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土壤微生物是陆地生态系统的重要组分,是连接植物和土壤的重要因子,在获取资源构建自身生物量的同时,驱动生态系统物质循环和能量流动,调控碳和养分在土壤-植物-大气连续体之间的循环,对生态系统的结构和功能有重要影响[1-2]。土壤微生物生物量能够指示生态系统功能的变化,被用于评价土壤质量和反映微生物群落状态与功能变化[3]。生态化学计量学是研究生物系统能量平衡和多重化学元素平衡的科学,是生物地球化学循环与食物网结构和过程之间的内在联系,对于探索不同生态系统不同层次组分之间的相互联系和内在机制具有重要意义,因而被广泛应用到微生物驱动的生态过程研究中[4]。研究表明,土壤微生物群落组成随植物年龄及发育阶段而发生变化[5-6],由林龄引起的林分环境和土壤环境的变异会间接影响土壤微生物参与养分循环[7-10]。养分状况的差异会对土壤微生物形成不同程度的养分限制,影响微生物群落结构及酶活性,对养分在根系、土壤和微生物之间的循环和转化同样会产生不确定的影响,进而影响土壤生态系统的结构与功能[11]。因此,研究土壤养分与土壤微生物生物量及其生态化学计量特征间的相互作用关系对理解陆地生态系统养分循环十分重要。另外,土壤微生物对碳氮磷循环的调控机制也是生物地球化学循环研究的重要内容之一。桉树Eucalyptus spp. 是世界三大速生丰产树种之一,因具有良好的经济、生态和社会效益而被广泛引种和种植,截至2015年底,中国桉树人工林面积已达4.5×106 hm2[12]。非科学的经营措施(如超短轮伐期、连栽等)造成的地力衰退等问题[13],成为制约人工林生产力的主要原因[14]。目前,对桉树人工林生态化学计量特征研究主要集中在器官、凋落物和土壤等尺度[12, 15-16],对土壤-微生物生态化学计量特征研究较少。本研究以雷州半岛不同生长阶段尾巨桉E. urophylla × E. grandis人工林为研究对象,探讨其土壤-微生物碳、氮、磷化学计量特征,以期为桉树高效可持续经营养分管理提供数据支持。
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依据国家林业和草原局2017年发布的林业行业标准《主要树种龄级与龄组》,将南方山地丘陵区桉树工业原料林划分为:幼龄林(1~2 a)、中龄林(3~4 a)、近熟林(5 a)、成熟林(6~7 a)和过熟林(≥8 a),2017年7月以空间换时间的方法在研究区选取立地条件、土壤类型较一致的幼龄林(2 a)、成熟林(6 a)、过熟林(9 a)等3个尾巨桉人工林,各林龄林分内随机设置20 m×20 m样地,每个样地3个重复,进行每木检尺调查。样地基本概况见表1。
表 1 样地基本概况
Table 1. Basic situation of sample plots
龄级 样地 林龄/a 海拔/m 平均胸
径/cm平均树
高/m林分密度/
(株·hm−2)叶面积
指数0~60 cm土壤
容重/(g·cm−3)pH 幼龄林 1 2 116 8.06 12.20 1575 0.829 1.05 4.6 2 2 120 7.85 11.93 1450 0.732 0.96 5.0 3 2 117 8.14 12.33 1586 0.916 1.03 5.2 成熟林 1 6 104 14.63 12.48 857 0.793 1.08 4.8 2 6 108 13.97 15.37 986 1.039 1.07 4.8 3 6 103 11.97 15.15 1174 1.184 1.08 5.0 过熟林 1 9 113 22.84 25.40 725 1.117 1.07 4.5 2 9 119 20.14 24.97 714 1.101 1.04 4.7 3 9 125 19.74 22.58 675 0.884 0.97 4.7 -
2018年6月在各样地内随机设置5个样点,分别挖取土壤剖面(距离树干100 cm以外),环刀法(100 cm3)采集0~20、20~40和40~60 cm层次土壤;同层土壤混合均匀装袋标记后置于含冰袋的保温箱中,带回实验室。一部分风干,研磨,过筛,用于测定土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷质量分数,另一部分置于4 ℃冰箱中冷藏保存,用于测定土壤微生物生物量碳、氮、磷质量分数[17]。土壤有机碳采用高温外热重铬酸钾氧化-容量法测定,土壤全氮采用凯氏定氮法测定,土壤全磷采用氢氧化钠熔融,钼锑抗比色法测定[18];微生物碳采用三氯甲烷熏蒸-重铬酸钾容量法测定[19],微生物氮采用三氯甲烷熏蒸-蒸馏-盐酸(HCl)滴定法测定[20],微生物磷采用三氯甲烷熏蒸-全磷法测定[21]。
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采用SPSS 19.0进行数据处理与分析。采用单因素方差法(one-way ANOVA)对不同生长阶段土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷和微生物碳、氮、磷质量分数及碳氮比(C/N)、碳磷比(C/P)、氮磷比(N/P)进行方差分析和显著性检验(P<0.05)。Pearson相关检验分析土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷和微生物碳、氮、磷质量分数及C/N、C/P、N/P关系。采用Canoco 5进行冗余分析(RDA)。采用SigmaPlot 14.0制作图形。
