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碳水化合物是自然界分布最广的物质之一,在植物生命活动中可以构成碳骨架、提供能量、作为运输物质、进行渗透调节和充当信号物质[1]。目前,在很多植物生长过程中碳水化合物的变化已有一定研究。对杂草稻Oryza sativa f. spontanea中胚轴伸长过程的研究发现,发芽后3 d杂草稻可溶性糖迅速增加,发芽后6 d变化趋缓[2];马铃薯Solanum tuberosum萌芽过程中还原糖下降[3];葡萄糖和果糖随甜高粱Sorghum bicolor ‘Moench’茎秆节间提高呈两端高中间低的变化规律,蔗糖无明显变化[4]。夜间拟南芥Arabidopsis thaliana植株淀粉逐渐降低;发现拟南芥植株生长过程中的淀粉降解受到生物钟调控[5]。毛竹Phyllostachys edulis是浙江地区重要的经济竹种,在建筑、造纸、手工艺品、食品等领域有广泛应用。竹具有其独特的生长方式即“爆发式生长”,又称快速生长[6]。前人已从组织结构[7]、光合作用[8]、酶活性[9]、内源激素[10]、蛋白组学[11]、microRNA表达[12]和基因[13]等方面对毛竹快速生长的机制进行了研究和探讨。碳水化合物能为毛竹笋竹快速生长提供结构材料和能量,人们对毛竹中的碳水化合物已有一定探索[14],也有观察表明夜间毛竹笋竹的生长量更大[15],但毛竹笋竹快速生长过程中碳水化合物的变化却鲜见研究。本研究以浙江省临安市的毛竹为对象,从笋竹体内碳水化合物代谢入手,研究夜间笋竹快速生长过程中葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖、淀粉和纤维素的变化,探究毛竹笋竹快速生长中碳水化合物代谢的生理过程,为研究毛竹快速生长提供理论依据。
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快速生长的毛竹笋竹淀粉质量分数的变化见图 1。黄昏时(0 h)竹蔸淀粉质量分数为17.75 mg·g-1,分别比笋竹下部、中部和上部高18.8%,58.6%和61.5%(P<0.05)。8 h后,笋竹竹蔸、下部、中部与上部淀粉质量分数分别比0 h下降了28.7%,47.4%,45.4%与38.5%(P<0.05)。此时,竹蔸淀粉质量分数比笋竹下部、中部及上部高60.9%,107.1%及87.2%(P<0.05)。
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如图 2,黄昏时竹蔸蔗糖质量分数为19.99 mg·g-1,比笋竹下部低10.4%(P<0.05),与中部相比无显著差异,比上部高出46.4%(P<0.05)。4 h后笋竹竹蔸、下部和中部蔗糖质量分数与黄昏时相比,分别降低了25.2%,35.4%和15.3%,上部不变;黄昏后8 h,中部蔗糖比黄昏后4 h时显著(P<0.05)下降25.5%,其他部位不变。8 h,各相邻部位之间蔗糖质量分数均无显著差异。
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黄昏0 h,竹蔸中的葡萄糖为18.37 mg·g-1,比笋竹下部低7.2%(P<0.05),与中部无显著差异,比上部高44.8%(P<0.05)。8 h后,笋竹竹蔸、下部和中部葡萄糖质量分数分别下降39.2%,30.8%和54.3%,上部增加22.6%(P<0.05)。这时,竹蔸葡萄糖比笋竹下部和上部分别高出18.5%和28.2%(P<0.05),比中部低28.4%(P<0.05)(图 3)。
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图 4显示了快速生长的毛竹笋竹果糖含量的变化。黄昏时候,竹蔸果糖为21.01 mg·g-1,比下部高39.2%(P<0.05);笋竹下部、中部与上部果糖均无显著差异。8 h后,竹蔸、笋竹下部和中部果糖分别降低21.4%,24.5%和26.6%(P<0.05),上部不变。此时,竹蔸果糖与上部无显著差异,分别比笋竹下部和中部分别高出44.9%和64.4%(P<0.05)。
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图 5中,黄昏时竹蔸纤维素为11.13 mg·g-1,分别是笋竹下部、中部与上部的2.2,4.5与5.8倍(P<0.05)。4 h后笋竹下部纤维素质量分数增加25.5%(P<0.05),黄昏后4 h到8 h变化不显著;黄昏过去8 h后,竹蔸、笋竹的中部和上部纤维素质量分数均无明显变化。黄昏过去8 h后,竹蔸纤维素质量分数分别为下、中和上部的1.6,4.0和5.0倍(P<0.05)。
