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在气候变暖的背景下,高温和干旱等灾害天气出现更为频繁。温度和水分作为全球气候变化的两大重要表征,是影响植物生长和分布的最重要的非生物因素[1]。两者独立或交互作用,都会对植物生长发育产生极大影响[2]。活性氧(ROS)如过氧化氢(H2O2),超氧阴离子(O2·-),羟自由基(·OH)和单线态氧(1O2)等,是植物中氧化还原级联的有氧代谢产物,如果不能被及时清除,将产生很强的氧化性,导致细胞脂质过氧化,对细胞的蛋白质、核酸和脂质等生物大分子产生永久性伤害,进而引起细胞死亡[3]。此外,随着ROS的积累,生物膜不饱和脂肪酸分解产生的丙二醛(MDA)[4],一方面加剧细胞质膜过氧化程度,导致膜系统损伤,使细胞受到伤害[5];另一方面植物细胞产量显著减少,最终引起机体衰老[6]。植物处于逆境下并不是被动承受伤害,而是主动调节适应。植物在进化过程中形成了相应的酶促保护系统[如超氧化物歧化酶(SOD),过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)等],能有效清除ROS,提高植物耐受能力[7]。RAMÍREZ等[8]研究发现,拟南芥Arabidopsis thaliana通过维持体内非酶系统[抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽(AsA-GSH)循环]快速有效运转,减轻逆境胁迫下植物的活性氧伤害,使植物更好地适应环境。学者对单一逆境胁迫条件下植物抗氧化防御系统的研究已有报道,并被认为是一个能够反映植物抗性大小的普遍标记[2, 9],但是高温干旱复合胁迫对抗氧化防御系统的研究较为少见。毛竹Phyllostachys edulis在中国分布极广,具有重要的社会、经济和生态价值[10]。目前,针对毛竹抗逆性的研究主要集中在光合作用[11]、生长形态[12]和单一逆境下的抗氧化酶活性[13]等方面。本研究以毛竹为研究对象,通过设置高温与干旱胁迫不同水平的处理,分析高温和干旱叠加条件下毛竹体内ROS的产生情况,探讨抗氧化酶系统和非酶系统抵御氧化胁迫的变化规律,揭示高温和干旱双重胁迫下毛竹生理生化响应机制及其抗高温和干旱的能力,为毛竹林培育提供理论依据。
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随干旱胁迫程度的增加毛竹叶片中的O2·-,过氧化氢和MDA质量摩尔浓度逐渐上升(表 1),其中在轻度干旱胁迫条件下,O2·-和MDA质量摩尔浓度分别比对照高39.9%和68.8%(P<0.01);中度干旱胁迫时,O2·-,MDA和过氧化氢质量摩尔浓度分别比对照高74.4%,94.5%和38.8%(P<0.01)。在高温胁迫条件下,O2·-,过氧化氢和MDA质量摩尔浓度分别比对照高44.2%,21.9%和140.9%(P<0.01)。在协同胁迫下,三者质量摩尔浓度进一步增加,在轻度干旱和高温协同胁迫下,O2·-,过氧化氢和MDA质量摩尔浓度分别比对照高67.6%,28.8%和170.5%(P<0.01)。
表 1 干旱和高温胁迫对毛竹活性氧(ROS)和丙二醛(MDA)的影响
Table 1. Effects of high temperature and drought stress on ROS and MDA contents in Phyllostachys edulis
T/℃ 项目 处理 超氧阴离子O2·-/[D(540)·min-1·g-1] 过氧化氢/(μmol·g-1) MDA/(μmol·g-1) 25 对照 7.5 ± 0.3 D 36.5 ± 2.8 B 9.6 ± 2.6 C 轻度干旱 10.5 ± 0.5 C 42.4 ± 5.5 B 16.1 ± 1.6 B 中度干旱 13.1 ± 0.3 B 50.7 ± 5.2 A 18.6 ± 1.1 AB 重度干旱 14.7 ± 0.1 A 50.7 ± 5.2 A 20.6 ± 0.4 A 平方和 组间(df1=3) 118.0 861.1 276.1 组内 1.2 463.0 31.2 40 对照 10.8 ± 0.1 d 44.5 ± 1.6 c 23.0 ±1.3 bc 轻度干旱 12.6 ± 0.4 c 47.0 ± 3.5 c 25.8 ±3.0 b 中度干旱 14.6 ± 0.3 b 53.1 ± 2.9 b 29.0 ±1.0 ab 重度干旱 15.4 ± 0.1 a 57.6 ± 2.7 a 31.8 ± 0.5 a 平方和 组间(df1=3) 51.2 626.8 174.5 组内 0.8 150.9 36.6 P(Fm) * ** ns P(Fs) ** * ** P(Fs×Fm) ns ns ns 说明:同列不同大写字母表示25 ℃时不同处理类型间差异显著, 同列不同小写字母表示40 ℃时不同处理类型间差异显著。Fs表示不同温度间的差异;Fm表示不同处理类型的影响;Fs×Fm表示植物组织应对高温干旱胁迫的不同响应;*表示P<0.05;**表示P<0.01;ns表示差异不显著 -
随干旱胁迫程度的增加,毛竹叶片的SOD,POD和CAT活性均逐渐增加(图 1)。中度干旱胁迫下,SOD和POD活性分别比对照高1.7倍和1.7倍(P<0.01);轻度干旱胁迫下,CAT活性比对照高1.9倍(P<0.05)。在高温胁迫条件下,SOD,POD和CAT活性分别比对照高0.8倍、0.6倍和1.6倍,三者活性与其对照的差异均极显著(P<0.01)。协同胁迫使SOD和POD活性呈先增加后降低,且均在中度干旱水平的协同胁迫下达到峰值,分别比对照高2.9倍和3.2倍(P<0.01);CAT活性呈逐渐增加趋势,在中度干旱和高温协同胁迫下与对照的差异极显著(P<0.01)。
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随干旱胁迫程度的增加,毛竹叶片的AsA和二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)质量摩尔浓度均呈逐渐上升趋势(图 2),在中度干旱时AsA质量摩尔浓度比对照高49.5%(P<0.01);在轻度干旱时DHA质量摩尔浓度比对照高30.6%(P<0.01);ρAsA/ρDHA呈先下降后上升,在轻度干旱时达到最小值,比对照降低13.9%(P>0.05)。在高温条件下,AsA质量摩尔浓度和ρAsA/ρDHA分别比对照高55.6%和34.1%(P<0.01);DHA质量摩尔浓度比对照高15.6%(P<0.05)。协同胁迫下,三者变化均不大:其中AsA质量摩尔浓度呈先增加后降低,在中度干旱和高温的协同胁迫时达最大值,比对照高72.9%(P<0.01),随后降低;DHA质量摩尔浓度总体变化不大,轻度干旱和高温协同胁迫时,比对照高22.3%(P<0.05),其他变化不显著;ρAsA/ρDHA变化不大,在轻度干旱和高温协同胁迫时达最大值,比对照高37.3%(P<0.01)。