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由图1所示:从碳、氮、磷的平均质量分数看,幼龄林土壤分别为17.88、1.32、0.72 g·kg−1,土壤微生物分别为493.04、52.45、13.54 mg·kg−1;成熟林土壤分别为14.99、1.45、0.78 g·kg−1,土壤微生物分别为436.41、49.83、10.62 mg·kg−1;过熟林土壤分别为20.15、1.47、0.88 g·kg−1,土壤微生物分别为583.09、55.20、28.03 mg·kg−1。不同生长阶段尾巨桉林同一土层土壤碳(Csoil)质量分数从大到小依次为过熟林、幼龄林、成熟林,成熟林的0~20和20~40 cm土层显著低于其他生长阶段(P<0.05),垂直分布均为随土层加深而递减,各土层间差异显著(P<0.05)。土壤氮(Nsoil)质量分数在不同生长阶段无明显差异,垂直分布表现与碳垂直分布一致。土壤磷(Psoil)质量分数从大到小依次为过熟林、成熟林、幼龄林,不同生长阶段差异显著(P<0.05),不同土层间无明显差异。
图 1 不同生长阶段土壤与土壤微生物碳、氮、磷质量分数
Figure 1. Carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus contents of soil and soil microbial biomass in different growth stages
土壤微生物碳(Cmic)质量分数在0~20 cm土层表现为成熟林显著低于幼龄林和过熟林(P<0.05),20~40 cm土层过熟林Cmic质量分数显著高于幼龄林和成熟林(P<0.05)。土壤微生物氮(Nmic)质量分数在0~20 cm土层均表现为过熟林、幼龄林显著高于成熟林(P<0.05)。土壤微生物磷(Pmic)质量分数各土层均表现为过熟林显著高于其他阶段(P<0.05)。幼龄林Cmic质量分数随土层加深递减,各土层间差异显著(P<0.05)。过熟林中0~20 cm土层Cmic质量分数显著高于40~60 cm土层(P<0.05)。幼龄林、成熟林不同土层间Nmic质量分数无显著差异,过熟林中0~20 cm土层显著高于其他土层(P<0.05)。幼龄林、成熟林中Pmic质量分数0~20 cm土层显著高于其他土层(P<0.05),过熟林中各土层间无显著差异。
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由图2所示:从碳氮比(C/N)、碳磷比(C/P)、氮磷比(N/P)均值看,幼龄林土壤分别为13.51、24.87、1.84,土壤微生物分别为9.42、41.89、4.85;成熟林土壤分别为10.52、19.25、1.86,土壤微生物分别为9.21、46.37、5.48;过熟林土壤分别为13.63、22.83、1.68,土壤微生物分别为10.97、21.25、2.00。Csoil/Nsoil以成熟林最小,幼龄林和过熟林仅在20~40 cm土层差异显著(P<0.05)。Csoil/Psoil在0~20和20~40 cm土层从大到小依次为幼龄林、过熟林、成熟林。同一生长阶段Csoil/Psoil随土层加深递减,两两之间差异显著(P<0.05)。Nsoil/Psoil仅过熟林的0~20 cm土层显著低于幼龄林和成熟林(P<0.05),其他无显著差异。Cmic/Nmic在20~40 cm土层均表现为过熟林显著高于其他阶段(P<0.05),40~60 cm土层表现为过熟林显著高于幼龄林(P<0.05),与成熟林无显著差异。Cmic/Pmic在0~20 cm和40~60 cm表现为过熟林显著低于幼龄林和成熟林(P<0.05)。Nmic/Pmic在0~20 cm无显著差异,20~40和40~60 cm均以过熟林最小。
图 2 不同生长阶段土壤与土壤微生物碳、氮、磷化学计量比
Figure 2. Carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus stoichiometric ratios of soil and soil microbial biomass with different growth stages
不同生长阶段Cmic/Csoil、Nmic/Nsoil、Pmic/Psoil分别为2.58%~3.40%、2.44%~4.61%、0.97%~3.72% (图3)。不同阶段和不同土层Cmic/Csoil均无显著差异。过熟林0~20 cm土层Nmic/Nsoil显著高于其他阶段(P<0.05)。各土层的Pmic/Psoil均以过熟林最大,仅0~20 cm土层与幼龄林差异不显著,其他均具有显著差异(P<0.05)。
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由图4可知:幼龄林第1轴和第2轴的解释变量分别为99.08%和0.65%,Csoil、Csoil/Psoil、Nsoil、Nsoil/Psoil和Pmic/Psoil是土壤微生物及其化学计量比的显著影响因子;成熟林第1轴和第2轴的解释变量分别为91.68%和6.36%,Csoil/Psoil是土壤微生物的主要影响因子;过熟林第1轴和第2轴的解释变量分别为99.07%和0.72%,Nsoil、Nsoil/Psoil、Csoil/Psoil、Csoil和Pmic/Psoil是土壤微生物及其化学计量比的显著影响因子。说明在林分不同生长阶段,土壤微生物生物量的主要影响因子及其影响程度具有差异。相比之下,成熟林阶段土壤化学性质对微生物影响较小,对于3个阶段平均而言,第1轴和第2轴的解释变量分别为96.97%和1.29%,Csoil、Csoil/Psoil、Pmic/Psoil、Nsoil、Nsoil/Psoil、Psoil和Csoil/Nsoil是尾巨桉人工林土壤微生物的显著影响因子。
图 4 不同生长阶段土壤与土壤微生物碳、氮、磷及化学计量比的冗余分析
Figure 4. Carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus contents and stoichiometric ratios of soil and soil microbial biomass with different growth stages
