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氮是植物生长必需的营养元素之一。大气氮沉降属于酸沉降的一种[1],是指陆地生态系统产生的含氮化合物排放到大气中,经过一系列复杂的化学反应后再次降落回陆地生态系统的过程[2]。20世纪50年代之后,随着工业全球化的推进,化石燃料的燃烧以及人口急速膨胀,大气中的活性氮也随之不断升高[3-4],并不断趋于全球化[5]。在长期氮沉降的环境下,进入陆地生态系统的活性氮已经远远超出了陆地生态系统本身的氮需求[6]。中国氮沉降现象日渐严重[7],已成为氮沉降世界三大高降区之一[8],中国农业和工业集约化地区的氮沉降问题尤其严峻[8-9],并且有不断增长的趋势[10]。在此背景下,氮沉降对森林土壤呼吸的影响已经成为近年来生态学关注的热点。土壤中磷元素的缺失是制约植物生产力的主要因素之一[11]。由于中国长江以南的大片亚热带丘陵山地以酸性土壤为主,土壤中原本含量较少的活性磷受强烈的吸附固定作用难以移动,从而导致了土壤能被植物体直接吸收的有效磷含量更低,呈现严重缺磷状态[12]。土壤中磷元素的缺乏,限制了植物体的生长发育从而抑制了土壤呼吸作用。并且最近几年大气氮沉降所带来的负面效应不断加剧[13],使土壤受到低磷胁迫的形势变得更加严峻[14]。森林土壤与精耕细作的田间土壤相比,所受到的低磷胁迫形式及程度显得更加复杂[14]。南方林地的土壤一般为红壤[15],土壤中有效磷含量较低一直是限制南方林地生产力的重要因素之一[16]。近年来,由于二氧化碳(CO2)、甲烷(CH4)、含氮化合物(NxO)等温室气体的排放,大气中的CO2相比工业革命之前上升了近1倍[17-18],其中全球土壤中的碳排放量达6.8×1013 kg·a−1[19]。土壤是陆地生态系统的主要碳库,其中植物土壤呼吸所产生的CO2是组成陆地生态系统碳循环过程的重要部分[20-22]。杉木Cunninghamia lanceolata是中国南方常绿针叶速生树种,为中国南方造林面积最大的用材树种之一[23],栽培历史长达1 000多年[24-25]。庞丽等[15]模拟了氮沉降环境下土壤氮磷比的变化,但模拟氮沉降情况下杉木林土壤呼吸对低磷胁迫的响应还鲜有报道。本研究通过模拟氮沉降试验,分析了杉木林在不同土壤磷水平环境下土壤碳排放的动态机制,为分析处于氮沉降不断增加和磷胁迫日趋严峻环境下的南方人工林的科学经营提供相关依据。
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氮沉降、磷添加以及氮磷复合处理下杉木土壤呼吸速率都有明显的季节变化(图1),不同季节杉木林土壤呼吸作用差异显著(P<0.05),氮沉降和磷添加并没有改变杉木林土壤呼吸的季节性变化趋势。不同处理土壤呼吸均在夏季达到最高值,在冬季达到最低值。氮沉降显著促进了杉木林的土壤呼吸(P<0.05),其中在夏季促进作用最为显著(P<0.05);高氮处理对杉木林土壤呼吸的促进作用最为显著(P<0.05),在夏季与对照(ck)相比提高了1.78倍(图1A)。磷添加处理显著促进了杉木林的土壤呼吸(P<0.05),但低磷处理在春季和秋季对杉木土壤呼吸的影响不显著(P>0.05),甚至抑制了土壤呼吸作用(图1B)。磷添加处理对杉木林土壤呼吸的促进作用在夏季最为显著(P<0.05),高磷处理对杉木林土壤呼吸的促进作用最为显著(P<0.05),在夏季与对照(ck)相比提高了1.77倍(图1B)。在氮沉降下,磷添加对杉木林土壤呼吸产生了显著影响(P<0.05),其中高氮低磷处理对杉木林土壤呼吸的促进作用最为显著(P<0.05),在夏季与对照(ck)相比提高了2.12倍(图1C和图1D)。不同处理下的杉木林土壤呼吸均在冬季达到最低值,随着地表温度的上升杉木林土壤呼吸作用也不断增强,在夏季均达到最高值,随后不断降低,氮磷复合处理并没有改变杉木林土壤呼吸的季节性变化规律。
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杉木林土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度、土壤湿度存在着显著相关关系(P<0.05)(表1),杉木林土壤呼吸速率随着土壤温度的升高而升高,但随着土壤湿度的升高而降低。各处理下杉木林土壤呼吸速率和土壤温度均呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)(表2),除低磷处理外,杉木林土壤呼吸速率和土壤湿度也存在着显著(P<0.05)或者极显著负相关(P<0.01)(表2)。
表 1 土壤呼吸速率与环境因子的相关性
Table 1. Correlation between soil respiration and environmental factors
环境因子 土壤呼吸速率 土壤温度 土壤湿度 土壤呼吸速率 1 土壤温度 0.834** 1 土壤湿度 −0.369** −0.449** 1 说明:双尾检验。**表示相关极显著(P<0.01) 表 2 各处理下土壤呼吸速率与环境因子的相关性
Table 2. Correlation between soil respiration and environmental factors
处理 土壤温度 土壤湿度 Q10 对照 0.930** −0.441* 3.318 低氮 0.964** −0.441* 3.087 高氮 0.930** −0.433* 3.318 低磷 0.751** −0.328 3.542 高磷 0.803** −0.520** 3.501 低氮低磷 0.972** −0.433* 3.626 低氮高磷 0.916** −0.433* 3.355 高氮低磷 0.908** −0.387* 3.393 高氮高磷 0.961** −0.581** 3.422 说明:双尾检验。*表示显著相关(P<0.05);**表示极显著相 关(P<0.01) 土壤呼吸速率对土壤温度变化的敏感性可以通过Q10来反映。通过土壤呼吸速率和土壤温度拟合的指数方程可以得出:对照、低氮、高氮、低磷、高磷、低氮低磷、低氮高磷、高氮低磷、高氮高磷的Q10分别为3.318、3.087、3.318、3.542、3.501、3.626、3.355、3.393、3.422(表2)。可见,单独施加氮对杉木林土壤呼吸速率的敏感性几乎没有影响,甚至在一定程度上降低了杉木林土壤呼吸的敏感性;单独施加磷增强了杉木林土壤呼吸的敏感性;在氮磷复合作用下,杉木林土壤呼吸敏感性增强,其中低氮低磷处理对杉木林土壤呼吸的敏感性影响最大。
Effects of simulated nitrogen deposition and phosphorus addition on soil respiration in Chinese fir forest
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摘要:
