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喜树Camptotheca acuminata是中国特有树种,属于蓝果树科Nyssaceae喜树属Camptotheca植物,因叶片含有抗癌物质喜树碱(camptothecin),被认为是重要药用植物。施肥是高效培育喜树、增加叶片产量的重要措施之一[1]。氮素是植物生长和产量形成的首要因素,植物吸收氮素的形式主要有铵态氮(NH4+-N)和硝态氮(NO3--N)。研究表明:合理增施氮肥可以促进植物生长,提升植物品质[2];除了影响光合作用,氮素还影响植物中抗氧化酶和膜脂过氧化物的生理代谢。过量氮肥会打破植物内活性氧代谢的平衡,破坏膜系统结构[3],导致植物生理系统的紊乱,影响植物类囊体数量和类囊体蛋白形成。psbA,psbB和psbC是光系统Ⅱ核心复合体(PSⅡ)中重要的蛋白编码基因。卡尔文循环中,核酮糖-1, 5-二磷酸羧化酶(rubisco)是光合特性中碳同化的关键酶,主要由大、小2个亚基组成,在植物碳同化过程中具有重要作用,影响植物的光合特性[4]。不同植物在不同环境和生育期表现出对不同氮素形态吸收的显著性差异[5-6]。三叶青Tetrastigma hemsleyanum[7]和铁核桃Juglans sigillata[8]都表现出对NO3--N吸收的偏向性,而水稻Oryza sativa的叶绿素荧光动力学参数在2种氮素营养下没有差异[9];出现差异的原因可能与研究对象和条件都存在一定的相关性[10],但氮素形态对植物叶绿素荧光动力学过程及其参数的影响机制,目前尚无明确定论。总的来说,不同植物对氮素形态吸收具有偏向性,而后者直接影响了植物生长和叶绿素荧光特性,从而影响植物生长的产量和品质,因此合适的氮肥水平及形态对植物生长具有重要意义。近年来,关于氮肥对喜树生长的研究,主要集中在氮肥处理的不同水平[11],而尚未采用不同氮素形态的不同水平对喜树进行处理研究。因此,本研究以2年生喜树实生苗为实验材料,采用不同水平的铵态氮和硝态氮施肥处理,通过研究叶片生长、叶绿素荧光特性和叶绿体相关基因的表达,来探究适于喜树生长的最佳氮素水平和氮素形态,为喜树施肥栽培提供一定的理论依据。
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于2017年4月5日选取无病虫害、生长健壮、规格基本一致的优质2年生喜树实生苗270株(江西九江森淼绿化苗木公司),栽植在直径30.0 cm,高40.0 cm的花盆中。栽植基质为V(泥炭):V(珍珠岩):V(园土)=1:1:3,填土(10.0±0.2)kg·盆-1,土壤pH值为6.8,土壤电导率(EC)为0.305 mS·cm-1,水解氮为86.6 mg·kg-1,速效磷为3.2 mg·kg-1,速效钾为94.6 mg·kg-1。苗木于浙江农林大学平山试验基地(30°15′50.09″N,119°42′54.67″E)缓苗2月,缓苗期间正常浇水,待全部成活后,于6月18日搬于浙江农林大学温室内(30°15′30.39″N,119°43′26.92″E)进行施肥处理。
试验以清水组为对照(ck),铵态氮处理组使用硫酸铵[(NH4)2SO4]施肥,施氮量分别为2.5(T1),5.0(T2),7.5(T3)和10.0(T4)g·株-1,硝态氮处理组使用硝酸钾(KNO3)施肥,施氮量分别为2.5(W1),5.0(W2),7.5(W3)和10.0(W4)g·株-1。所有盆栽苗均随机摆放,叶片之间无重叠,各盆配有直径40.0 cm的托盘,防止养分流失,每处理设置10株,重复3次。试验从6月18日至10月4日,隔15 d施肥1次。供试氮肥均为分析纯(AR99%),购自国药(硫酸铵CAS#: 7783-20-2,硝酸钾CAS: 7757-7)。施铵态肥时,肥料中加入7.0 μmol·L-1二氰二氨(C2H4N4, DCD)以抑制硝化反应,于0,30,60,90,105 d测定相关数据。试验期间进行正常的管理。