由相关性分析(表2)可知:幼龄林的Cmic、Pmic、Cmic/Nmic受土壤养分及其化学计量比的影响较为一致,均与Csoil、Nsoil、Csoil/Psoil、Nsoil/Psoil、Pmic/Psoil呈显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)正相关。成熟林中仅Pmic与土壤养分关系较为密切,Pmic与Csoil、Nsoil、Csoil/Psoil、Nsoil/Psoil、Pmic/Psoil呈显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)正相关。过熟林中各指标与土壤化学性质及其化学计量比的关系表现差异较大,Cmic与Csoil、Nsoil、Csoil/Psoil 、Nsoil/Psoil呈极显著(P<0.01)正相关性,与Pmic/Psoil呈显著(P<0.05)正相关;Nmic与Csoil、Nsoil、Psoil、Csoil/Psoil、Nmic/Nsoil存在显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)正相关;Cmic/Nmic与Psoil、Csoil/Nsoil、Nmic/Nsoil呈极显著(P<0.01)负相关。
表 2 土壤和土壤微生物碳、氮、磷及化学计量比的相关性
Table 2. Correlation of soil and microbe biomass C, N, P content and their stoichiometry
阶段 指标 Csoil Nsoil Psoil Csoil/Nsoil Csoil/Psoil Nsoil/Psoil Cmic/Csoil Nmic/Nsoil Pmic/Psoil 幼龄林 Cmic 0.969** 0.941** 0.383 0.290 0.960** 0.923** 0.314 −0.324 0.825** Nmic 0.581 0.610 0.101 0.102 0.595 0.623 0.746* 0.330 0.432 Pmic 0.853** 0.854** 0.271 0.202 0.863** 0.856** 0.137 −0.445 0.995** Cmic/Nmic 0.785** 0.710* 0.341 0.327 0.775* 0.689* −0.361 −0.842** 0.743* Cmic/Pmic −0.308 −0.290 −0.099 −0.130 −0.302 −0.294 0.071 0.148 −0.681* Nmic/Pmic −0.611 −0.497 −0.291 −0.411 −0.606 −0.475 0.375 0.508 −0.753* 成熟林 Cmic 0.580 0.417 0.072 0.741 0.615 0.435 0.363 0.191 0.532 Nmic −0.009 0.040 −0.001 −0.096 −0.018 0.034 0.455 0.738* −0.098 Pmic 0.810** 0.744* 0.374 −0.119 0.830** 0.753* −0.336 −0.544 0.997** Cmic/Nmic 0.419 0.347 0.108 0.073 0.444 0.363 −0.274 −0.719* 0.450 Cmic/Pmic −0.402 −0.553 −0.188 0.440 −0.418 −0.573 0.434 0.664 −0.790* Nmic/Pmic −0.437 −0.498 −0.122 0.260 −0.467 −0.524 0.445 0.795* −0.785* 过熟林 Cmic 0.812** 0.906** 0.458 0.226 0.833** 0.850** 0.274 0.565 0.751* Nmic 0.922** 0.785* 0.776* 0.630 0.882** 0.605 −0.163 0.882** 0.463 Pmic 0.645 0.653 0.350 0.263 0.658 0.607 0.226 0.389 0.977** Cmic/Nmic −0.578 −0.224 −0.864** −0.805** −0.458 0.050 0.595 −0.846** 0.146 Cmic/Pmic 0.001 0.120 0.050 −0.140 0.002 0.118 0.003 0.083 −0.612 Nmic/Pmic 0.465 0.293 0.571 0.501 0.409 0.128 −0.410 0.675* −0.404 说明:*表示显著相关(P<0.05);**表示极显著相关(P<0.01)
Soil-microbial stoichiometry of Eucalyptus urophylla × E. grandis plantation at different growth stages
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摘要:
目的 研究幼龄林、成熟林和过熟林阶段尾巨桉Eucalyptus urophylla × E. grandis人工林土壤化学性质及土壤微生物化学计量特征,以丰富桉树林生态系统生态化学计量学领域的基础研究。 方法 以雷州半岛3个处于不同生长阶段的尾巨桉人工林为研究对象,测定0~20、20~40和40~60 cm土层土壤化学性质及土壤微生物碳、氮、磷质量分数,分析土壤及微生物化学计量关系特征。 结果 尾巨桉人工林土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷和土壤微生物碳、氮、磷质量分数均值均以过熟林最高,分别为20.15、1.47、0.88 g·kg−1和583.09、55.20、28.03 mg·kg−1,不同生长阶段差异性特征并不一致。土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷和土壤微生物碳、氮、磷质量分数的垂直变化呈现“表层聚集性”特征,不同生长阶段的土层间差异性元素类别表现不一。成熟林土壤碳氮比(Csoil/Nsoil)和碳磷比(Csoil/Psoil)均值分别为10.52和19.25,显著低于幼龄林和过熟林(P<0.05);过熟林氮磷比(Nsoil/Psoil)均值为1.67,显著低于幼龄林和成熟林(P<0.05)。