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生物入侵是当代社会面临的最严峻的生态问题之一,给环境保护、生态系统功能维持及全球生物多样性造成巨大威胁[1]。外来入侵植物通过资源竞争、干扰等途径影响本土生物群落物种分布、生物多样性及群落稳定性,而诸多环境因子在生物入侵过程中起到重要作用[2-3]。自然界中,纬度包含了复杂的环境因素,如温度、光周期、生长季长度等[4],纬度梯度引起的水、热条件非均衡性导致入侵植物区系分布、入侵生物群落结构、入侵效应等特征发生显著变化[5-6]。吴晓雯等[7]发现,中国大陆低纬度地区入侵植物的组成以热带区系植物为主,而高纬度地区的入侵植物则以温带区系植物为主;RICHARDSON等[8]发现,在美国草原的低纬度区域,入侵杂草能够快速生长并抑制本土植物建群,而在高纬度地区,随着环境压力增大,入侵杂草反而可以作为先锋物种改善生境提高本土植物多样性。探讨纬度梯度对入侵物种群落特征的影响有助于深入理解外来生物入侵机理及预测其入侵态势。空心莲子草Alternanthera philoxeroides原产于南美洲,强大的克隆能力及水陆两生属性使它在全球大纬度梯度范围内(42°S~37°N)广为分布[9]。空心莲子草于20世纪30年代被引入中国,现已入侵南北方20余省,给当地生态环境和经济建设带来巨大危害[10]。林金成等[11]、郭连金等[12-13]、蔡一村等[14]、WU等[9]对不同区域空心莲子草群落特征、入侵-物种多样性关系进行了研究,但这些调查多集中在入侵态势旺盛的秋季;林金成等[10]虽然探讨了春季空心莲子草入侵对本土群落的影响,但其调查的纬度梯度较小(仅局限于南京市)。由于不同季节入侵植物的种群动态变化较大,导致入侵群落的物种组成、多样性等特征差异显著[15-16],因此,在春季(入侵初期)沿大尺度纬度变化的入侵植物空心莲子草的群落特征亟待研究。本研究基于纬度梯度(22°~30°N)的野外群落学调查,对春季空心莲子草群落物种多样性沿纬度变化、入侵对群落多样性及稳定性的影响以及群落物种沿纬度的分布特征进行了探讨,以期为空心莲子草入侵防治及本土生物多样性保护提供科学依据。
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纬度与入侵样地的空心莲子草盖度回归拟合结果表明:两者之间具有显著的线性关系,y=0.071x-1.172(y为纬度,x为盖度,R2=0.466,P=0.005),即在22°~30°N范围内,随着纬度上升,春季空心莲子草入侵态势呈明显的上升趋势。
对纬度分别与入侵区、对照区样地的4个物种多样性指数进行回归拟合,结果如图 1所示。由拟合结果可知,纬度并未对2种群落的Patrick丰富度指数产生显著影响(对照区P=0.084,入侵区P=0.872);随着纬度上升,对照区的Simpson多样性指数(P=0.041),Shannon多样性指数(P=0.020),Pielou均匀度指数(P=0.010) 均呈直线上升;而随着纬度梯度上升,入侵区的Simpson多样性指数(P=0.012)、Shannon多样性指数(P=0.020),Pielou均匀度指数(P=0.024) 均呈直线下降趋势。即在22°~30°N范围内,纬度上升削弱了空心莲子草入侵区群落多样性,提高了对照区群落多样性,2种群落的多样性水平沿纬度梯度呈现出相反的变化格局。
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分别对入侵区和对照区的4个α物种多样性指数进行独立样本t检验,比较两者之间物种多样性的差异。由图 2可知:对照区群落的Patrick丰富度指数(t=7.019,P<0.001),Simpson多样性指数(t=7.429,P<0.001),Shannon多样性指数(t=7.811,P<0.001),Pielou均匀度指数(t=3.897,P=0.001) 均显著高于空心莲子草入侵区的多样性指数,即对于群落整体而言,春季空心莲子草入侵会严重降低本土物种多样性水平。
图 2 春季对照区和入侵区样地物种多样性比较
Figure 2. Comparison of species diversity between control and invasive communities in spring
对入侵区、对照区样地的群落稳定性进行分析,结果如图 3所示。对照区群落稳定性坐标点为(37.556,62.444),偏离理想稳定点(20,80) 的欧式距离为24.828;入侵区群落稳定性坐标点为(38.030, 61.970),偏离Godron理想稳定点坐标值(20,80) 的欧式距离为25.498。相对于对照区,空心莲子草入侵区的群落稳定性略微有所下降(下降了0.670欧式距离),但降幅较小,即春季空心莲子草入侵并未对本土群落稳定性产生较大破坏。
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对入侵区各样地中的空心莲子草入侵盖度与4个α多样性指数进行回归拟合,结果表明(图 4):入侵盖度与群落Patrick丰富度指数之间无显著关系(P=0.531),而与Simpson多样性指数(R2=0.854,P<0.001),Shannon多样性指数(R2=0.658,P=0.002),Pielou均匀度指数(R2=0.828,P<0.001) 之间具有显著的二项式回归拟合关系。随着空心莲子草入侵态势的增加,入侵区群落多样性及均匀度呈先上升后下降的单峰变化模式。即小规模的空心莲子草入侵可以提高群落多样性及均匀度水平,但当空心莲子草的入侵程度超过一定阈值,则显著削弱群落多样性。各多样性指数所对应的空心莲子草入侵盖度阈值也不相同,分别为Simpson多样性指数(入侵盖度38%),Shannon多样性指数(入侵盖度41%)和Pielou均匀度指数(入侵盖度25%),其中Pielou指数对空心莲子草入侵盖度的耐受性最低,表明在空心莲子草大量爆发的区域,最先遭受入侵威胁的是群落均匀度。