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叶长:分别于处理前后(0,105 d)选第2轮叶的倒数第3,4,5片叶子,用直尺测量苗木的叶长(测量3株,取平均值),从叶片与叶柄连接基部到叶片尖端,精确到0.1 cm。叶面积:于处理前后(0,105 d)选第2轮叶的倒数第3,4,5片叶子,用方格纸测定苗木的叶面积(测量3株,取平均值),从叶片与叶柄连接基部到叶片尖端的整个范围,精确到0.01 cm2。叶绿素a和叶绿素b:采集喜树顶端第5,6片叶,参照李合生[12]乙醇浸提法测定叶绿素质量分数。叶绿素荧光参数:采用Li-6400便携式光合仪(LI-COR,Lincoln,美国),于晴天上午9:00-11:00测定植株上位叶(第2轮叶倒数3,4片)叶绿素荧光参数。叶片暗适应30 min后测定初始荧光产量(Fo),随后施加1次强闪光(6 000 μmol·m-2·s-1,脉冲时间0.7 s)测最大荧光产量(Fm),然后在自然光下适应20 min,待荧光基本稳定再测得稳态荧光产量(Fs),最后给予1次强闪光,获得光适应下的最大荧光产量(Fm′)和最小荧光(Fo′)。各处理均3次重复。暗反应下PSⅡ最大光化学效率Fv/Fm=(Fm-Fo)/Fm,光系统下PSⅡ最大捕获效率Fv′/Fm′=(Fm′-Fo′)/Fm′,光化学猝灭系数qP=(Fm′-Fs)/(Fm′-Fo′),非光化学猝灭系数qNP=1-Fv′/Fm′[13]。测定叶绿素荧光参数时,同时任选3株,从各株顶端6~9片叶中任意采集3片,放入液氮罐中带回实验室置于-80 ℃冰箱中保存,用于测定光合酶基因的表达。叶绿体基因的表达:采用RNAperp Pure Plant Kit(TIANGEN,北京)试剂提取喜树RNA;参照Reverse Transcriptase M-MLV(Takara,大连)试剂说明书合成cDNA,于-20 ℃储存备用。从美国国立生物技术信息中心(NCBI)上获得喜树叶绿体基因序列,以Actin为内参基因,用Primer Express software(Applied Bio systems)设计引物(表 1)。反转录产物cDNA稀释10倍后,用SYBR®Primix Ex TaqTM试剂盒(Takara,大连)进行实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(qRT-PCR),利用Light Cycler 480 Ⅱ(Roche)荧光定量仪器进行目的基因qRT-PCR表达分析,反应体系为20.0 μL,其中SYBR®Primix Ex TaqTM荧光染料10.0 μL,cDNA模板2.0 μL,上下游引物(10 μmol·L-1)各0.8 μL,双蒸水6.4 μL。两步法PCR扩增标准程序:预变性95 ℃ 30 s;聚合酶链式反应95 ℃ 5 s,61 ℃ 30 s,40个循环,每个样品重复3次,采用2-ΔΔCt算法分析结果。
表 1 荧光定量PCR引物
Table 1. Primers sequence of target genes
基因 正向引物(5′→3′) 反向引物(5′→3′) psbA ACAGATTCGGTCAAGAGGAAGA CAGTGAACCAGATACCTACTACAG psbB GGAGGAATCGCTTCTCATCATAT CGGACGCTAAGATGGAATAGAC psbC GTCAATTATGTCTCGCCTAGAAGT GACCTACGAAGAAGAAGAATCCTAA RbcL CTTGGCAGCATTCCGAGTAAC GTTGTCCATGTACCAGTAGAAGATT Actin GGTACTCGTTCACAACAACTGCTG CTGTCCATCGGGCAACTCATAG -
采用Excel 2007和SPSS 20.0软件对数据进行统计分析。采用单因素(one-way ANOVA)和Duncan法进行方差分析和多重比较(α=0.05)。利用Origin 9.0软件作图。图表中数据为平均值±标准差。
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表 2显示:喜树生长至105 d,叶长和叶面积均增加,处理组叶长和叶面积均显著高于ck(P<0.05)。随着氮素处理水平的提高,叶长和叶面积均呈先上升后下降趋势。与其他处理相比,T3和W3叶长和叶面积最大,叶长较ck(8.10±0.02)cm分别增加了32.3%和78.5%,叶面积较ck(25.43±0.15)cm2依次增加了130.0%和242.0%;且硝态氮处理水平下的叶长和叶面积均高于铵态氮,说明硝态氮更有利于植物生长。
表 2 氮素处理水平对喜树叶长和叶面积的影响
Table 2. Effects of different concentrations of ammonium nitrogen and nitrate on leaf lengh of Camptotheca acuminata