过熟林土壤微生物碳磷比(Cmic/Pmic)、氮磷比(Nmic/Pmic)均值分别为21.25、2.00,均显著低于其他2个阶段(P<0.05)。不同生长阶段土壤微生物碳与土壤有机碳比值(Cmic/Csoil)无显著差异,土壤微生物氮与土壤全氮比(Nmic/Nsoil)和土壤微生物磷与土壤全磷比(Pmic/Psoil)均为过熟林显著低于其他阶段(P<0.05)。冗余分析表明:幼龄林、成熟林和过熟林土壤微生物的首要影响因子分别为Csoil、Csoil/Psoil和Nsoil。 结论 尾巨桉人工林土壤微生物生物量在过熟林阶段最高,土壤微生物生物量与土壤化学性质关系密切,林分不同生长阶段土壤微生物受土壤影响的指标和程度具有差异性,生长后期应注重养分有效性对土壤微生物生长繁殖的影响。图4表2参54 Abstract:Objective The present study aims to investigate the soil-microbial stoichiometry of Eucalyptus urophylla × E. grandis plantation at young, mature, and overmature stages in order to enrich the basic research in the field of ecological stoichiometry of Eucalyptus plantation ecosystem. Method Three E. urophylla × E. grandis plantations at different growth stages in Leizhou Peninsula were selected as the research objects. Soil samples were collected from 0−20, 20−40, 40−60 cm soil layers respectively for measuring soil organic carbon (Csoil), total nitrogen (Nsoil), total phosphorus (Psoil), soil microbial biomass carbon (Cmic), nitrogen (Nmic), and phosphorus (Pmic), and the ratio among them was estimated to analyze the relationship between soil and microbial biomass. Result The mean values of soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and soil microbial carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus were the highest in overmature forest, which were 20.15, 1.47, 0.88 g·kg−1 and 583.09, 55.20, and 28.03 mg·kg−1, respectively. The differences in different stages were not consistent. The vertical changes of soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus showed the characteristics of "surface aggregation", and the differences among soil layers in different growth stages were different due to different element types. The average values of Csoil/Nsoil and Csoil/Psoil in mature forest were 10.52 and 19.25, respectively, which were significantly lower than those in young and overmature forests (P<0.05). The mean value of Nsoil/Psoil in overmature forest was 1.67, which was significantly lower than that in young and mature forests (P<0.05). The average values of Cmic/Pmic and Nmic/Pmic on overmature stage were 21.25 and 2.00, which were significantly lower than those in other two stages (P<0.05). The ratio of soil microbial biomass carbon to soil organic carbon (Cmic/Csoil) had no significant difference at three stages. The ratio of soil microbial biomass nitrogen to soil total nitrogen (Nmic/Nsoil) and the ratio of microbial biomass phosphorus to soil total phosphorus (Pmic/Psoil) in overmature forest were significantly lower than those in other two stages (P<0.05). Redundancy analysis showed that