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土壤是陆地生态系统中的有机碳库,0~100 cm土层土壤的碳储量就占陆地植被碳库的2/3[1]。土壤有机碳既是碳源,也可作碳汇,其含量和动态变化影响着全球碳循环[2]。中国2/3的国土光照充沛,太阳能资源丰富;太阳能发电不产生任何排放和噪音,所以光伏产业被人们认为是清洁、安全和可靠的能源。然而在大型太阳能电站建造的起始阶段,移除原始植被、翻动土层、加入压实填料等施工行为均会损害土壤结构[3],进而改变土壤的养分和水分动态循环及生化特征[4],最终可能降低电站内土壤碳形成的速度[5]。所以,土壤有机碳也被看作衡量光伏电站土壤修复程度的主要指标之一。研究植被恢复中光伏电站土壤有机碳储量的变化过程对探究土壤质地及其恢复效果有重大意义。长期以来,植被恢复因其与全球气候变化、碳氮循环、土壤质量改善和促进区域经济发展相关而被广泛关注[6-7]。目前,有关植被修复影响有机碳含量的研究颇为丰富。研究表明:植被恢复可显著提高有机碳含量[8],且到达一定恢复年限后有机碳含量会和恢复年限成正比[9-10]。还有研究指出:植被恢复类型极易影响土壤碳、氮和磷的储量变化[11],但关于光伏电站植被恢复对土壤有机碳储量的影响研究较少。因此,研究光伏电站内植被恢复后能否产生与未受干扰的参考样地相似的土壤有机碳,分析土壤主要理化性质与土壤有机碳的相关性,进一步探究光伏电站内土壤质地和土壤肥力状况,为光伏电站内土壤修复措施提供科学依据。
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0~20 cm土层内有机碳质量分数从大到小表现为天然植被样地、樟子松地、黄芪地、苜蓿地,且四者差异显著(P<0.05,表1)。同时,只有苜蓿样地土壤有机碳变异系数为中等变异(0.16),其他3种植被类型均属于弱变异。随着土层深度的加深(20~40 cm),各植被类型土壤有机碳质量分数均呈下降趋势,即表层土壤有机碳质量分数显著高于底土层。20~40 cm土壤中有机碳质量分数分布规律与0~20 cm土层一致,且4种植被类型间存在显著差异(P<0.05),其中樟子松和天然植被样地土壤有机碳变异系数为弱变异,黄芪和苜蓿样地为中等变异。
表 1 不同植被类型下不同土层土壤有机碳
Table 1. Soil organic carbon contents in different soil layers under different vegetation types
植被 不同土层有机碳/(g·kg−1) 变异系数 0~20 cm 20~40 cm 0~20 cm 20~40 cm 樟子松 7.93±0.38 Ab 4.70±0.37 Bb 0.05 0.08 黄芪 4.89±0.46 Ac 2.75±0.63 Bc 0.09 0.23 苜蓿 3.71±0.58 Ad 2.12±0.44 Bd 0.16 0.21 天然植被 9.72±0.34 Aa 6.76±0.30 Ba 0.03 0.04 说明:数据为平均值±标准差。不同大写字母表示相同植被不同土层间差异显著(P<0.05),不同小写字母表示同一土层不同植被间 差异显著(P<0.05) -
在0~20 cm土层中,4种植被类型的土壤有机碳储量均有显著差异(P<0.05,图2)。土壤有机碳储量从大到小顺序为天然植被地(30.62 t·hm−2)、樟子松地(23.77 t·hm−2)、黄芪地(15.11 t·hm−2)、苜蓿地(12.15 t·hm−2)。20~40 cm土层4种植被类型的碳储量与表土层的规律一致。天然植被样地有机碳储量(21.81 t·hm−2)显著高于其他3种样地(P<0.05),其中黄芪样地和苜蓿样地碳储量差异不显著。同时,在0~40 cm土层内,有机碳储量表现出随土壤深度加深而下降的趋势,表土层显著高于底土层(P<0.05)。
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分析植被类型和土壤深度的交互作用发现(表2):植被类型和土壤深度对土壤容重、土壤有机碳质量分数以及土壤碳储量有极显著的影响(P<0.01),植被类型对pH有极显著影响(P<0.01)。两者之间的交互作用显著影响土壤有机碳质量分数(P<0.05)。
表 2 植被类型、土壤深度、土壤理化性质和有机碳储量的双因素方差分析
Table 2. Two-way ANOVAs on the effects of vegetation types and soil depeth on soil phsico-chemical properties and organic carbon storage
因素 F 含水量 电导率 容重 pH 有机碳质量分数 有机碳储量 植被类型 0.81 0.54 11.20*** 6.94** 161.87*** 111.17*** 土壤深度 0.58 1.20 26.34*** 1.31 182.33*** 101.16*** 植被类型×土壤深度 0.39 1.63 0.80 1.84 3.53* 1.18 说明:*表示P<0.05,**表示P<0.01,***表示P<0.001 不同植被类型土壤有机碳质量分数和储量与土壤理化性质的相关性见表3。可以看出:土壤有机碳质量分数与土壤pH呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),与容重呈显著负相关(P<0.05),与含水量和电导率均呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。有机碳储量与pH也呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),还与电导率呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。
表 3 土壤有机碳质量分数、有机碳储量与土壤主要理化性质的相关性
Table 3. Correlation between organic carbon storage and major soil physical and chemical properties
组分 容重 含水量 pH 电导率 有机碳质量分数 −0.37* 0.24* −0.57** 0.28* 有机碳储量 −0.22 0.19 −0.58** 0.25* 说明:* 表示P<0.05,** 表示P<0.01
Distribution characteristics of soil organic carbon storage in photovoltaic power station under different vegetation restoration modes
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摘要:
目的 探究光伏电站环境内不同植被恢复措施下0~40 cm土壤有机碳质量分数和储量的变化特征,为干旱区光伏电站生态治理模式优化配置提供理论依据。 方法 在光伏电站内选取3种人工建植植被样地:樟子松 Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica、黄芪Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus、苜蓿Medicago sativa,以未受电站建设干扰的天然植被样地作为对照。 结果 重新建植植被后,樟子松、黄芪和苜蓿样地的土壤有机碳质量分数和储量仍然显著低于对照(P<0.05),但在这3种植被中,樟子松样地的土壤有机碳质量分数相对于另外2种样地显著增加了4.99和6.80 g·kg−1,而有机碳储量则显著提高了14.52和19.37 t·hm−2 (P<0.05)。研究区土壤有机碳质量分数和储量整体上随土壤深度增加而显著降低(P<0.05)。植被类型和土壤深度及其交互作用显著影响研究区的土壤有机碳质量分数。此外,土壤pH和电导率也是影响土壤有机碳质量分数和储量的重要指标。 结论 随着电站内环境治理工作的推进,相比于草本植被,光伏电站内可以通过人工种植樟子松来提高土壤固碳作用,并尽量减少后期的人为干扰。图2表3参39 Abstract:Objective This study aims to explore the change characteristics of soil organic carbon mass fraction and storage at 0−40 cm under different vegetation restoration measures in the environment of photovoltaic power station, so as to provide theoretical basis for the optimal allocation of ecological management mode of photovoltaic power station in arid area. Method Three artificial vegetation plots(Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica, Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus, Medicago sativa) in the photovoltaic power station were selected as the research objects, and the natural vegetation plots undisturbed by power station construction were used as the control. Result After replanting, the soil organic carbon mass fraction and storage of P. sylvestris var. mongolica, A. membranaceus var. mongholicus and M. sativa were still significantly lower than those of the control (P<0.05). However, compared with the other two plots, the soil organic carbon mass fraction of P. sylvestris var. mongolica sample plot increased significantly by 4.99 and 6.80 g·kg−1, while the organic carbon storage increased significantly by 14.52 and 19.37 t·hm−2 (P<0.05). The mass fraction and storage of soil organic carbon in the study area decreased significantly with the increase of soil depth (P<0.05). Vegetation type, soil depth and their interaction significantly affected the organic carbon mass fraction in the study area. In addition, soil pH and electrical conductivity were also important indicators affecting the mass fraction and storage of organic carbon. Conclusion With the advancement of environmental governance in the power station, compared with herbages, P. sylvestris var. mongolicacan can be artificially planted in the photovoltaic power station to improve soil carbon sequestration and minimize human interference in the later stage, which is of great significance to improve regional ecological benefits. [Ch, 2 fig. 3 tab. 39 ref.] -
表 1 不同植被类型下不同土层土壤有机碳
Table 1. Soil organic carbon contents in different soil layers under different vegetation types
植被 不同土层有机碳/(g·kg−1) 变异系数 0~20 cm 20~40 cm 0~20 cm 20~40 cm 樟子松 7.93±0.38 Ab 4.70±0.37 Bb 0.05 0.08 黄芪 4.89±0.46 Ac 2.75±0.63 Bc 0.09 0.23 苜蓿 3.71±0.58 Ad 2.12±0.44 Bd 0.16 0.21 天然植被 9.72±0.34 Aa 6.76±0.30 Ba 0.03 0.04 说明:数据为平均值±标准差。不同大写字母表示相同植被不同土层间差异显著(P<0.05),不同小写字母表示同一土层不同植被间 差异显著(P<0.05) 表 2 植被类型、土壤深度、土壤理化性质和有机碳储量的双因素方差分析
Table 2. Two-way ANOVAs on the effects of vegetation types and soil depeth on soil phsico-chemical properties and organic carbon storage
因素 F 含水量 电导率 容重 pH 有机碳质量分数 有机碳储量 植被类型 0.81 0.54 11.20*** 6.94** 161.87*** 111.17*** 土壤深度 0.58 1.20 26.34*** 1.31 182.33*** 101.16*** 植被类型×土壤深度 0.39 1.63 0.80 1.84 3.53* 1.18 说明:*表示P<0.05,**表示P<0.01,***表示P<0.001 表 3 土壤有机碳质量分数、有机碳储量与土壤主要理化性质的相关性
Table 3. Correlation between organic carbon storage and major soil physical and chemical properties
组分 容重 含水量 pH 电导率 有机碳质量分数 −0.37* 0.24* −0.57** 0.28* 有机碳储量 −0.22 0.19 −0.58** 0.25* 说明:* 表示P<0.05,** 表示P<0.01 -
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