处理 叶长/cm 叶面积/cm2 ck 13.00 ± 0.12 Ad 58.83 ± 0.14 Ae T1 15.80 ± 0.12 Ac 79.07 ± 0.08 Bd T2 16.70 ± 0.03 Bb 98.93 ± 0.08 Bc T3 16.70 ± 0.03 Bb 124.03 ± 0.12 Ba T4 16.40 ± 0.05 Bb 116.37 ± 0.31 Bb ck 13.00 ± 0.12 Ad 53.83 ± 0.14 Ae W1 19.20 ± 0.06 Ac 139.73 ± 0.24 Ad W2 20.80 ± 0.08 Ab 152.07 ± 0.35 Ab W3 23.20 ± 0.21 Aa 184.30 ± 0.05 Aa W4 20.50 ± 0.03 Ab 150.97 ± 0.12 Ac 说明:不同小写字母表示同种氮素不同水平间差异显著(P < 0.05),不同大写字母表示同种氮素相同水平下与ck差异显著(P < 0.05) -
由表 3可知:随生长时长,植株叶片叶绿素质量分数总体升高,除T4外,其他处理叶绿素质量分数60 d较30 d时有所下降,90 d时又有所上升,至105 d时达到最大值。相同生长时长下,不同处理水平间差异较小。生长至105 d时,T3叶绿素质量分数显著高于其余处理(P<0.05),较ck,T1,T2和T4依次上升了35.2%,17.2%,23.8%和15.2%。
表 3 不同铵态氮处理水平对喜树叶片叶绿素质量分数的影响
Table 3. Effects of different concentrations of ammonium nitrogen and nitrate on chlorophyll content in C. acuminata
处理 w叶绿素/(mg·g-1) 0 d 30 d 60 d 90 d 105 d ck 1.61 ± 0.26 Da 1.90 ± 0.26 Db 2.80 ± 0.10 Cb 3.96 ± 0.22 Ba 4.38 ± 0.16 Ac T1 1.63 ± 0.19 Da 4.54 ± 0.83 Aa 4.30 ± 0.08 Ca 3.72 ± 0.85 Ca 5.05 ± 0.12 ABb T2 1.61 ± 0.09 Da 4.78 ± 0.49 Aa 4.36 ± 0.19 Ca 4.72 ± 0.39 Ca 5.14 ± 0.36 ABb T3 1.67 ± 0.14 Da 5.25 ± 0.32 Ba 4.53 ± 0.17 Ca 4.80 ± 0.32 Ca 5.92 ± 0.11 Aa T4 1.61 ± 0.11 Da 4.88 ± 0.11 Ba 4.39 ± 0.15 ABa 4.26 ± 0.23 ABa 4.78 ± 0.22 Ab 说明:不同小写字母表示同种氮素不同水平间差异显著(P < 0.05),不同大写字母表示同种氮素相同水平下与ck差异显著(P < 0.05) -
表 4表明:随处理时间的延长,硝态氮处理下喜树叶片叶绿素质量分数变化显著;但不同处理水平相比,质量分数差异较小。处理30~60 d,所有铵态氮处理下叶绿素质量分数均显著高于ck,各处理水平相比,W3处理下叶绿素质量分数最高,较ck和其他处理依次高出73.9%,44.5%,10.2%和31.3%。处理90~105 d,ck和W1的叶绿素质量分数继续上升,W2,W3和W4先上升后下降,105 d时,W1叶绿素质量分数高于其他处理,W4最低。
表 4 不同硝态氮处理水平对喜树叶片叶绿素质量分数的影响
Table 4. Effects of different concentrations of ammonium nitrogen and nitrate on the chlorophyll content in C. acuminata
处理 w叶绿素/(mg·g-1) 0 d 30 d 60 d 90 d 105 d ck 1.61 ± 0.17 Ca 1.90 ± 0.26 Ba 2.80 ± 0.10 ABc 4.38 ± 0.16 Ba 3.69 ± 0.22 Aab W1 1.65 ± 0.24 Ca 2.97 ± 0.84 Ba 3.37 ± 0.16 Ab 4.39 ± 0.10 Aa 4.41 ± 0.13 ABa W2 1.63 ± 0.12 Ba 3.84 ± 0.09 Aa 4.42 ± 0.38 Aab 3.68 ± 0.11 Abc 3.95 ± 0.11 Aa W3 1.67 ± 0.19 Ca 3.89 ± 0.14 Aa 4.87 ± 0.23 Aa 3.15 ± 0.49 Ac 3.83 ± 0.29 Ba W4 1.61 ± 0.11 Ba 3.45 ± 0.10 Aa 3.71 ± 0.28 Ab 3.22 ± 0.13 Ac 3.80 ± 0.35 Aa 说明:不同小写字母表示同种氮素不同水平间差异显著(P < 0.05),不同大写字母表示同种氮素相同水平下与ck差异显著(P < 0.05) -
