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放牧是天然草地最主要的利用与管理方式,影响草地生态系统植被结构和功能[1],并可能引起草地养分状况的变化,导致草地荒漠化和贫瘠化。适度放牧能够增加草地生态系统的生物多样性和生产力[2],过度放牧是威胁草地生态系统生物多样性和生产力的主导因素,特别是在干旱和半干旱地区[3-4]。放牧对草地植物最大的影响在于牲畜采食和践踏造成的机械损伤。诸多研究表明:机械损伤可导致植物体内活性氧类(reactive oxygen species,ROS)水平显著升高,抗氧化系统由于ROS的影响表现出不同的响应机制[5-6]。ROS是植物正常生长过程进行有氧代谢的副产物,受到生物胁迫或非生物胁迫时,打破植物体内ROS生成与清除之间的动态平衡引起ROS积累,导致植物受到伤害[7-8]。过氧化氢(hydrogen peroxide,H2O2)和超氧阴离子自由基(superoxide radical,O2·-)是最重要的ROS,其中O2·-是形成其他ROS的前体,作为前体比其本身对植物的伤害更具有毒性[9]。ROS的积累可加速细胞膜质过氧化,使细胞内丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)水平升高,抑制抗氧化酶活性和抗氧化剂的水平,破坏生物膜的结构和功能[10]。同时,ROS作为信号分子,介导植物体内抗氧化酶基因的表达,增强超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD),过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)和过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)活性消除ROS的影响[11]。除此之外,适度的胁迫环境可以启动植物体内抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环(ascorbate-glutathione cycle,AsA-GSH cycle)。该循环中的抗坏血酸(ascorbate,AsA)和谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GSH)相耦联起作用,有效清除由于逆境胁迫而过多产生的ROS[12-14]。以羊草Leymus chinensis和大针茅Stipa grandis为主的内蒙古草原典型草原,在连续多年过度放牧压力下均可退化演替为以冷蒿Artemisia frigida为主的单一优势种群[15-17]。近年来,对冷蒿的研究集中在冷蒿挥发性有机化合物[18]、群落结构特征[19-20]以及对土壤低磷环境适应性[21]等方面,关于冷蒿的耐牧抗损伤机制鲜见报道。本研究从生理生化的角度出发,拟解决以下问题:①揭示机械损伤后冷蒿体内ROS产生状况;②阐明机械损伤对冷蒿体内抗氧化酶活性和AsA-GSH循环的影响;③探讨冷蒿叶片和根系对机械损伤响应的差异及相关性。上述研究旨在揭示冷蒿在不同牧压下的耐损伤机制,探讨冷蒿在不同机械损伤下的适应对策;同时为退化草地恢复、草地生物多样性保护以及可持续发展利用提供理论依据。
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随着损伤程度的增加,冷蒿叶片中O2·-水平逐渐升高,重度损伤下达到对照2.1倍(表 1);在中度和重度损伤下,冷蒿根系O2·-水平分别为对照的2.4倍和2.8倍。冷蒿过氧化氢水平随着处理强度的增强而增加,在轻度、中度和重度处理下,冷蒿叶片过氧化氢水平与对照相比显著升高21.0%,27.8%和41.7%;冷蒿根系过氧化氢水平在中度和重度处理下分别比对照显著增加27.0%和56.0%。在轻度、中度和重度处理下,冷蒿叶片的MDA摩尔质量浓度分别比对照显著增加28.7%,82.8%和107.7%,冷蒿根系MDA摩尔质量浓度分别比对照增加30.5%,48.1%和50.1%。从各处理间差异显著性分析结果来看,轻度处理后,冷蒿叶片H2O2和MDA摩尔质量浓度显著高于对照,说明冷蒿在机械损伤影响下遭受了ROS的伤害;冷蒿叶片的O2·-水平与对照相比无显著差异,可能是由于O2·-非常活泼,作为其他ROS的前体被转化。虽然冷蒿叶片和根系的ROS和MDA水平都随损伤程度的增加而升高,但冷蒿叶片中ROS和MDA摩尔质量浓度在中度和重度损伤之间的差异不显著,说明冷蒿的ROS产生被抑制。冷蒿根系的ROS和MDA摩尔质量浓度显著低于叶片。这可能是由于机械损伤直接作用于冷蒿叶片,对根系的影响较小。
表 1 机械损伤对冷蒿O2·-,过氧化氢和MDA质量摩尔浓度的影响
Table 1. Effect of mechanical damage on O2·-, H2O2 and MDA content in Artemisia frigida
植物组织 机械损伤 O2·-(A540)/(min•-1g-1) 过氧化氢(μmol•g-1) MDA/(μmol•g-1) 叶片 对照(未处理) 24.72±3.94B 22.86±0.47C 10.05±0.46C 轻度 29,17±0,93B 27.67±1.01B 12.93±0.53B 中度 43.89±3.94A 29.23±0.67AB 18.37±0.22A 重度 51.67±3.63A 32.39±0.94A 20.88±1.53A 平方和 组间自由度 1 422.45 141.79 220.23 组内自由度 88.31 4.97 4.54 根系 对照(未处理) 11.67±1.48b 16,37±0,56 c 8.06±1.2b 轻度 19.17±0.44b 18.39±0.17bc 10.74±1.01a 中度 28,06±2,28a 20.79±0.94b 11.94±0.37a 重度 33.06±1.73 a 25.52±0.10a 12.13±0.49a 平方和 组间自由度 809.43 139.94 31.69 组内自由度 118.17 37.25 9.01 机械损伤的影响 ** ** ** 植物组织的影响 ** ** ** 植物组织与损伤的交互作用 不显著 不显著 ** 说明:同列不同大写字母表示冷蒿叶片的差异显著性,同列的不同小写字母表示冷蒿根系的差异显著性。 -
