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腐熟花生壳和腐植酸复合园林废弃物堆肥对紫苏出苗的影响
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20220292
Effect of green waste compost combined decomposed peanut shells and humic acid on seedling emergence of Perilla frutescens
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摘要:
目的 研究不同配比的腐熟花生Arachis hypogaea壳和腐植酸改良园林废弃物堆肥产品的效果，以及改良后的园林废弃物堆肥产品作为育苗基质对紫苏Perilla frutescens出苗的影响，探究有利于紫苏育苗的最佳配比基质，为园林废弃物的合理利用提供科学依据。 方法 运用正交设计，将不同质量分数的腐熟花生壳(0、1.5%、3.0%)和腐植酸(0、0.3%、0.6%)添加至园林废弃物堆肥产品中，通过测定基质理化性质，观察其复合效果；通过测定紫苏出苗率、出苗速度、单株叶片数、死亡率、受虫害叶片率和受虫害株率等，基于冗余分析(RDA)和隶属函数法，观察改良后的园林废弃物堆肥产品对紫苏出苗的影响。 结果 添加腐熟花生壳和腐植酸可显著 (P＜0.05)降低园林废弃物堆肥产品的容重、pH和电导率，改善其含水量和孔隙度，增加其全氮、全磷、铵态氮、硝态氮、速效磷、速效钾和有机质质量分数；复合后的园林废弃物堆肥产品可显著(P＜0.05)提高紫苏出苗率和出苗速度，增加其幼苗单株叶片数，降低其幼苗死亡率、受虫害株率和受虫害叶片率。冗余分析表明：紫苏出苗率、受虫害叶片率和受虫害株率与育苗基质总孔隙度以及全氮、全磷、全钾、速效钾质量分数呈正相关，与育苗基质pH、电导率、容重呈负相关；紫苏幼苗单株叶片数与育苗基质全氮、全磷、全钾质量分数以及总孔隙度呈正相关，与育苗基质pH、容重呈负相关；紫苏幼苗死亡率与育苗基质pH、电导率、容重呈正相关，与育苗基质总孔隙度以及全氮、全磷、全钾、速效钾质量分数呈负相关。 结论 腐熟花生壳和腐植酸可有效改善园林废弃物堆肥产品的理化性质，提高园林废弃物堆肥产品质量；改良后的园林废弃物堆肥产品可降低幼苗死亡程度，有利于紫苏快速出苗和成活；同时，其可显著降低紫苏幼苗虫害发生率，提高其抗虫性，达到一定的生物防治效果。其中3.0%腐熟花生壳+0.3%腐植酸为最优复配组合。图2表5参27 Abstract:Objective The objective is to study the effect of decomposed peanut shells and humic acid with different proportions on the improvement of green waste compost products, as well as the impact of the improved green waste compost products as nursery substrate on Perilla frutescen seedling emergence, so as to explore the best proportion of the substrate conducive to P. frutescen seedling. Method Using orthogonal design, different mass fractions of the decomposed peanut shells (0, 1.5%, 3.0%) and humic acid (0, 0.3%, 0.6%) were added to the green waste compost products, and the composite effect was observed by measuring physical and chemical properties of the substrate. Based on redundancy analysis (RDA) and membership function method, the effects of improved green waste compost products on seedling emergence were observed through the measurement of germination rate, germination speed and number of seedling leaves per plant, mortality rate, leaf infestation rate and plant infestation rate of P. frutescen. Result Adding decomposed peanut shells and humic acid could significantly (P＜0.05) reduce the bulk density, pH and EC values, improve the water content and porosity, and increase the mass fractions of total N, total P, NH4+-N , NO3−-N, available P, available K and organic matter of green waste compost products. And the composite green waste compost products could significantly (P＜0.05) increase the germination rate, germination speed and the number of leaves per seedling, reduce the mortality rate, the percentage of insect damaged plants and damaged leaves of P. frutescen. RDA showed that the percentage of seedling emergence, the percentage of damaged leaves and damaged