由图 1可知:至30 d,Fv/Fm,Fv′/Fm′和qP呈显著上升趋势(P<0.05),qNP呈下降趋势,T4处理下Fv/Fm,Fv′/Fm′和qP达到最大。到60 d时,T2和T3处理下Fv/Fm,Fv′/Fm′和qP达到最大值,与ck相比,依次提高了1.4%,9.2%和84.8%。60 d时T3处理组各测试参数显著高于其他处理(P<0.05),T4显著低于其他处理。处理90~105 d,T2,T3和T4处理下Fv/Fm,Fv′/Fm′和qP值呈下降趋势,T1处理下Fv/Fm下降,Fv′/Fm′和qP值呈上升趋势,T3依然高于其余处理。90 d时,T3处理下qNP显著低于其他同类处理,与ck相比下降了12.9%;105 d时,T4处理下Fv/Fm,Fv′/Fm′和qP降到最小,显著低于其他处理;与ck相比,依次下降了11.1%,3.3%和5.6%。
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图 2显示:30 d时,不同硝态氮处理下Fv/Fm,Fv′/Fm′和qP显著上升,qNP显著下降,其中W4处理Fv/Fm和Fv′/Fm′达到最大值,此后显著下降(P<0.05)。60 d时,W2和W3处理下Fv/Fm,Fv′/Fm′和qP达到最大值,与ck相比,依次上升了2.6%,12.3%和115.8%;此时W3处理下这3个参数值显著高于其他处理。处理90~105 d,W2,W3和W4处理Fv/Fm,Fv′/Fm′和qP值呈下降趋势;W1处理Fv/Fm下降,Fv′/Fm′和qP值上升;W3处理Fv′/Fm′和qP值依然高于其他处理,qNP显著低于其他处理,与ck相比下降了29.9%。至105 d时,W4处理Fv/Fm,Fv′/Fm′和qP显著低于其他处理,与ck相比,依次下降了11.1%,3.3%和5.6%。
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以不同处理在0 d时的表达量为ck,增施氮肥对PSⅡ蛋白编码基因psbA(图 3A和图 3B),psbB(图 3C和图 3D),psbC(图 3E和图 3F)和光合酶基因RbcL(图 3G和图 3H)表达的影响显著(P<0.05)。由图 3可知:生长30 d,所有基因表达量显著提高。处理60 d时,T3处理下psbA表达上调,其余处理下所有基因表达显著下调(P<0.05),T3和W3处理下psbA,psbC和RbcL表达量显著高于其他同类处理(P<0.05),所有铵态氮处理psbB随处理水平的升高而升高,T2处理psbB表达量显著低于其他同类处理(P<0.05);与T1,T2和T4相比,T3处理psbA表达量上升了76.3%,50.8%和55.6%,psbC表达量上升了15.8%,16.5%和52.5%,RbcL表达量上升了66.8%,34.4%和39.9%。与W1,W2和W4相比,W3处理psbA表达量上升了71.9%,57.9%和75.6%;psbC表达量上升了8.7%,61.7%和15.4%;RbcL表达量上升了47.1%,22.3%和79.1%,处理90~105 d,T3和W3也保持显著优势,90 d时,T3较T1,T2和T4依次增加了88.9%,28.7%,379.1%,W3较W1,W2,W4依次增加了201.8%,52.3%和45.5%。105 d时,T4处理psbA和RbcL表达量显著低于其他同类水平处理,达到最小值。
Leaf growth, chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics, and expression of photosystem-related genes in Camptotheca acuminata with different N forms'fertilization
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摘要: 为探究适于喜树Camptotheca acuminata生长的最佳氮素水平和氮素形态,采用盆栽法,以2年生喜树实生苗为材料,以分析纯硫酸铵[(NH4)2SO4]、硝酸钾(KNO3)为氮肥,设置对照(ck)、铵态氮(NH4+-N)[T1(2.5 g·株-1)、T2(5.0 g·株-1)、T3(7.5 g·株-1)、T4(10.0 g·株-1)]和硝态氮(NO3--N)[W1(2.5 g·株-1)、W2(5.0 g·株-1)、W3(7.5 g·株-1),W4(10.0 g·株-1)]处理,研究不同水平铵态氮和硝态氮施肥对喜树生长生理特性、叶绿素荧光参数及光系统Ⅱ核心复合体叶绿体相关基因(psbA,psbB,psbC和RbcL)表达的影响。