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大气氮沉降一定范围内可促进植物生长,过量则削弱植物的抗逆性,抑制植物正常生长,甚至造成生态系统的退化[1]。李德军等[2]发现:100 kg·hm-2·a-1氮强度下木荷Schima superba和黄果厚壳桂Cryptocarya concinna的净光合速率(Pn)和气孔导度(Gs)达到最大,超过该强度则表现为抑制。ZHANG等[3]发现:氮沉降抑制了毛竹Phyllostachys edulis的最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)和实际量子产量[Y(Ⅱ)],促进了非光化学猝灭系数(qN)。当氮沉降持续增加时,毛竹的叶绿素含量、气孔导度和胞间二氧化碳浓度也受到抑制[4]。有研究发现:600 kg·hm-2的生物质炭可改善植物光合性能[5]。由此推测施加生物质炭能缓解氮沉降对毛竹光合特性的消极影响。生物质炭(biochar)是由有机物原料在彻底或部分缺氧的环境下经过热解炭化生成的一种具有高度芳香化结构的固态物质,理化性质独特,被普遍地用作改良剂来提高作物产量和品质[6];但自身营养价值不高,其增产效应还受到作物类型、土壤种类及施用量的影响[7]。研制生物质炭与肥料复合成的新型生物质炭肥已成为近年来的研究热点,这种新型生物质炭肥具有肥料缓释功效,在调节地温,改善土壤结构,保水保肥上具有显著促进效果[7-8]。当前关于生物质炭肥环境功能与理化特性及其对农作物产量影响等方面的报道较多[9],有关生物质炭在林业经营管理中的应用研究较少[10],生物质炭添加对毛竹光合生理的影响还未见报道。毛竹是亚热带广泛分布的主要竹种,经济价值高,种植面积连年扩大[11]。中国现有毛竹林面积4.43 Mhm2,占全球毛竹林分布面积的84.02%[12-13];毛竹生长快,再生能力强,在固碳和缓解气候变化上潜力巨大[12, 14]。在中国,毛竹林分布区也是氮沉降最严重的地区[11]。金晓春等[15]发现:换叶期间施肥对毛竹光合影响具有显著促进作用;但是在氮沉降条件下,施加生物质炭是否影响毛竹新老叶片的光合及叶绿素荧光特性还未见报道。本研究以2龄(2016年出笋)毛竹为试验对象,采取人工喷氮的方法模拟大气氮沉降,随后施加生物质炭,分析毛竹新老叶的光合和叶绿素荧光参数的变化规律,旨在研究施加生物质炭肥的毛竹对氮沉降的响应,为气候变化背景下提高毛竹林的生产力提供科技支撑。
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相比对照组,氮沉降处理对毛竹老叶和新叶的Pmax(图 1A,图 1B),Gs(图 1C,图 1D)和Tr(图 1G,图 1H)均具有显著的促进作用(P<0.05)。除N60处理外,氮沉降对老叶Ci(图 1E)均有显著抑制作用(P<0.05)。对照组施用生物质炭后,新叶、老叶的Pmax和新叶的Tr均显著增加;老叶Ci显著降低,新叶Ci呈现先升高后下降趋势(P<0.001)。与不施生物质炭(BC0)相比,N30处理下施加生物质炭,老叶Ci和新叶Pmax,Gs,Ci,Tr均显著增加,但老叶Pmax,Tr显著降低(P<0.05)。N60下施加生物质炭,毛竹新老叶的Ci,Tr和新叶的Gs显著降低,老叶Pmax显著增加(P<0.05),新叶Pmax则无显著差异(P>0.05)。N90下施加生物质炭,毛竹新老叶Pmax,Ci,Tr和新叶的Gs显著增加(P<0.01);且新叶的Pmax的促进效果要高于老叶。
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相比对照组,老叶和新叶的SPAD值随氮沉降强度的增加而上升,但无显著差异(图 2A,图 2B)(P>0.05);对照组施用生物质炭,毛竹新叶和老叶SPAD均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。与不施生物质炭(BC0)相比,N30和N60下施加生物质炭的老叶和N60下施加生物质炭的新叶SPAD差异极显著(P<0.001),随生物质炭施加量的增加新老叶SPAD值均呈现出先降低后上升趋势,且对新叶SPAD值的促进效果要高于老叶。
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相比对照组,氮沉降处理对毛竹老叶的Fm(图 3A),Fo(图 3C)及新叶的Fv/Fm(图 3F),Fv/Fo(图 3H)具有显著的抑制作用(P<0.05)。除N60处理外,氮沉降处理对老叶的Fv/Fm(图 3E),Fv/Fo(图 3G)和新叶Fo(图 3D)具有显著的促进作用(P<0.05)。对照组施用生物质炭,老叶的Fm和Fo均显著降低,新叶的Fm(图 3B)和Fo显著增加,老叶Fv/Fo和Fv/Fm显著增加(P<0.05)。与不施生物质炭(BC0)相比,N30下施加生物质炭,老叶Fo和新叶Fv/Fm,Fv/Fo显著增加,新叶Fo和老叶Fv/Fm,Fv/Fo显著降低,新叶Fm随着生物质炭施加量的增加呈先下降后上升趋势(P<0.05)。N60下施加生物质炭,老叶Fm,Fo,Fv/Fm,Fv/Fo及新叶Fv/Fm,Fv/Fo显著增加,而新叶Fo显著降低,新叶的Fm随着生物质炭施加量的增加呈先下降后上升趋势(P<0.05)。N90下施加生物质炭,老叶Fm,Fv/Fm,Fv/Fo及新叶Fv/Fm和Fv/Fo显著降低,而新叶Fm和Fo显著增加,同时老叶Fo随着生物质炭施加量的增加呈先上升后下降趋势(P<0.05)。
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除N60处理外,氮沉降对毛竹新老叶qN(图 4A,图 4B)及老叶的Y(Ⅱ)(图 4C)具有显著促进作用(P<0.05)。相比对照组,氮沉降对新叶Y(Ⅱ)(图 4D)具有显著抑制作用(P<0.05)。对照组施用生物质炭,老叶的Y(Ⅱ)显著增加而新叶的Y(Ⅱ)显著降低,老叶qN随着生物炭施加量的增加呈先上升后下降趋势,而新叶qN呈相反趋势(P<0.05)。与不施生物质炭(BC0)相比,N30下施加生物质炭,新叶和老叶的qN显著降低,老叶的Y(Ⅱ)显著增加,新叶的Y(Ⅱ)随着生物炭施加量的增加呈先上升后下降趋势(P<0.05)。N60下施加生物质炭,老叶的Y(Ⅱ),新叶的Y(Ⅱ)和qN均显著增加,老叶的qN显著降低(P<0.05);N90下施加生物质炭,老叶的Y(Ⅱ)显著增加,老叶qN和新叶的Y(Ⅱ),qN则显著降低(P<0.05)。
