Flowering characteristics and breeding system of Phalaenopsis japonica
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摘要:
目的 研究萼脊蝴蝶兰Phalaenopsis japonica的开花特性与繁育特性，为萼脊蝴蝶兰杂交育种提供理论依据，也为濒危蝴蝶兰属Phalaenopsis植物种质资源保护提供研究基础。 方法 以温室条件下栽培的萼脊蝴蝶兰为材料，记录其花器官特性和开花进程，测定花粉活力与柱头可授性，分析花粉组织化学，估算杂交指数并进行人工控制授粉试验。 结果 ①萼脊蝴蝶兰群体花期 4月中旬至5月底，单株花期30~40 d，单花花期约30 d，开放时有香味。花蕾期为开花前1~7 d，初花期为开花后1~5 d，盛花期为开花后6~25 d，末花期为开花后26~30 d，凋谢期为开花后30~40 d。②总状花序，单株花序多为1~2个，单花序约有10朵花。③萼脊蝴蝶兰花粉为近圆形四合花粉，主要由脂质组成，适合虫媒授粉。④雌雄同株，且同步成熟，在盛花期(开花6~25 d)花粉活力与柱头可授性均达到最强，花粉活力高达84.98%，杂交指数为4。⑤自然授粉、自然自花授粉、去雄不授粉3种处理后的结实率均为0，而人工自花授粉、人工同株异花授粉和人工异株授粉的结实率高达60.00%、80.00%和93.33%，且人工异株授粉果实质量最好，种子最大，种子活力最高(82.69%)，单果实中种子数量约43000粒。 结论 萼脊蝴蝶兰开花始于4月中旬，结束于5月底，盛花期持续约20 d，其繁育系统属于兼性异交，需要传粉者的类型。图4表3参26 Abstract:Objective This study, with an investigation of the breeding system of the Phalaenopsis japonica, is aimed to provide theoretical basis for P. japonica hybrid breeding and research basis for the preservation and protection of the plant germplasm resources of the endangered Phalaenopsis. Method With P. japonica in greenhouses taken as materials, their floral characteristics and flowering process were recorded for observation before the pollen viability and stigma acceptability were determined, the pollen histochemistry was analyzed, the hybridization index (OCI) was estimated and artificial pollination was tested. Result (1) The P. japonica blossomed from mid April to end of May, and was fragrant and the florescence of single plant lasted for 30 to 40 days and that of a single flower is about 30 days, with the bud stage being 1 to 7 days before flowering, the initial flowering stage being 1 to 5 days after flowering, the full flowering stage being 6 to 25 days after flowering, the final flowering stage being 26 to 30 days after flowering and the flower fading stage being 30 to 40 days. (2) The P. japonica was raceme with each plant having 1 to 2 inflorescences and each inflorescence having about 10 flowers. (3) The P. japonica pollen was nearly circular tetrad pollen which was mainly composed of lipids, suitable for insect pollination. (4) The P. japonica was monoecious and the pollen viability and stigma acceptability reached the highest in the blooming stage (flowering for 6 to 25 days) with the highest pollen viability being 84.98% and the hybridization index (OCI) of P. japonica being 4. (5) The fruit setting rate of natural pollination, natural self-pollination, and emasculation without pollination were 0 but the fruit setting rate of artificial self-pollination, artificial cross-pollination of the same plant, and artificial cross-pollination of different plant reached 60.00%, 80.00%, and 93.33% respectively. (6) The fruits of artificial cross-pollination between different plants had the highest quality, with the largest seeds, highest viability (82.69%), and largest amount of seeds (about 43000 seeds). Conclusion The flowering of P. japonica starts in mid April and ends at the end of May with the full blooming period lasting for about 20 days and its breeding system is a mixed mating system of self-pollination and cross-pollination that required pollinators. [Ch, 4 fig. 3 tab. 26 ref.] -
图 3 花粉活力亚历山大染色(A)和碘-碘化钾花粉组织染色(B)、联苯胺-过氧化氢法柱头可授性检测(C)
Figure 3 Alexander staining (A) and iodide-potassium iodide staining(B) of pollen viability, and benzidine- hydrogen peroxide method of stigma acceptability test (C)
图 4 不同处理下得到的果实纵切面图和TTC染色法测定种子活力
Figure 4 Longitudinal section view of the fruit obtained under the different pollination treatments and TTC staining seeds
表 1 花粉活力与柱头可授性检测
Table 1. Test of pollen viability and stigma acceptability
时期 花粉活力/% 柱头可授性 花蕾Ⅰ期 12.80±0.53 f − 花蕾Ⅱ期 28.23±0.52 d +/− 初花Ⅰ期 46.19±0.56 c + 初花Ⅱ期 74.13±0.91 b ++ 盛花期 84.98±0.95 a ++ 末花期 22.14±0.59 e − 凋谢期 0±0 g − 说明：数值为平均值±标准误。不同小写字母表示不同时期花粉活力之间具有显著差异(P＜0.05)。−表示柱头不具可授性，+/−指部分柱头具可授性，+表示柱头具可授性，++表示柱头可授性强。 
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表 2 不同处理下结实率
Table 2. Percentage of fertile fruit in different pollination treatments
处理方式 处理花数/朵 结实数/个 结实率/% 自然授粉 30 0 0 c 自然自花授粉 30 0 0 c 去雄不授粉 30 0 0 c 人工自花授粉 30 18 60.00±1.15 b 人工同株异花授粉 30 24 80.00±0.58 ab 人工异株授粉 30 28 93.33±0.67 a 说明：数值为平均值±标准误；不同小写字母表示不同处理下结实率之间具有显著差异(P＜0.05)。
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表 3 不同处理下得到的果实表型
Table 3. The Phenotype of fruit obtained under the different pollination treatments
处理方式 果实长/cm 果实宽/cm 种子长/μm 种子宽/μm 种子活力/% 单果实种子总数/个 人工自花授粉果实 2.33±0.03 c 0.46±0.02 b 135.87±16.73 b 55.58±4.76 a 50.49±0.78 c 3 000±360 c 人工同株异花授粉果实 2.87±0.09 b 0.60±0.04 a 177.45±4.32 a 49.4±3.98 a 65.64±1.79 b 21 000±1 700 b 人工异株授粉果实 3.50±0.17 a 0.67±0.02 a 189.55±3.18 a 62.08±5.16 a 82.69±3.46 a 43 000±1 800 a 说明：数值为平均值±标准误；不同小写字母表示不同处理下结实率之间差异显著(P＜0.05)。
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