结果表明:从整个生育期看,与ck相比,合理增施(T1~T3,W1~W3)铵态氮和硝态氮显著促进了喜树的生长发育、叶绿素合成、叶绿素荧光特性及叶绿体相关基因的表达(P < 0.05)。本试验条件下,T3和W3施肥处理效果最佳(P < 0.05),且W3优于T3(P < 0.05),认为喜树属于喜硝植物;高氮T4和W4处理下处理后期(处理60~105 d),喜树叶片受到明显的光抑制(P < 0.05),表明高氮不利于植物光合特性的提高。适当增加铵态氮和硝态氮可以显著促进喜树的生长和光合效率;喜树在7.5 g·株-1的铵态氮和硝态氮施氮量下生长效果最佳。Abstract: To provide a theoretical basis for fertilizer cultivation of Camptotheca acuminata and to explore the optimum nitrogen (N) level and suitable N form for growth, two-year-old C. acuminata was used as the material with pure ammonium sulfate[(NH4)2SO4] and potassium nitrate (KNO3) for fertilization by using pot-cultivated experiments. The control (ck-no fertilizer), and four different concentrations of both ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N)[T1(2.5 g·tree-1), T2(5.0 g·tree-1), T3(7.5 g·tree-1), and T4(10.0 g·tree-1)] and nitrate N(NO3--N)[W1(2.5 g·tree-1), W2(5.0 g·tree-1), W3(7.5 g·tree-1), and W4(10.0 g·tree-1)] were used. The effects of growth physiology, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, and expression of PS Ⅱ chloroplast-associated genes (psbA, psbB, psbC, and RbcL) were studied. Results showed that compared with no fertilizer, all C. acuminata plants with all ammonium N and nitrate N fertilization treatments promoted (P < 0.05) growth, chlorophyll synthesis, chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics, and chloroplast-related gene expression. Both T3 and W3 fertilization treatments had the best effect (P < 0.05), W3 was better than T3 in the growth(P < 0.05) and C. acuminata can be considered as a nitrophilous plant Chlorophyll fluorescence was significantly inhibited P < 0.05) with T4 and W4 treatments. Thus, excessive N fertilizer was not conducive to improvement of the photosynthetic ability in plants. The growth and photosynthetic efficiency of C. acuminata can be improved by increasing ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen. Both ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen had the best growth effect at 7.5 g·tree-1.