冷蒿的抗氧化酶活性随处理强度的增加而增强(图 1)。在轻度、中度和重度处理下,冷蒿叶片SOD活性与对照相比差异显著,分别为对照的1.4,2.3和3.4倍;轻度处理下,冷蒿根系的SOD活性与对照相比无显著差异,中度处理下根系SOD活性比对照显著增加80.1%,但与轻度相比差异不显著,重度处理下根系SOD活性比对照显著增加140.0%,但与中度相比差异不显著(图 1A);且在各个处理下,冷蒿叶片的SOD活性显著高于根系,这可能由于机械损伤直接作用于冷蒿叶片,对叶片和根系的抗氧化系统影响有所差异造成的。
图 1 机械损伤对冷蒿抗氧化酶活性的影响
Figure 1. Effect of mechanical damage on activity of antioxidant enzymes in Artemisia frigida
冷蒿的CAT活性变化总趋势是随处理强度的增大逐渐增强(图 1B)。但冷蒿叶片的CAT活性在轻度处理与对照之间差异不显著,中度处理与轻度处理之间差异不显著,重度处理与中度处理之间差异不显著;冷蒿根系的CAT活性3个处理之间的差异均不显著;叶片的CAT活性显著高于根系,说明冷蒿叶片和根系的抗氧化系统对机械损伤的响应是不同的。
在轻度、中度和重度处理下,冷蒿叶片的POD活性分别比对照增加30.6%,87.3%和132.8%;冷蒿根系POD活性分别比对照增加59.7%,87.8%和116.7%(图 1C);冷蒿叶片和根系在各个处理间差异显著,增幅明显,说明POD因机械损伤的刺激活性增强,在消除过氧化氢中起重要的作用。
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冷蒿叶片和根系的AsA摩尔质量浓度随损伤程度的增加逐渐降低,而脱氢抗坏血酸(dehydroascorbate,DHA)水平随机械损伤程度的增加逐渐增加,AsA/DHA持续下降(图 2)。在重度处理下,DHA摩尔质量浓度高于AsA,ρAsA/ρDHA比对照降低64.3%。在不同损伤程度下,叶片的DHA摩尔质量浓度显著高于根系。
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冷蒿叶片和根系的总谷胱甘肽水平随损伤程度的增加而缓慢增加(图 3)。轻度处理下,冷蒿叶片GSH摩尔质量浓度与对照相比差异不显著,中度处理下,叶片GSH摩尔质量浓度与对照相比显著下降23.3%;与叶片不同,冷蒿根系GSH水平在不同处理间的差异不显著。除对照外,在轻度、中度和重度损伤强度下,冷蒿叶片和根系之间的GSH水平差异不显著。冷蒿叶片的还原型谷胱甘肽(GSSG)摩尔质量浓度随机械损伤强度的增加而显著增加,在轻度、中度和重度处理下分别为对照的2.2,3.6和3.7倍,差异显著;冷蒿根系GSSG摩尔质量浓度重度处理下比对照显著增加46.6%。随机械损伤强度的增加,在中度和重度处理下,冷蒿叶片与根系之间的GSSG摩尔质量浓度差异极显著。冷蒿叶片的ρGSH/ρGSSG随机械损伤强度的增加持续下降,在轻度、中度和重度处理下分别比对照降低56.8%,80.2%和82.2%,与轻度相比,中度和重度处理下的叶片ρGSH/ρGSSG增幅明显减缓;冷蒿根系的ρGSH/ρGSSG随机械损伤强度的增加小幅增加后降低,重度处理下根系ρGSH/ρGSSG比对照减少21.6%。根系的ρGSH/ρGSSG在不同机械损伤强度之间差异不显著。
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随着损伤处理程度增加,冷蒿叶片和根系的APX活性逐渐增加(图 4A),在重度处理下与对照相比的增幅分别达到94.0%和132.8%;冷蒿叶片的APX活性显著高于根系。
图 4 机械损伤对冷蒿AsA-GSH循环相关酶活性的影响
Figure 4. Effect of mechanical damage on enzymes activity of AsA-GSH cycle in Artemisia frigida
冷蒿根系的GR活性随损伤程度的增加而增强(图 4B);在中度处理下,冷蒿叶片的GR活性高于其他处理,与对照相比的增幅为97.4%。在轻度和中度处理下,叶片与根系之间的GR活性差异极显著;重度处理下,冷蒿叶片和根系之间的GR活性无显著差异。
在中度处理下,冷蒿叶片和根系DHAR活性高于其他处理且差异极显著,分别为对照的1.3倍和1.9倍(图 4C);在重度处理下,冷蒿叶片和根系的DHAR活性与对照相比增幅分别为88.5%和106.7%,且叶片与根系之间差异显著。
随损伤程度的增加,冷蒿叶片和根系的MDHAR活性逐渐升高(图 4D)。在重度处理下与对照相比的增幅分别为88.5%和106.7%,冷蒿叶片的MDHAR活性显著高于根系。
Antioxidant defense system responses of Artemisia frigida to mechanical damage
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摘要: 放牧对草地植物的直接影响包括动物的采食和践踏。为了探讨冷蒿Artemisia frigida的耐牧性,采用人工机械损伤(轻度、中度和重度)的方式处理盆栽冷蒿地上枝叶,分别测定冷蒿叶片和根系活性氧(ROS),丙二醛(MDA),抗坏血酸(AsA)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)质量摩尔浓度,同时测定了抗氧化防御酶和抗坏血酸(AsA)-谷胱甘肽(GSH)循环酶活性的变化。结果表明:随着机械损伤强度的增加,冷蒿叶片超氧阴离子(O2·-)和过氧化氢(H2O2)质量摩尔浓度升高,膜质过氧化增强;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD),过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性随机械损伤强度的增加而升高。在轻度和中度处理下,冷蒿叶片中抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX),脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR),单脱径抗坏血酸还原并(MDHAR)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性增强,抗氧化剂(AsA和GSH)的还原力(ρAsA/ρDHA值和ρGSH/ρGSSG值)处于稳定平衡状态;重度机械损伤下AsA-GSH循环效率显著降低(P≤0.05)。