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FT(Flowering Locus T)基因是模式植物拟南芥Arabidopsis thaliana的重要开花调控因子之一,其编码蛋白质是可以长距离转运成花激素的主要成分,在花形成过程中起关键作用[1-2]。目前,已经在水稻Oryza sativa[3],小麦Triticum sestivum[4],葫芦Cucurbita moschata[5],番茄Lycopersicon esculentum[6],柑橘Poncirus trifoliate[7],苹果Malus × domestica[8],杨树Populus[1, 9-12]等中克隆出FT的同源基因,并对部分植物进行了遗传转化,转基因植物中FT类基因的过量表达均不同程度地引起了转基因植株的早期开花。水稻FT同源基因Hd3a在水稻中的过量表达,导致转化株具有不依赖于光周期的极早花表型[3]。多年三叶桔Poncirus trifoliata FT同源基因CiFT的组成型表达,促使幼龄期植株提早进入生殖阶段[7]。苹果FT同源基因MdFT1在苹果和杨树中的组成型、或在拟南芥韧皮筛管特异表达启动子SUC2作用下的特异表达,均可有效促进转化株的开花,开花促进作用甚至表现在组织培养阶段[8]。杨树中,Hsu等[9]在美洲黑杨Populus deltoides中克隆到了与其开花诱导或季节性生长等相关的基因 FT2,并将 FT2转入杨树幼树中,使它们 1 a内开花。Böhlenius等[1]将毛果杨P. trichocarpa的FT同源基因 FT1 转入杂种杨中,4周后农杆菌Agrobacterium浸染的茎段即出现花状结构,FT1表达量稍弱的植株6个月可以成花。Shen等[12]克隆了小叶杨Populus simonii的2个FT同源基因PsFT1和PsFT2,转基因杨树在40 d内即可开花。FT基因在木本植物中应用的关键是其诱导的花能够产生有育性的正常配子。上述研究结果均只显示了FT基因能够促进转基因植物提前开花,重点在开花过程中FT基因转录、表达活性及与其他基因的抑制/促进关系研究方面,而对于其诱导的花的发育及花器官的变异却很少涉及。我们曾对热激启动子(HSP)驱动的不同种类 FT 基因诱导的杨树花器官进行较为详细的报道[13],发现HSP 驱动的FT基因诱导的杨树花器官变异较大,有单性单朵花,两性单朵花,正常的柔荑花序,以及回复营养生长的花序等。那么,作为植物转基因中应用最为普遍的组成型启动子——CaMV35S启动子,其驱动的 FT 基因诱导的杨树花器官变异有多大,同HSP启动子相比较,变异程度如何,都值得进一步研究。
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试验总共获得无性系T89转基因阳性株系15个,其中在6个转基因株系中观察到了早期开花现象,开花株系占阳性株系的40.0%。获得无性系717转基因阳性株系11个,其中在5个转基因株系中观察到了早期开花现象,开花株系占阳性株系的45.5%。同我们之前在HSP::FT中的研究结果类似[11, 13],2种杨树同一开花转基因株系内,并不是所有单株都能诱导开花,开花率(开花株系内,开花个体占总个体数的百分率)最高的株系约为56.0%,最低的约为12.0%,这种现象在杨树开花基因转化研究中很常见,可能是由于FT基因插入杨树基因组的不同位点影响的结果,例如插入位点位于正向调节元件周围,或位于反向调节元件周围,会导致FT基因不同地表达强度和特异性。或者插入异染色质区,而非常染色质区域时,由于与周边序列碱基组成的差异,都可以引起基因沉默,从而失去表达的能力[17]。
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转基因植株顶端分生组织属性的转变及初始花结构的形成发生于试管培养阶段,试管培养2个月,株高为4~6 cm的植株就可开始初始花结构的发育(图 1a),说明转基因植株顶端分生组织属性的改变最早可发生于外植体与农杆菌Agrobacterium tumefaciens共培养之后至不定芽诱导出的2个月内。
图 1 35S::FT转基因杨树早期花发育及花器官变异
Figure 1. Flower development and variation of 35S::FT transgenic poplars
在该时段内,顶端分生组织由营养型向生殖型转变,变成花序型分生组织[18],花序型分生组织在发育过程中,一部分在叶腋部位产生花芽,一部分继续生长、伸长,在新的叶腋部位产生更多的花芽。花芽发育时,最开始从叶腋部位长出一细丝状类似于花梗的结构,随着培养时间延长,细丝结构会伸长,约2周后,长至3~5 mm时,其顶端会慢慢膨大,在随后的温室培养中会分化成花器官,形成单朵花(图 1b)。