Csoil, Csoil/Psoil and Nsoil were the primary influencing factors of soil microbe in young forest, mature forest and overmature forest, respectively. Conclusion The soil microbial biomass of E. urophylla × E. grandis plantation is the highest in the overmature forest stage, and is closely related to the soil chemical properties. The index and degree of soil microbes affected by the soil are different at different growth stages of the stand. The effect of nutrient availability on the growth and reproduction of soil microbe should be paid attention to at the later growth stage. [Ch, 4 fig. 2 tab. 54 ref.] -
表 1 样地基本概况
Table 1. Basic situation of sample plots
龄级 样地 林龄/a 海拔/m 平均胸
径/cm平均树
高/m林分密度/
(株·hm−2)叶面积
指数0~60 cm土壤
容重/(g·cm−3)pH 幼龄林 1 2 116 8.06 12.20 1575 0.829 1.05 4.6 2 2 120 7.85 11.93 1450 0.732 0.96 5.0 3 2 117 8.14 12.33 1586 0.916 1.03 5.2 成熟林 1 6 104 14.63 12.48 857 0.793 1.08 4.8 2 6 108 13.97 15.37 986 1.039 1.07 4.8 3 6 103 11.97 15.15 1174 1.184 1.08 5.0 过熟林 1 9 113 22.84 25.40 725 1.117 1.07 4.5 2 9 119 20.14 24.97 714 1.101 1.04 4.7 3 9 125 19.74 22.58 675 0.884 0.97 4.7 表 2 土壤和土壤微生物碳、氮、磷及化学计量比的相关性
Table 2. Correlation of soil and microbe biomass C, N, P content and their stoichiometry
阶段 指标 Csoil Nsoil Psoil Csoil/Nsoil Csoil/Psoil Nsoil/Psoil Cmic/Csoil Nmic/Nsoil Pmic/Psoil 幼龄林 Cmic 0.969** 0.941** 0.383 0.290 0.960** 0.923** 0.314 −0.324 0.825** Nmic 0.581 0.610 0.101 0.102 0.595 0.623 0.746* 0.330 0.432 Pmic 0.853** 0.854** 0.271 0.202 0.863** 0.856** 0.137 −0.445 0.995** Cmic/Nmic 0.785** 0.710* 0.341 0.327 0.775* 0.689* −0.361 −0.842** 0.743* Cmic/Pmic −0.308 −0.290 −0.099 −0.130 −0.302 −0.294 0.071 0.148 −0.681* Nmic/Pmic −0.611 −0.497 −0.291 −0.411 −0.606 −0.475 0.375 0.508 −0.753* 成熟林 Cmic 0.580 0.417 0.072 0.741 0.615 0.435 0.363 0.191 0.532 Nmic −0.009 0.040 −0.001 −0.096 −0.018 0.034 0.455 0.738* −0.098 Pmic 0.810** 0.744* 0.374 −0.119 0.830** 0.753* −0.336 −0.544 0.997** Cmic/Nmic 0.419 0.347 0.108 0.073 0.444 0.363 −0.274 −0.719* 0.450 Cmic/Pmic −0.402 −0.553 −0.188 0.440 −0.418 −0.573 0.434 0.664 −0.790* Nmic/Pmic −0.437 −0.498 −0.122 0.260 −0.467 −0.524 0.445 0.795* −0.785* 过熟林 Cmic 0.812** 0.906** 0.458 0.226 0.833** 0.850** 0.274 0.565 0.751* Nmic 0.922** 0.785* 0.776* 0.630 0.882** 0.605 −0.163 0.882** 0.463 Pmic 0.645 0.653 0.350 0.263 0.658 0.607 0.226 0.389 0.977** Cmic/Nmic −0.578 −0.224 −0.864** −0.805** −0.458 0.050 0.595 −0.846** 0.146 Cmic/Pmic 0.001 0.120 0.050 −0.140 0.002 0.118 0.003 0.083 −0.612 Nmic/Pmic 0.465 0.293 0.571 0.501 0.409 0.128 −0.410 0.675* −0.404 说明:*表示显著相关(P<0.05);**表示极显著相关(P<0.01) -
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