图 2 不同处理毛竹叶片抗坏血酸的变化
Figure 2. Changes in the content of ascorbic acid in Phyllostachys edulis under different treatments
在干旱胁迫条件下,毛竹叶片的还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)质量摩尔浓度变化与对照差异不显著(P>0.05)(图 3);氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSG)质量摩尔浓度呈下降趋势,中度干旱胁迫时其质量摩尔浓度比对照降低30.6%(P<0.01);ρGSH/ρGSSG呈上升趋势,中度干旱比对照高55.3%(P<0.01)。在高温胁迫及协同胁迫下,三者的变化与对照比较均不显著(P>0.05)。
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随干旱胁迫程度的增加,毛竹叶片的APX酶活性先逐渐增加后变化缓慢(图 4),在中度干旱胁迫下达到最大值,比对照高1.8倍(P<0.01);GR和MDHAR活性均呈上升趋势,轻度干旱胁迫时其活性分别比对照高0.7倍和0.9倍(P<0.01);DHAR活性先增加后降低,中度干旱胁迫时达到最大值,比对照高2.3倍(P<0.01)。高温胁迫时,APX活性比对照高0.3倍(P<0.05);而GR,MDHAR和DHAR活性分别比对照高0.9倍、1.1倍和0.6倍(P<0.01)。在高温的基础上,随着干旱胁迫程度的加深,四者活性均呈先增加后降低,APX和GR活性增加缓慢,MDHAR和DHAR活性增加迅速,中度干旱和高温协同胁迫时均达到最大值,分别比对照高1.2倍、1.9倍、3.9倍和1.9倍(P<0.01),随后降低。
Responses of anti-oxidant enzymes and the ascorbate-glutathione cycle to heat, drought, and synergistic stress in Phyllostachys edulis seedlings
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摘要: 为了探讨毛竹Phyllostachys edulis对高温干旱及协同胁迫的响应,采用人工模拟干旱(对照、轻度、中度和重度干旱),高温(对照25℃和高温40℃)及协同胁迫处理毛竹3年生盆栽苗,分别测定叶片活性氧(ROS),丙二醛(MDA),抗坏血酸(AsA)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)质量摩尔浓度,同时测定抗氧化防御酶和抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽(AsA-GSH)循环酶活性的变化。结果表明:干旱胁迫下,毛竹叶片超氧阴离子(O2·-)和过氧化氢(H2O2)质量摩尔浓度显著增加(P < 0.05),抗氧化酶活性及ρGSH/ρGSSG(GSSG为氧化型谷胱甘肽)比值均随干旱处理程度的增加而升高,其中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD),过氧化物酶(POD)活性和ρGSH/ρGSSG在中度干旱胁迫时较对照分别增加了1.7倍、1.7倍和0.6倍(P < 0.01)。高温胁迫下,MDA较对照增加1.4倍(P < 0.01);SOD,POD,过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和ρAsA/ρDHA(DHA为二十二碳六烯酸)均极显著升高(P < 0.01)。协同胁迫下,ROS进一步增加,膜脂过氧化程度增强,同时CAT活性的稳定性最强,活性随协同胁迫程度的增加稳步增加,ρAsA/ρDHA降低,而ρGSH/ρGSSG值变化不大,GSH循环对抵抗协同胁迫比AsA循环表现出更强的耐性。在高温干旱及协同胁迫下,毛竹幼苗可以通过调节抗氧化酶系统和非酶系统AsA-GSH循环协同作用来清除氧化物质,提高抗旱胁迫能力。Abstract: To study the physiological responses of 3-year-old Phyllostachys edulis seedlings to drought stress, heat stress, and synergistic stress, a pot experiment was conducted. Changes of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), ascorbic acid, and glutathione concentration, as well as changes in enzyme activity of anti-oxidative enzymes and ascorbate-glutathione (AsA-GSH) cycle in the leaves of Ph. edulis were determined using an artificial simulation method by a spectrophotometer with different levels of drought stress (control check(70.0%-80.0% of field water-holding capacity), light stress(60.0%-70.0% FC), medium stress(40.0%-50.0% FC), and heavy stress(20.0%-30.0% FC)), heat