花是极度压缩的枝条,杨树野生型花是由很多小花紧密着生在花轴上,形成一柔荑花序,各小花之间无节间。而转基因植株产生的这些单朵花更像着生在一花枝上面,每朵花基部有一叶片,2朵花之间的节间较长,约5 mm。这似乎暗示了35S::FT基因可能只决定了开花的时间,不能使顶端分生组织属性由营养型向生殖型彻底转变,一部分营养生长还在继续。当转基因植株产生4~6朵单朵花时,花序型分生组织营养生长才明显受到抑制,产生于顶端的8~10朵花簇生在一起,外观更像一花序,花与花之间的节间极度缩短,基部没有叶片,顶端成花,不再伸长生长(图 1c)。
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试验发现,开花的转基因株系继代后开花率大幅下降(表 1)。T89雄性无性系继代前6个开花株系的平均开花率为37.8%,继代1次后株系平均开花率就下降至16.0%,随着继代次数增加,开花率不断下降,继代5次后未发现开花植株。717雌性无性系继代前5个开花株系的平均开花率为10.3%,继代1次后下降至3.0%,继代2次后未见开花植株。同时,T89雄性转基因植株中会产生少量两性花(图 1e),两性花的比例会随着继代次数的增加而上升。继代前两性花比率为11.8%,继代1次为12.4%,继代4次后升至39.7%。在杨树其他开花基因转化中也曾发现转基因植株出现性别转化现象[19],目前还不清楚开花基因究竟如何引起两性花的发育,以及为何继代次数会增加两性花比例。
表 1 继代次数对转基因无性系开花率、两性花比率的影响
Table 1. Effects subculture on flowering frequency and bisexual
继代次数 T89(♂)开花率/% 717(♀)开花率/% T89(♂)两性花
比例0 37.8 10.3 11+8 1 16.0 3+0 12+4 2 9+2 0 - 3 3+6 0 - 4 0+8 0 39+7 5 0 0 - 说明:表中数据为11个开花株系的平均值, 每个株系约30~35个个体。"-" 表示未观察。 -
转基因植株在试管培养阶段只能形成初始花结构,不能完成花器官的分化。试管内开花的转基因植株,如不及时继代培养或移栽至温室培养,初级花结构会很快枯萎凋谢,不能继续发育。只有将试管培养完成花芽分化的材料移栽至温室培养,才能完成花器官的分化。我们将部分试管阶段形成初始花结构未凋谢、未继代的转基因植株,直接经炼苗移栽后转入温室培养,发现试管阶段诱导的初始花结构在移栽至温室后会继续发育,形成花器官,但发育不完全,具雌雄蕊、花盘结构,无成熟苞片结构,雄蕊不能成熟发育(图 1g)。雄株T89转基因株系会产生大量的雄花(图 1d)以及少量两性花(10%左右)(图 1e),雌株717转基因株系只产生雌花(图 1f)。不论哪种花,均为单朵花,而非野生型的柔荑花序(图 1j)。从试管培养阶段初始花结构形成至温室培养阶段花器官的分化需要约5周左右的时间。花器官均产生于初始花结构顶端膨大部位。对于雄花,花药从花盘中展露约需1周时间;每个花朵会产生3~5枚散生雄蕊,均由1个花丝连接在花盘上,花丝长约0.5 mm,花药长约0.1~0.3 mm (图 1d)。花药外形跟野生型区别不大,但不能成熟发育,未发现散粉现象。两性花的雄蕊和雄花的大小相当,也未见散粉现象,雌蕊很大,子房可达2 mm,纺锤形,没有明显的花柱(图 1e)。雌花子房比两性花子房大,约3~4 mm(图 1f)。因为一起开放的雄花未能散粉,又未进行人工授粉,所以,两性花及雌花的胚囊育性未知。
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温室培养阶段的开花植株,在随后1 a的继续培养中未能再次开花,即使植株高度达 1 m 以上的植株,也未二次开花。是否因为植株没有经过休眠造成这种现象呢?我们将在温室生长1 a的 35S::FT 转基因植株移栽至露天栽培,发现经过一个冬天的低温休眠处理,第1次开花的转基因植株也未能再次开花。
FT gene with a CaMV35S promoter to control early flowering of transgenic poplar
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摘要: 为了研究CaMV35S启动子驱动的FT基因对转基因杨树Populus早期开花的影响,利用Gateway技术构建了35S::FT基因表达载体,并对杨树进行了遗传转化,从转基因杨树花的发育、花器官变异等方面初步探讨了35S::FT促进杨树早期开花性能。结果表明:35S::FT转基因杨树分生组织属性的改变及初始花结构的形成发生于试管培养阶段;花开始发育后如不及时把开花植株继代培养或转至土壤温室培养,初始花结构会凋谢枯萎,不能继续发育。转基因植株花器官的分化与发育发生于温室培养阶段的3~5周内,能够分化出典型的花器官,但发育不完全,具雌雄蕊、花盘结构,无成熟苞片结构,雄蕊不能成熟发育。35S::FT诱导的花均为单朵花,而非野生型的柔荑花序;多数花属于单性花,但转基因雄性无性系中会出现两性花。转基因植株的开花率随着试管苗继代次数的增加而急剧下降,但两性花比例会上升。