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表 1 荧光定量PCR引物
Table 1. Primers sequence of target genes
基因 正向引物(5′→3′) 反向引物(5′→3′) psbA ACAGATTCGGTCAAGAGGAAGA CAGTGAACCAGATACCTACTACAG psbB GGAGGAATCGCTTCTCATCATAT CGGACGCTAAGATGGAATAGAC psbC GTCAATTATGTCTCGCCTAGAAGT GACCTACGAAGAAGAAGAATCCTAA RbcL CTTGGCAGCATTCCGAGTAAC GTTGTCCATGTACCAGTAGAAGATT Actin GGTACTCGTTCACAACAACTGCTG CTGTCCATCGGGCAACTCATAG 表 2 氮素处理水平对喜树叶长和叶面积的影响
Table 2. Effects of different concentrations of ammonium nitrogen and nitrate on leaf lengh of Camptotheca acuminata
处理 叶长/cm 叶面积/cm2 ck 13.00 ± 0.12 Ad 58.83 ± 0.14 Ae T1 15.80 ± 0.12 Ac 79.07 ± 0.08 Bd T2 16.70 ± 0.03 Bb 98.93 ± 0.08 Bc T3 16.70 ± 0.03 Bb 124.03 ± 0.12 Ba T4 16.40 ± 0.05 Bb 116.37 ± 0.31 Bb ck 13.00 ± 0.12 Ad 53.83 ± 0.14 Ae W1 19.20 ± 0.06 Ac 139.73 ± 0.24 Ad W2 20.80 ± 0.08 Ab 152.07 ± 0.35 Ab W3 23.20 ± 0.21 Aa 184.30 ± 0.05 Aa W4 20.50 ± 0.03 Ab 150.97 ± 0.12 Ac 说明:不同小写字母表示同种氮素不同水平间差异显著(P < 0.05),不同大写字母表示同种氮素相同水平下与ck差异显著(P < 0.05) 表 3 不同铵态氮处理水平对喜树叶片叶绿素质量分数的影响
Table 3. Effects of different concentrations of ammonium nitrogen and nitrate on chlorophyll content in C. acuminata
处理 w叶绿素/(mg·g-1) 0 d 30 d 60 d 90 d 105 d ck 1.61 ± 0.26 Da 1.90 ± 0.26 Db 2.80 ± 0.10 Cb 3.96 ± 0.22 Ba 4.38 ± 0.16 Ac T1 1.63 ± 0.19 Da 4.54 ± 0.83 Aa 4.30 ± 0.08 Ca 3.72 ± 0.85 Ca 5.05 ± 0.12 ABb T2 1.61 ± 0.09 Da 4.78 ± 0.49 Aa 4.36 ± 0.19 Ca 4.72 ± 0.39 Ca 5.14 ± 0.36 ABb T3 1.67 ± 0.14 Da 5.25 ± 0.32 Ba 4.53 ± 0.17 Ca 4.80 ± 0.32 Ca 5.92 ± 0.11 Aa T4 1.61 ± 0.11 Da 4.88 ± 0.11 Ba 4.39 ± 0.15 ABa 4.26 ± 0.23 ABa 4.78 ± 0.22 Ab 说明:不同小写字母表示同种氮素不同水平间差异显著(P < 0.05),不同大写字母表示同种氮素相同水平下与ck差异显著(P < 0.05) 表 4 不同硝态氮处理水平对喜树叶片叶绿素质量分数的影响
Table 4. Effects of different concentrations of ammonium nitrogen and nitrate on the chlorophyll content in C. acuminata
处理 w叶绿素/(mg·g-1) 0 d 30 d 60 d 90 d 105 d ck 1.61 ± 0.17 Ca 1.90 ± 0.26 Ba 2.80 ± 0.10 ABc 4.38 ± 0.16 Ba 3.69 ± 0.22 Aab W1 1.65 ± 0.24 Ca 2.97 ± 0.84 Ba 3.37 ± 0.16 Ab 4.39 ± 0.10 Aa 4.41 ± 0.13 ABa W2 1.63 ± 0.12 Ba 3.84 ± 0.09 Aa 4.42 ± 0.38 Aab 3.68 ± 0.11 Abc 3.95 ± 0.11 Aa W3 1.67 ± 0.19 Ca 3.89 ± 0.14 Aa 4.87 ± 0.23 Aa 3.15 ± 0.49 Ac 3.83 ± 0.29 Ba W4 1.61 ± 0.11 Ba 3.45 ± 0.10 Aa 3.71 ± 0.28 Ab 3.22 ± 0.13 Ac 3.80 ± 0.35 Aa 说明:不同小写字母表示同种氮素不同水平间差异显著(P < 0.05),不同大写字母表示同种氮素相同水平下与ck差异显著(P < 0.05) -
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