plants of P. frutescen seedlings were positively correlated with the total porosity, mass fractions of total N, total P, total K and available K of the substrate, but negatively correlated with pH, EC and bulk density of the substrate. The number of leaves per plant of P. frutescen seedlings was positively correlated with mass fractions of total N, total P, total K and total porosity of the substrate, but negatively correlated with pH and bulk density of the substrate. The mortality rate of seedlings was positively correlated with pH, EC and bulk density of the substrate, but negatively correlated with mass fractions of total porosity, total N, total P, total K and available K of the substrate. Conclusion The decomposed peanut shells and humic acid can effectively improve the physical and chemical properties of green waste compost products and optimize their quality. The optimized green waste compost products can reduce the death rate of seedlings, and facilitate the rapid emergence and survival of P. frutescen. At the same time, the optimized green waste compost products can significantly reduce the incidence of insect pests, improve insect resistance, and achieve a certain biological control effect. The optimal combination is 3.0% decomposed peanut shells + 0.3% humic acid. [Ch, 2 fig. 5 tab. 27 ref.] -
图 2 紫苏育苗情况与筛选后育苗基质理化性质间的冗余分析
Figure 2 Redundancy analysis of P. frutescens seedling state and physicochemical characters of seedling substrate after screening
表 1 正交试验设计
Table 1. Orthogonal experimental design
处理 不同育苗基质的原材料组成/% 处理 不同育苗基质的原材料组成/% 处理 不同育苗基质的原材料组成/% 腐熟花生壳(干质量) 腐植酸(干质量) 腐熟花生壳(干质量) 腐植酸(干质量) 腐熟花生壳(干质量) 腐植酸(干质量) T1 0 0 T4 1.5 0 T7 3.0 0 T2 0 0.3 T5 1.5 0.3 T8 3.0 0.3 T3 0 0.6 T6 1.5 0.6 T9 3.0 0.6 
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表 2 不同基质的物理性质
Table 2. Physical properties of different substrates
处理 容重/(g·cm−3) 最大含水量/% 总孔隙度/% 通气孔隙度/% 持水孔隙度/% 水气比/% T1 0.44±0.02 a 64.59±0.72 g 62.92±0.08 e 8.68±0.04 d 54.24±0.14 e 6.25±0.06 a T2 0.39±0.03 b 68.55±1.09 f 65.07±0.09 e 10.71±0.03 c 54.36±0.13 e 5.07±0.07 a T3 0.38±0.05 b 68.54±1.11 f 70.36±0.10 d 10.51±0.05 c 59.85±0.12 c 5.69±0.04 a T4 0.37±0.04 b 72.22±0.11 e 72.76±0.11 c 13.20±0.03 b 59.56±0.09 d 4.51±0.02 a T5 0.36±0.01 b 75.97±1.14 d 73.98±0.13 c 13.29±0.09 b 60.69±0.18 b 4.57±0.02 a T6 0.36±0.03 b 76.42±1.08 c 77.55±0.10 b 11.67±0.08 c 65.87±0.20 a 5.64±0.07 a T7 0.34±0.06 c 79.26±0.65 b 78.95±0.09 b 19.29±0.11 a 59.66±0.32 d 3.09±0.04 a T8 0.30±0.02 e 83.68±0.54 a 82.83±0.06 a 19.45±0.10 a 63.39±0.18 a 3.26±0.02 a T9 0.33±0.02 d 80.45±0.45 b 79.19±0.06 b 16.35±0.14 a 62.85±0.21 a 3.84±0.07 a 理想范围 ＜0.40[8] 70.00~85.00[8] 70.00~90.00[8] 10.00~30.00[18] 45.00~−65.00[18] 2.00~4.00[19] 说明：同列不同小写字母表示不同处理间差异显著 (P＜0.05)
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表 3 不同基质的化学性质