Abstract: To study the effects on the early flowering capacity of the FLOWERING LOCUS T(FT) gene in transgenic poplar driven by a Cauliflower Mosaic Virus 35S (CaMV35S) promoter, provide basic data for effective application of FT gene on forest trees, an FT gene vector driven by a CaMV35S promoter was constructed using Gateway technology, and then genetic transformation of hybrid poplar was performed with this vector. The early flowering capability of transgenic poplar induced by 35S::FT was discussed both from flower development and floral organ variation viewpoints. Results showed that transformation of the meristem attributive and initial floral structure of 35S::FT transgenic poplar happened in the tube culture stage. If the flowering plants were not sub-cultured in vitro or timely transplanted into soil to culture in a greenhouse, the initial floral structure withered or ceased development. Within 3-5 weeks of greenhouse culture the initial floral structure continued to develop and finished floral organ differentiation and development. The floral organ was incomplete typically with pistil/stamen and flower disc structures but no mature bract structures; stamens also failed to mature. Flowers induced by 35S::FT were single flowers rather than catkins as with wild-types. Most flowers were unisexual, but bisexual flowers appeared on male transgenic plants. Flowering frequency of transgenic plants declined sharply with the increase of subculture time, but the proportion of bisexual flowers on male transgenic plants rose. 35S promoter is not suitable in genetic transformation for the purpose of getting normal floral organ.
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Key words:
- forest tree breeding /
- 35S promoter /
- FT gene /
- poplar /
- early flowering
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表 1 继代次数对转基因无性系开花率、两性花比率的影响
Table 1. Effects subculture on flowering frequency and bisexual
继代次数 T89(♂)开花率/% 717(♀)开花率/% T89(♂)两性花
比例0 37.8 10.3 11+8 1 16.0 3+0 12+4 2 9+2 0 - 3 3+6 0 - 4 0+8 0 39+7 5 0 0 - 说明:表中数据为11个开花株系的平均值, 每个株系约30~35个个体。"-" 表示未观察。 -
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链接本文:
https://zlxb.zafu.edu.cn/article/doi/10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2014.03.012