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15个入侵区样地共记录植物45种,15个对照区样地共记录植物125种,2种群落的主要植物物种如表 1所示。入侵区样地总盖度前20名的植物分属于10科19属,其中禾本科Poaceae 9属9种,菊科Asteraceae 2属2种,蓼科Polygonaceae 1属2种;苋科Amaranthaceae,浮萍科Lemnaceae,桑科Moraceae,大戟科Euphorbiaceae,牻牛儿苗科Geraniaceae,野牡丹科Melastomataceae和酢浆草科Oxalidaceae均为1属1种。空心莲子草的优势度最高(总盖度为10.265),其他主要伴生植物为结缕草Paspalum distichum(总盖度为0.649),李氏禾Leersia hexandra(总盖度为0.593) 和双穗雀稗Paspalum paspaloide(总盖度为0.568)。对照区样地中,总盖度前20名的植物分属于11科18属,其中菊科5属6种,禾本科4属4种,莎草科Cyperaceae 1属2种;桑科,酢浆草科,蓼科,豆科Leguminosae,十字花科Brassicaceae,泽泻科Alismataceae,旋花科Convolvulaceae和牻牛儿苗科均为1属1种。结缕草P. distichum(总盖度为1.376),鹅观草Roegneria kamoji(总盖度为0.883),葎草Humulus japonicus(总盖度为0.652),酢浆草Oxalis corniculata(总盖度为0.633),苦苣菜Sonchus oleraceus(总盖度为0.597),双穗雀稗P. paspaloide(总盖度为0.572),艾蒿Artemisia argyi(总盖度为0.571) 和水蓼Polygonum hydropiper(总盖度为0.529) 的优势度较高,为对照群落的主要组成物种。
表 1 春季对照区和空心莲子草入侵区群落的主要植物物种
Table 1. The main plant species of control and invasive Alternanthera philoxeroides community in spring
编号 对照区主要植物 编号 入侵区主要植物 植物 总盖度 植物 总盖度 1 结缕草Zoysia japonica 1.376 1 空心莲子草Alternanthera philoxeroides 10.265 2 鹅观草Roegneria kamoji 0.883 2 结缕草Zoysia japonica 0.649 3 專草Humulus scandens 0.652 3 李氏禾Leersiahexandra swartz 0.593 4 酢浆草Oxalis cornicwlata 0.634 4 双穗雀稗Paspalumpas paloides 0.568 5 苦宦菜Sonchus oleraceus 0.597 5 四叶萍Marsilea quadrifolia 0.522 6 双穗雀稗Paspalum paspaloides 0.572 6 赛草Humulus scandens 0.317 7 艾蒿Artemisia argyi 0.571 7 铁觅菜Acalypha australis 0.199 8 水蓼Polygonum hydropiper 0.529 8 鹅观草Roegneria kamoji 0.194 9 车轴草Trifolium repens 0.42 9 荩草Arthraxon hispidus 0.183 10 碎米莽Cardamine hirsuta 0.406 10 狗牙根Cynodon dactylon 0.155 11 苏门白酒草Conyza sumatrensis 0.373 11 莠竹Microstegium nodosum 0.121 12 慈菇Sagittaria trifolia 0.371 12 鬼针草Bidens pilosa 0.114 13 节节麦Aegilops tauschii 0.342 13 酸模叶蓼Polygonum lapathifolium 0.094 14 香附子Cyperus rotundus 0.328 14 龙爪茅Dactyloctenium aegyptium 0.091 15 牵牛PharHitis nil 0.263 15 水蓼Polygonum hydropiper 0.09 16 苣契菜Sonchus brachyotus 0.259 16 艾嵩Artemisia argyi 0.08 17 鬼针草Bidens pilosa 0.253 17 老鹤草Geranium carolinianum 0.075 18 豚草Ambrosia artemisiifolia 0.242 18 地稔Melastoma dodecandrum 0.07 19 老鹤草Geranium carolinianum 0.241 19 酔楽草Oxalis corniculafa 0.068 20 莎草Cyperus microiria 0.223 20 虫几子草Leptochloa panicea 0.06 以各样地所在地理位置的实测纬度数值建立环境因子矩阵(15 × 1),以对照样地125种植物和入侵样地45种植物的相对盖度分别建立2个物种因子矩阵(15 × 125,15 × 45),利用Canoco 4.5软件对物种分布沿纬度梯度进行典范对应分析,排序结果如图 5所示。在对照区群落中,125种植物的分布沿纬度梯度呈界限明显的3个区域:其中,Ⅰ,Ⅱ区为低纬区,Ⅲ区为中高纬区。Ⅰ区的优势植物为鹅观草(2),双穗雀稗(6),Ⅱ区的优势植物主要是结缕草(1),Ⅲ区包含的植物物种最多,即沿着纬度上升的方向,对照群落物种多样性呈现一定的上升趋势。在入侵区群落中,45种植物也沿着纬度梯度形成界限明显的3个分布区,但Ⅰ区距离Ⅱ区和Ⅲ区较远,表明Ⅰ区中的双穗雀稗(4),荩草(9) 和酢浆草(19) 与其他分布区植物的资源生态位差异较大。空心莲子草位于Ⅲ区中靠近CCA排序图的中心位置,表明该入侵种的适应性强,具有较为宽广的生态幅。Ⅲ区中的物种数目最多,表明在春季有较多的植物与空心莲子草具有相似的生态习性并能与之伴生共存。