冷蒿根系抗氧化防御系统对机械损伤也表现出明显的应激反应能力。综上所述,机械损伤使冷蒿体内ROS质量摩尔浓度升高,且冷蒿能够在不同程度的机械损伤下快速、有效地启动体内抗氧化防御系统,清除体内过量的ROS,维持一定的AsA-GSH循环效率,表现出较强的耐损伤能力。图4表1参42Abstract: To understand the effects of mechanical damage on the antioxidant defense system of Artemisia frigida, we analyzed the changes of reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, antioxidant enzyme activities, and ascorbate-glutathione (AsA-GSH) cycle efficiency under light, moderate, and heavy mechanical damage. Results showed that with a mechanical damage treatment, the O·2- production rate, H2O2, and malondialdehyde (MDA) contentincreased significantly (P≤0.05) in leaves and roots of A. frigida and was significantly lower (P≤0.05) in roots than in leaves. Also, activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD) were significantly higher (P≤0.05) with the mechanical damage treatment compared to the control. The activities of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), and glutathione reductase (GR), as well as regenerating rates of AsA and GSH, and redox statuses (ratios of AsA/DHA and GSH/GSSG) with light and moderate mechanical damage were not significantly different (P≥0.05) from the control; whereas compared to the control efficiency of the AsA-GSH cycle was significantly lower (P≤0.05) with heavy mechanical damage. The antioxidant defense system in roots of A. frigida also showed obvious stress in response to mechanical damage capacities. It was concluded that with light and moderate mechanical damage A. frigida had an efficient metabolism in the ascorbate-glutathione cycle, which rapidly scavenged H2O2 to alleviate the oxidative damage and, therefore, had a stronger tolerance to mechanical stress damage. [Ch, 4 fig. 1 tab. 42 ref.]
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Key words:
- botany /
- Artemisia frigida /
- antioxidant enzyme /
- AsA-GSH cycle /
- mechanical damage /
- ROS
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表 1 机械损伤对冷蒿O2·-,过氧化氢和MDA质量摩尔浓度的影响
Table 1. Effect of mechanical damage on O2·-, H2O2 and MDA content in Artemisia frigida
植物组织 机械损伤 O2·-(A540)/(min•-1g-1) 过氧化氢(μmol•g-1) MDA/(μmol•g-1) 叶片 对照(未处理) 24.72±3.94B 22.86±0.47C 10.05±0.46C 轻度 29,17±0,93B 27.67±1.01B 12.93±0.53B 中度 43.89±3.94A 29.23±0.67AB 18.37±0.22A 重度 51.67±3.63A 32.39±0.94A 20.88±1.53A 平方和 组间自由度 1 422.45 141.79 220.23 组内自由度 88.31 4.97 4.54 根系 对照(未处理) 11.67±1.48b 16,37±0,56 c 8.06±1.2b 轻度 19.17±0.44b 18.39±0.17bc 10.74±1.01a 中度 28,06±2,28a 20.79±0.94b 11.94±0.37a 重度 33.06±1.73 a 25.52±0.10a 12.13±0.49a 平方和 组间自由度 809.43 139.94 31.69 组内自由度 118.17 37.25 9.01 机械损伤的影响 ** ** ** 植物组织的影响 ** ** ** 植物组织与损伤的交互作用 不显著 不显著 ** 说明:同列不同大写字母表示冷蒿叶片的差异显著性,同列的不同小写字母表示冷蒿根系的差异显著性。 -
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