bamboo leaves
岩性 二氧化硅/(g·kg-1) 植硅体/(g·kg-1) 植硅体产生通量/(kg·hm-2· a-1) 页岩 56.1±9.7 a 50.8±14.7 a 154.9-310.6 花岗闪长岩 73.9±8.1 a 85.1±15.1 a 259.5-520.3 花岗岩 103.7±8.6 a 99.1±8.6 a 302.2-605.9 玄武岩 76.4±22.5 a 67.3±11.4 a 205.2-411.5 说明:所列数值间的差异比较为同一指标不同样品间的比较, 不同小写字母表示数值之间的差异达到显著水平(P<0.05) -
如图 1中所示:通过对青山地区不同竹龄同一部位竹叶中植硅体质量分数对比,不同竹龄的上部和中部叶子中植硅体没有明显差异,但是和下部叶子中植硅体质量分数差异明显。青山湖地区同一竹龄竹叶中植硅体的质量分数基本上是由下部到上部递增的,除了青山3年生毛竹中不同部位的叶子中植硅体没有显著性差异,青山1年生毛竹和青山5年生毛竹中具有显著差异。
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不同岩性对其上发育的毛竹中植硅体质量分数的影响是比较大的,如图 2所示。不同岩性上毛竹的同一部位竹叶的对比,植硅体质量分数的变化都是比较大的,并且都有显著差异。花岗岩以及玄武岩上发育的毛竹,其不同部位竹叶中植硅体的质量分数差异不大;在页岩和花岗闪长岩上发育的毛竹中上部、中部和下部叶子中植硅体质量分数变化比较大,差异显著。
Phytolith distribution and carbon sequestration in China with Phyllostachys edulis
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摘要: 在浙江省临安市青山、安吉县船坝、新昌县巧英和新昌县大市聚等4个地点选取毛竹Phyllostachys edulis竹叶及林地土壤, 运用微波消解及Walkley-Black方法, 研究不同岩性土壤上发育的同一竹龄毛竹竹叶和同一岩性土壤上发育的不同竹龄毛竹竹叶中植硅体的产生和分布规律, 为毛竹林植硅体碳汇调控提供科学参考。结果表明:①毛竹竹叶中植硅体质量分数为50.8~99.1 g·kg-1, 基本上是由上部到下部递减, 在不同岩性间的差异表现为花岗岩>花岗闪长岩>玄武岩>页岩。②毛竹竹叶中植硅体的产生通量变化范围为154.9~605.9 kg·hm-2·a-1, 在不同岩性间的差异表现为花岗岩>花岗闪长岩>玄武岩>页岩。③若按目前全国毛竹林面积3.3×106 hm2, 植硅体产生通量209.5~420.2 kg·hm-2·a-1以及植硅体中碳含量(3±1)%计算, 那么中国毛竹林通过叶植硅体约可以固定二氧化碳(76.1~152.5)×106 kg·a-1。Abstract: Phytoliths, the opals of amorphous silica, are deposited in the cell wall, cell lumen, and intercellular spaces during the growth of plants, especially gramineous plants. To provide references for regulation of phytolith carbon sinks, the phytolith distribution in Phyllostachys edulis bamboo from Qingshan, Chuanba, Qiaoying, and Dashiju in Zhejiang Province, with different ages on the same lithology and with the same age on different lithologies (granite, granodiorite, basalt, and shale) was studied by sampling surface soils (500.0 g for each sample)and bamboo leaves (150.0 g for each sample) with three replicates and using the phytolith extraction method of microwave and Walkley-Black digestion. Results showed that the range of phytolith content in Phyllostachys edulis was 50.8-99.1 g·kg-1 and decreased from top to bottom of the leaf; it also decreased in the order:granite> granodiorite> basalt> shale. The phytolith production flux in Ph. edulis for different lithologies was 154.9-605.9 kg·hm-2·a-1 and decreased in the following order:granite> granodiorite> basalt> shale. Assuming a phytolith production flux in Ph. edulis of 209.5-420.2 kg·hm-2·a-1, the potential phytolith production rate in China was estimated to be 0.7-1.4 Tg·a-1. Thus, using the current distribution area of Ph. edulis in China (3.3×106 hm2) and the PhytOC content in phytoliths (3±1)%, (76.1-152.5)×106 kg·a-1 CO2 could be sequestered from phytoliths.
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Key words:
- forest ecology /
- Phyllostachys edulis /
- lithology /
- bamboo age /
- phytolith /
- carbon sink
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表 1 不同岩性类型毛竹土壤的基本理化参数
Table 1. Basic physicochemical parameters of soil from different lithologies
岩性 pH值 有机碳/(g·kg-1) 有效硅/ (mg·kg-1) 页岩 5.15±0.12 a 13.4±1.9 cd 65.3±0.45 b 花岗闪长岩 4.33±0.15 c 29.3±0.8 b 50.3±0.79 c 花岗岩 4.36±0.23 c 32.9±2.2 a 67.3±0.85 b 玄武岩 4.54±0.09 b 17.3±1.4 c 237.5±0.92 a 说明:所列数值间的差异比较为同一指标不同样品间的比较,不同小写字母表示数值之间的差异达到显著水平(P<O.05)。 表 2 页岩土壤上不同竹龄毛竹竹叶中二氧化硅及植硅体平均质量分数
Table 2. Effects of plant age based on the same lithology on the average contents of SiO2 and phytolith in moso bamboo leaves
样品编号 二氧化硅/(g·kg-1) 植硅体/(g·kg-1) 植硅体产生通量/(kg·hm·-2a-1) 青山1年生毛竹 62.6±21.1 a 52.4±23.2 a 159.8~320.4 青山3年生毛竹 51.8±1.5 a 57.6±7.5 a 175.6~352.2 青山5年生毛竹 56.1±9.7 a 50.8±14.7 a 154.9~310.6 说明:所列数值间的差异比较为同一指标不同样品间的比较, 不同小写字母表示数值之间的差异达到显著水平(P<0.05) 表 3 不同岩性土壤上5年生毛竹竹叶中二氧化硅及植硅体平均质量分数
Table 3. Effects of plant age based on the same lithology on the average contents of SiO2 and phytolith in moso bamboo leaves
岩性 二氧化硅/(g·kg-1) 植硅体/(g·kg-1) 植硅体产生通量/(kg·hm-2· a-1) 页岩 56.1±9.7 a 50.8±14.7 a 154.9-310.6 花岗闪长岩 73.9±8.1 a 85.1±15.1 a 259.5-520.3 花岗岩 103.7±8.6 a 99.1±8.6 a 302.2-605.9 玄武岩 76.4±22.5 a 67.3±11.4 a 205.2-411.5 说明:所列数值间的差异比较为同一指标不同样品间的比较, 不同小写字母表示数值之间的差异达到显著水平(P<0.05) -
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https://zlxb.zafu.edu.cn/article/doi/10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2014.04.009