Variation characteristics of an invasive Alternanthera philoxeroides community along latitudinal gradients in spring
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摘要: 纬度和季节是影响生物入侵的重要环境因子。以往对入侵植物空心莲子草Alternanthera philoxeroides的研究多集中于秋季入侵旺盛期,较少关注其春季的入侵表现(入侵态势、生物入侵-物种多样性关系等)。在中国22°~30° N范围内(广东、广西、湖南、湖北),共设置15个入侵样地与15个对照样地,探讨了春季陆生空心莲子草入侵群落沿纬度的变化特征及入侵对群落多样性(α物种多样性指数)、稳定性(Godron坐标值)的影响。结果表明:① 春季空心莲子草入侵态势随纬度上升而加剧;入侵群落的Simpson多样性指数、Shannon多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数与纬度显著负相关(P < 0.05),而对照群落的这3个多样性指数与纬度显著正相关(P < 0.05),2种群落的Patrick丰富度指数与纬度均无显著相关性。② 在群落整体水平上,空心莲子草入侵造成本土群落的4个多样性指数显著下降,但小规模入侵(入侵盖度 < 25%)可以提高群落多样性;群落多样性指数随空心莲子草盖度的增加呈现出先上升后下降的单峰变化趋势;入侵样地和对照样地的Godron坐标值相接近,表明春季空心莲子草入侵并未对群落稳定性产生较大影响。③ 入侵区共记录植物45种,空心莲子草优势度最高;对照区共记录植物125种,优势种为结缕草Zoysia japonica,鹅观草Roegneria kamoji和葎草Humulus scandens;春季2种群落的植物在典型对应分析(CCA)排序图中沿纬度各自形成界限明显的3个分布区,入侵群落中物种分布的斑块化程度更高;空心莲子草靠近排序图的中心位置,表明它拥有较为宽广的纬度适应性。这些研究结果有助于预测外来入侵植物的群落动态,同时也有利于制定有效的入侵防治措施以保护本土生物多样性。Abstract: Latitude and season are the crucial environmental factors that affect biological invasions, such as Alternanthera philoxeroides, a malignant invasive weed native to South America and now widely found in several provinces of China. To explore variation characteristics of an A. philoxeroides community along latitudinal gradients and also to test its invasive effect on native plant diversity (α diversity indices) and community stability (Godron coordinate values) in spring, a latitudinal field survey was conducted in April with 15 invasive and 15 control plots selected in the 22°-30° N (spanning Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, and Hubei Provinces) terrestrial habitats of South China. Analysis included the ordination method of canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) based on species and environmental matrixes, as well as the curve regression between A. philoxeroides cover and α diversity indices (the Simpson, Shannon, Pielou, and Patrick indices). Results showed that: 1) species cover of Alternanthera philoxeroides increased with increasing latitude from 22°-30° N of China with the Simpson, Shannon, and Pielou indices all significantly and negatively correlated (P=0.012, r=-0.629; P=0.020, r=-0.591; P=0.024, r=-0.579, respectively) to latitude in the invasive community but significantly and positively correlated (P=0.041, r=0.533; P=0.020, r=0.591; P=0.010, r=0.641, respectively) in the control community. The Patrick index had no significant correlation with latitude. 