Table 3. Chemical properties of different substrates
处理 pH 电导率/(mS·cm−1) 全氮/(g·kg−1) 全磷/(g·kg−1) 全钾/(g·kg−1) T1 7.89±0.08 a 1.99±0.74 a 17.73±0.68 e 4.46±1.07 b 3.14±0.04 a T2 7.75±0.12 a 1.72±0.14 a 17.92±1.54 e 6.17±1.25 a 3.20±0.03 a T3 7.63±0.02 a 1.59±0.12 b 17.86±2.11 e 5.88±0.45 a 3.45±0.27 a T4 7.58±0.10 a 1.53±0.03 b 20.29±1.38 c 6.31±1.00 a 3.16±0.06 a T5 7.47±0.08 b 1.51±0.06 b 20.08±3.10 c 5.52±0.45 a 3.27±0.03 a T6 7.32±0.04 c 1.48±0.05 b 19.81±1.14 d 5.51±1.03 a 3.19±0.14 a T7 7.21±0.05 d 1.52±0.08 b 23.11±2.03 a 7.31±0.75 a 3.38±0.09 a T8 7.13±0.09 e 1.47±0.02 b 22.84±1.98 a 7.38±0.96 a 3.34±0.11 a T9 6.98±0.06 f 1.39±0.01 c 22.31±2.87 b 7.14±0.42 a 3.51±0.19 a 处理 铵态氮/(mg·kg−1) 硝态氮/(mg·kg−1) 速效磷/(mg·kg−1) 速效钾/(mg·kg−1) 有机质/(mg·kg−1) T1 714.09±44.38 d 129.58±5.24 c 4 764.97±82.52 e 627.76±3.24 d 548.69±12.91 f T2 804.24±62.78 c 129.69±0.93 c 4 838.35±130.58 d 637.22±2.24 b 548.98±14.93 f T3 720.83±111.33 d 142.16±8.82 b 4 690.12±175.35 e 639.70±1.25 a 549.65±18.31 f T4 920.03±28.44 b 151.43±17.54 a 5 090.17±168.04 c 639.44±7.95 a 621.43±9.22 d T5 1074.94±32.49 b 148.54±2.33 a 5 628.76±202.95 b 640.71±2.23 a 618.78±9.37 e T6 1 057.53±173.67 b 134.62±18.06 b 5 242.77±45.47 c 645.31±0.25 a 620.52±11.54 d T7 1 324.80±115.38 a 143.91±5.24 b 5 820.21±331.18 b 631.53±8.20 c 673.02±15.90 c T8 1 324.87±85.48 a 165.26±4.36 a 6 263.58±89.33 a 633.95±1.50 c 676.22±8.56 b T9 1 325.27±28.26 a 138.04±3.55 b 5 730.77±117.63 b 646.93±3.00 a 673.43±18.88 c 说明：同列不同小写字母表示不同处理间差异显著 (P＜0.05)
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表 4 不同基质的紫苏幼苗单株叶片数、死亡率、受虫害叶片率和受虫害株率
Table 4. Number of leaves per plant, mortality rate, leaf infestation rate and plant infestation rate of P. frutescens seedlings in different substrates
处理 单株叶片数/片 死亡率/% 受虫害叶片率/% 受虫害株率/% T1 5.40±1.51 b 36.12±1.44 a 12.46±0.43 b 19.54±0.76 e T2 5.37±1.03 b 33.17±2.63 b 8.56±0.58 f 19.43±0.31 e T3 4.21±1.57 d 22.89±2.63 d 6.99±0.89 h 18.57±0.99 f T4 4.46±0.50 d 21.30±1.88 e 11.83±0.54 c 21.78±0.76 c T5 4.50±2.22 d 32.20±1.64 c 7.43±1.11 g 23.84±1.98 b T6 5.03±0.81 c 14.31±0.92 f 17.73±1.02 a 26.46±1.53 a T7 4.82±1.31 c 12.67±2.75 g 10.84±0.98 d 23.72±0.92 b T8 6.12±0.59 a 10.74±1.75 i 9.93±0.47 e 17.65±0.83 g T9 6.43±0.62 a 11.34±2.42 h 11.95±0.87 c 20.68±0.54 d 说明：同列不同小写字母表示不同处理间差异显著 (P＜0.05)
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表 5 不同育苗基质对紫苏育苗情况的综合评价
Table 5. Comprehensive evaluation of P. frutescens seedlings on different substrates
处理 单指标评价指数 综合评
价指数出苗率 单株叶
片数死亡率 受虫害
叶片率受虫害
株率T1 0.00 0.54 0.00 0.49 0.79 0.36 T2 0.08 0.52 0.12 0.85 0.85 0.48 T3 0.26 0.00 0.52 1.00 0.92 0.54 T4 0.42 0.11 0.58 0.55 0.65 0.46 T5 0.53 0.13 0.15 0.96 0.48 0.45 T6 0.95 0.37 0.86 0.00 0.25 0.49 T7 0.87 0.27 0.92 0.64 0.49 0.64 T8 0.95 0.86 1.00 0.73 1.00 0.91 T9 1.00 1.00 0.98 0.54 0.74 0.85
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