目的 模拟氮沉降和磷添加对杉木Cunninghamia lanceolata林土壤呼吸的影响,对调控杉木林土壤碳循环提供科学依据。 方法 以10年生杉木林为研究对象,共设置9个处理水平[对照(ck)、低氮(N30:30 kg·hm−2·a−1)、高氮(N60:60 kg·hm−2·a−1)、低磷(P20:20 mg·kg−1)、高磷(P40:40 mg·kg−1)、低氮低磷(N30+P20)、低氮高磷(N30+P40)、高氮低磷(N60+P20)、高氮高磷(N60+P40)],探讨了大气氮沉降和磷添加对杉木林土壤呼吸的影响。 结果 施加氮磷没有改变杉木林土壤呼吸的季节性变化。单独施氮促进了杉木林土壤呼吸作用,高氮水平(N60)对土壤呼吸的促进最显著(P<0.05);单独施磷促进了杉木林土壤呼吸作用,高磷水平(P40)对土壤呼吸的促进最显著(P<0.05);氮磷复合作用下低氮高磷(N30+P40)对杉木林土壤呼吸的促进作用最为显著(P<0.05)。相关分析发现:土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),与土壤湿度呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),低氮低磷水平下(N30+P20)土壤温度敏感性系数(Q10)高于对照。 结论 氮沉降和磷添加均对杉木林土壤呼吸有促进作用,氮磷复合作用下对杉木林土壤呼吸的促进作用更为显著,其中高氮低磷的促进作用最为显著。图1表2参46 Abstract:Objective With an examination of the effects of simulated nitrogen deposition and phosphorus addition on the soil respiration in Chinese fir(Cunninghamia lanceolata) forest, this study is aimed to provide scientific basis for the regulation of the soil carbon cycle in Chinese fir forest. Method In an attempt to investigate the changes in soil respiration in Chinese fir forest under atmospheric nitrogen deposition and phosphorus addition, a 10-year-old Chinese fir forest was selected as the research object with a total of 9 treatment levels, namely the control treatment group (ck), low nitrogen (N30: 30 kg·hm−2·a−1), high nitrogen (N60: 60 kg·hm−2·a−1), low phosphorus (P20: 20 mg·kg−1), high phosphorus (P40: 40 mg·kg−1), low nitrogen and low phosphorus (N30+P20), low nitrogen and high phosphorus (N30+P40), high nitrogen and low phosphorus (N60+P20), high high nitrogen and high phosphorus (N60+P40). Result The application of nitrogen and phosphorus had a significant effect on the respiration of Chinese fir soil. Nitrogen applied alone promoted the respiration of Chinese fir soil, to the largest degree (P<0.05) when the nitrogen level reached N60: 60 kg·hm−2·a−1. When the phosphorus level reached P40: 40 mg·kg−1, the soil respiration was most significantly promoted(P<0.05). With both nitrogen and phosphorus applied, the low nitrogen and high phosphorus treatment level (N30+P40) promoted the respiration most significantly. The soil respiration rate was extremely significantly positively correlated with soil temperature(P<0.01), and extremely significantly negatively correlated with the soil moisture(P<0.01). And at low nitrogen and low phosphorus treatment level (N30+P20), the soil temperature sensitivity coefficient(Q10) value was higher than the control. Conclusion Both nitrogen deposition and phosphorus addition can promote the soil respiration of Chinese fir and the combined application of nitrogen and phosphorus can promote the soil respiration of Chinese fir more significantly. Among all the treatment levels, the effect of high nitrogen and low phosphorus is the most significant. [Ch, 1 fig. 2 tab. 46 ref.] -
表 1 土壤呼吸速率与环境因子的相关性
Table 1. Correlation between soil respiration and environmental factors
环境因子 土壤呼吸速率 土壤温度 土壤湿度 土壤呼吸速率 1 土壤温度 0.834** 1 土壤湿度 −0.369** −0.449** 1 说明:双尾检验。**表示相关极显著(P<0.01) 表 2 各处理下土壤呼吸速率与环境因子的相关性
Table 2. Correlation between soil respiration and environmental factors
处理 土壤温度 土壤湿度 Q10 对照 0.930** −0.441* 3.318 低氮 0.964** −0.441* 3.087 高氮 0.930** −0.433* 3.318 低磷 0.751** −0.328 3.542 高磷 0.803** −0.520** 3.501 低氮低磷 0.972** −0.433* 3.626 低氮高磷 0.916** −0.433* 3.355 高氮低磷 0.908** −0.387* 3.393 高氮高磷 0.961** −0.581** 3.422 说明:双尾检验。*表示显著相关(P<0.05);**表示极显著相 关(P<0.01) -
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