stress (25℃ and 40℃), and synergistic stress. Results showed that the contents of superoxide anion (O2·-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in leaves of Ph. edulis increased (P < 0.05) compared to ck with drought stress. Anti-oxidant enzyme activities and the ρGSH/ρGSSG ratio increased (P < 0.05) compared to ck with an increase in the degree of drought stress. With moderate drought stress, compared to ck, highly significant differences (P < 0.01) were found for activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) (1.7 times higher), peroxidase (POD) (1.7 times higher), and the ratio of ρGSH/ρGSSG (0.6 times higher). Compared to ck, MDA increases (1.4 times) were highly significant (P < 0.01), and increases in the activity of SOD, POD, and catalase (CAT), along with the ratio ρAsA/ρDHA were highly significant (P < 0.01) with heat stress. After synergistic stress, compared to ck, ROS increased (P < 0.01), and the degree of membrane lipid peroxidation was enhanced (P < 0.01); meanwhile, the stability of CAT activity was strongest (P < 0.01) increasing steadily compared to ck with an increase in synergism. Also, the ρAsA/ρDHA ratio showed a downward trend; whereas, the ρGSH/ρGSSG ratio was not significant. Thus, the GSH cycle showed stronger resistance to synergistic stress than the AsA cycle suggesting that Ph. edulis seedlings could protect themselves effectively from oxidative damage with a degree of heat, drought, and synergistic stress.
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图 4 不同处理毛竹叶片AsA-GSH循环系统酶活性变化
数据为平均值±标准误(n=5)。根据Tukey检验(P<0.05),同列不同大写字母表示25℃时不同处理类型间差异显著,同列不同小写字母表示40 ℃时不同处理类型间差异显著。Fs表示不同温度间的差异;Fm表示不同处理类型的影响,Fs×Fm表示植物组织应对高温干旱胁迫的不同响应。*表示P<0.05, **表示P<0.01,ns表示差异不显著
Figure 4 Changes of enzyme activities in AsA-GSH cycle system in Phyllostachys edulis under different treatments
表 1 干旱和高温胁迫对毛竹活性氧(ROS)和丙二醛(MDA)的影响
Table 1. Effects of high temperature and drought stress on ROS and MDA contents in Phyllostachys edulis
T/℃ 项目 处理 超氧阴离子O2·-/[D(540)·min-1·g-1] 过氧化氢/(μmol·g-1) MDA/(μmol·g-1) 25 对照 7.5 ± 0.3 D 36.5 ± 2.8 B 9.6 ± 2.6 C 轻度干旱 10.5 ± 0.5 C 42.4 ± 5.5 B 16.1 ± 1.6 B 中度干旱 13.1 ± 0.3 B 50.7 ± 5.2 A 18.6 ± 1.1 AB 重度干旱 14.7 ± 0.1 A 50.7 ± 5.2 A 20.6 ± 0.4 A 平方和 组间(df1=3) 118.0 861.1 276.1 组内 1.2 463.0 31.2 40 对照 10.8 ± 0.1 d 44.5 ± 1.6 c 23.0 ±1.3 bc 轻度干旱 12.6 ± 0.4 c 47.0 ± 3.5 c 25.8 ±3.0 b 中度干旱 14.6 ± 0.3 b 53.1 ± 2.9 b 29.0 ±1.0 ab 重度干旱 15.4 ± 0.1 a 57.6 ± 2.7 a 31.8 ± 0.5 a 平方和 组间(df1=3) 51.2 626.8 174.5 组内 0.8 150.9 36.6 P(Fm) * ** ns P(Fs) ** * ** P(Fs×Fm) ns ns ns 说明:同列不同大写字母表示25 ℃时不同处理类型间差异显著, 同列不同小写字母表示40 ℃时不同处理类型间差异显著。Fs表示不同温度间的差异;Fm表示不同处理类型的影响;Fs×Fm表示植物组织应对高温干旱胁迫的不同响应;*表示P<0.05;**表示P<0.01;ns表示差异不显著 -
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