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双因素方差分析(表 1)表明:除新叶Tr和叶色值外,氮沉降显著影响了毛竹新老叶的光合和叶绿素荧光参数(P<0.001);除老叶Gs和新老叶Tr外,生物质炭显著影响了毛竹新老叶的光合和叶绿素荧光参数(P<0.01);除老叶Gs外,氮沉降和生物质炭的交互作用对毛竹新老叶的光合和叶绿素荧光参数影响显著(P<0.01)。
表 1 氮沉降和生物质炭对毛竹新老叶光合和叶绿素荧光影响的双因素方差分析
Table 1. Two-way ANOVA analysis of N deposition and biochar amendment on photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of bamboo leaves
差异源 叶龄 氮沉降 生物质炭 交互 F P F P F P 最大净光合速率(Pmax) 老叶 6.182 *** 5.901 ** 8.150 *** 新叶 8.787 *** 8.857 *** 4.596 *** 气孔导度(Gs) 老叶 8.872 *** 2.210 0.113 1.856 0.091 新叶 15.569 *** 3.983 ** 10.708 *** 胞间二氧化碳浓度(Ci) 老叶 13.651 *** 4.106 ** 17.510 *** 新叶 8.291 *** 10.376 *** 3.162 ** 蒸腾速率(Tr) 老叶 18.114 *** 2.959 0.055 3.129 ** 新叶 2.601 0.054 1.308 0.273 10.030 *** 叶色值(SPAD) 老叶 7.691 *** 9.055 *** 5.456 *** 新叶 1.985 0.126 7.487 *** 3.292 ** 最大荧光(Fm) 老叶 4 674.660 *** 3 965.420 *** 1 644.273 *** 新叶 378.992 *** 71.460 *** 102.018 *** 初始荧光(Fo) 老叶 436.019 *** 72.843 *** 197.174 *** 新叶 3 601.767 *** 79.188 *** 396.305 *** 最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm) 老叶 2 737.899 *** 4 618.213 *** 1 896.683 *** 新叶 50.106 *** 59.594 *** 75.543 *** PO!潜在活性(Fv/Fo) 老叶 3 001.495 *** 6 337.901 *** 2 436.052 *** 新叶 37.190 *** 52.256 *** 64.359 *** 非光化学猝灭系数(qN) 老叶 255.861 *** 1 009.686 *** 181.946 *** 新叶 38.997 *** 15.537 *** 57.401 *** 实际量子产量[Y(Ⅱ)] 老叶 199.855 *** 1 808.386 *** 311.431 *** 新叶 16.009 *** 29.128 *** 21.589 *** 说明:**表示P<0.01,***表示P<0.001
Photosynthesis with simulated nitrogen deposition and biochar amendments on new and old leaves of Moso bamboo
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摘要: 为了解氮沉降和生物质炭对毛竹Phyllostachys edulis叶片光合特性的影响,研究了4种氮沉降(0 kg·hm-2·a-1,N0;30 kg·hm-2·a-1,N30;60 kg·hm-2·a-1,N60;90 kg·hm-2·a-1,N90)下施加3种不同强度(0 t·hm-2,BC0;20 t·hm-2,BC20;40 t·hm-2,BC40)生物质炭处理后2龄毛竹新老叶片光合及叶绿素荧光特性的变化。结果表明:氮沉降和生物质炭均促进了毛竹新老叶的最大净光合速率(Pmax),气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr),生物质炭同时提高了老叶实际量子产量[Y(Ⅱ)]和PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv/F0)。与不施加生物质炭相比(BC0),N30下施加20 t·hm-2生物质炭的老叶及N60下施加20 t·hm-2生物质炭(BC20)的新老叶叶色值显著降低;N60处理下施加生物质炭,毛竹新老叶的最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm),Fv/Fo和Y(Ⅱ)均提高,而N90处理下施加生物质炭,毛竹新老叶的Fv/Fm和Fv/Fo均降低。由此认为:氮沉降条件下施加生物质炭有利于毛竹新老叶片的光合固碳能力;大气氮沉降背景下,施加生物质炭有利于提高毛竹生产力。Abstract: To understand the effects of nitrogen (N) deposition and biochar amendments on photosynthesis of new and old leaves of Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis), effects of four N additions (N0: 0 kg·hm-2·a-1, N30: 30 kg·hm-2·a-1, N60: 60 kg·hm-2·a-1, and N90: 90 kg·hm-2·a-1) and three biochar amendments (BC0: 0 t·hm-2, BC20: 20 t·hm-2, and BC40: 40 t·hm-2) on photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of new and old leaves in two-year-old Moso bamboo were determined using LI-6400 portable photosynthesis system, PAM-2500 chlorophyll fluorescence spectrometer and SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter in Moso