2) Invasion decreased species diversity at the whole community level (t=7.811, P < 0.001). However, a slight invasion (A. philoxeroides cover < 25%) improved diversity, and with invasion cover increasing, species diversity indices were unimodal. In spring the Godron values between invasive and control communities were similar. 3) Invasive plots recorded 45 plant species; whereas, control plots recorded 125 plant species. Plant species of these two community types formed three separate distribution areas in the CCA two-dimensional diagrams with the invasive community having a higher distribution density. A. philoxeroides was near to the central position indicating it had a wider latitudinal adaptability. These findings would be helpful for predicting dynamics of an invasive plant community and also very important for biological invasion control and native biodiversity protection.
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表 1 春季对照区和空心莲子草入侵区群落的主要植物物种
Table 1. The main plant species of control and invasive Alternanthera philoxeroides community in spring
编号 对照区主要植物 编号 入侵区主要植物 植物 总盖度 植物 总盖度 1 结缕草Zoysia japonica 1.376 1 空心莲子草Alternanthera philoxeroides 10.265 2 鹅观草Roegneria kamoji 0.883 2 结缕草Zoysia japonica 0.649 3 專草Humulus scandens 0.652 3 李氏禾Leersiahexandra swartz 0.593 4 酢浆草Oxalis cornicwlata 0.634 4 双穗雀稗Paspalumpas paloides 0.568 5 苦宦菜Sonchus oleraceus 0.597 5 四叶萍Marsilea quadrifolia 0.522 6 双穗雀稗Paspalum paspaloides 0.572 6 赛草Humulus scandens 0.317 7 艾蒿Artemisia argyi 0.571 7 铁觅菜Acalypha australis 0.199 8 水蓼Polygonum hydropiper 0.529 8 鹅观草Roegneria kamoji 0.194 9 车轴草Trifolium repens 0.42 9 荩草Arthraxon hispidus 0.183 10 碎米莽Cardamine hirsuta 0.406 10 狗牙根Cynodon dactylon 0.155 11 苏门白酒草Conyza sumatrensis 0.373 11 莠竹Microstegium nodosum 0.121 12 慈菇Sagittaria trifolia 0.371 12 鬼针草Bidens pilosa 0.114 13 节节麦Aegilops tauschii 0.342 13 酸模叶蓼Polygonum lapathifolium 0.094 14 香附子Cyperus rotundus 0.328 14 龙爪茅Dactyloctenium aegyptium 0.091 15 牵牛PharHitis nil 0.263 15 水蓼Polygonum hydropiper 0.09 16 苣契菜Sonchus brachyotus 0.259 16 艾嵩Artemisia argyi 0.08 17 鬼针草Bidens pilosa 0.253 17 老鹤草Geranium carolinianum 0.075 18 豚草Ambrosia artemisiifolia 0.242 18 地稔Melastoma dodecandrum 0.07 19 老鹤草Geranium carolinianum 0.241 19 酔楽草Oxalis corniculafa 0.068 20 莎草Cyperus microiria 0.223 20 虫几子草Leptochloa panicea 0.06 -
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