bamboo plantations (20 m×20 m). Results showed that N deposition and biochar amendment significantly increased (P < 0.05) the maximum net photosynthetic rate (Pmax), stomatal conductance (Gs), and transpiration rate (Tr) of new and old leaves. Biochar amendments significantly increased (P < 0.001) effective quantum yield of Photosystem Ⅱ (PS-Ⅱ)[Y(Ⅱ)] and potential activities of PS-Ⅱ (Fv/F0) of old leaves. In combination with both N depositions (N30 and N60), BC20 significantly decreased (P < 0.001) the relative chlorophyll content (SPAD) of old leaves compared with the N depositions alone. The SPAD of new leaves for N60-BC20 was significantly lower (P < 0.001) than N60-BC0. Also, both biochar amendments in combination with N60 significantly increased (P < 0.001) maximal potential quantum yield of PS-Ⅱ (Fv/Fm), Fv/Fo, and Y(Ⅱ) of new and old leaves compared to N depositions alone. However, biochar amendments in combination with N90 significantly decreased (P < 0.001) both Fv/Fm and Fv/Fo of new and old leaves compared to N depositions alone. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that biochar amendments promoted photosynthesis of leaves and thus increased productivity of a Moso bamboo forest with the background of globally increasing N deposition.
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Key words:
- botany /
- nitrogen deposition /
- biochar /
- Moso bamboo /
- chlorophyll fluorescence
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表 1 氮沉降和生物质炭对毛竹新老叶光合和叶绿素荧光影响的双因素方差分析
Table 1. Two-way ANOVA analysis of N deposition and biochar amendment on photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of bamboo leaves
差异源 叶龄 氮沉降 生物质炭 交互 F P F P F P 最大净光合速率(Pmax) 老叶 6.182 *** 5.901 ** 8.150 *** 新叶 8.787 *** 8.857 *** 4.596 *** 气孔导度(Gs) 老叶 8.872 *** 2.210 0.113 1.856 0.091 新叶 15.569 *** 3.983 ** 10.708 *** 胞间二氧化碳浓度(Ci) 老叶 13.651 *** 4.106 ** 17.510 *** 新叶 8.291 *** 10.376 *** 3.162 ** 蒸腾速率(Tr) 老叶 18.114 *** 2.959 0.055 3.129 ** 新叶 2.601 0.054 1.308 0.273 10.030 *** 叶色值(SPAD) 老叶 7.691 *** 9.055 *** 5.456 *** 新叶 1.985 0.126 7.487 *** 3.292 ** 最大荧光(Fm) 老叶 4 674.660 *** 3 965.420 *** 1 644.273 *** 新叶 378.992 *** 71.460 *** 102.018 *** 初始荧光(Fo) 老叶 436.019 *** 72.843 *** 197.174 *** 新叶 3 601.767 *** 79.188 *** 396.305 *** 最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm) 老叶 2 737.899 *** 4 618.213 *** 1 896.683 *** 新叶 50.106 *** 59.594 *** 75.543 *** PO!潜在活性(Fv/Fo) 老叶 3 001.495 *** 6 337.901 *** 2 436.052 *** 新叶 37.190 *** 52.256 *** 64.359 *** 非光化学猝灭系数(qN) 老叶 255.861 *** 1 009.686 *** 181.946 *** 新叶 38.997 *** 15.537 *** 57.401 *** 实际量子产量[Y(Ⅱ)] 老叶 199.855 *** 1 808.386 *** 311.431 *** 新叶 16.009 *** 29.128 *** 21.589 *** 说明:**表示P<0.01,***表示P<0.001 -
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https://zlxb.zafu.edu.cn/article/doi/10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2019.04.010