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笋竹竹蔸碳水化合物之间的相关性见表 1。淀粉质量分数与蔗糖、葡萄糖和果糖之间均存在显著正相关;蔗糖与葡萄糖和与果糖之间,存在显著正相关;葡萄糖与果糖间存在显著正相关;纤维素质量分数与淀粉、蔗糖、葡萄糖和果糖之间均不存在显著相关性。
表 1 笋竹竹蔸碳水化合物质量分数的相关性
Table 1. Correlation of bamboo shoot carbohydrate content in bamboo stump
淀粉 蔗糖 葡萄糖 果糖 纤维素 淀粉 1 0.550* 0.765** 0.469* -0.338 蔗糖 1 0.789** 0.854** -0.131 葡萄糖 1 0.623** -0.314 果糖 1 0.065 纤维素 1 *表示在0.05水平(双侧)上显著相关;**表示在0.01水平(双侧)上显著相关。 -
笋竹下部淀粉与蔗糖、葡萄糖和果糖之间,蔗糖与葡萄糖和果糖,以及葡萄糖与果糖之间均存在显著正相关。纤维素质量分数与淀粉、蔗糖、葡萄糖和果糖之间均存在显著负相关(表 2)。
表 2 笋竹下部碳水化合物质量分数的相关性
Table 2. Correlation of bamboo shoot carbohydrate content in the lower
淀粉 蔗糖 葡萄糖 果糖 纤维素 淀粉 1 0971** 0949** 0.811** -0.604** 蔗糖 1 0.910** 0790** -0.614** 葡萄糖 1 0.805** -0.592** 果糖 1 -0.491* 纤维素 1 *表示在0.05水平(双侧)上显著相关;**表示在0.01水平(双侧)上显著相关。 -
笋竹中部碳水化合物质量分数的相关性见表 3。淀粉与蔗糖、葡萄糖和果糖之间,蔗糖与葡萄糖和果糖之间,已及葡萄糖与果糖之间均存在显著正相关;纤维素质量分数与淀粉、蔗糖、葡萄糖和果糖之间均不存在显著相关性。
表 3 笋竹中部碳水化合物质量分数的相关性
Table 3. Correlation of bamboo shoot carbohydrate content in the middle
淀粉 蔗糖 葡萄糖 果糖 纤维素 淀粉 1 0.916** 0.898** 0.802** -0.466 蔗糖 1 0.888** 0.617** -0.451 葡萄糖 1 0.514* -0.425 果糖 1 -0.171 纤维素 1 *表示在0.05水平(双侧)上显著相关;**表示在0.01水平(双侧)上显著相关。 -
淀粉与葡萄糖和果糖质量分数之间存在显著负相关;蔗糖与葡萄糖和果糖之间不存在显著相关;葡萄糖和果糖之间存在显著正相关;纤维素与淀粉质量分数之间存在显著负相关,与葡萄糖质量分数之间存在显著正相关(表 4)。
表 4 笋竹上部碳水化合物质量分数的相关性
Table 4. Correlation of bamboo shoot carbohydrate content in the upper
淀粉 蔗糖 葡萄糖 果糖 纤维素 淀粉 1 0.291 0.893** 0.633** -0.614** 蔗糖 1 0.212 0.381 -0.143 葡萄糖 1 0.590* -0.574* 果糖 1 -0.026 纤维素 1 *表示在0.05水平(双侧)上显著相关;**表示在0.01水平(双侧)上显著相关。
Spatial and temporal change of carbohydrates during rapid growth processes of Phyllostachys edulis
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摘要: 为了探讨毛竹Phyllostachys edulis快速生长过程碳水化合物的变化,采用试剂盒和3,5-二硝基水杨酸比色法,分别测定黄昏(0 h),黄昏后4 h和8 h等3个时间的毛竹笋竹上部、中部、下部和竹蔸中蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖、淀粉和纤维素质量分数。结果表明:毛竹快速生长过程中不同部位碳水化合物质量分数存在差异,并随时间有不同程度的变化。黄昏开始经过8 h后,各部位淀粉质量分数均显著下降,竹兜和笋竹中部分别下降了28.7%和61.5%;竹蔸的蔗糖、葡萄糖和果糖分别下降29.4%,39.2%和21.4%;笋竹中部蔗糖、葡萄糖和果糖分别下降36.9%,54.3%和26.6%;4 h后笋竹下部纤维素质量分数增加25.5%。竹蔸、下部和中部中淀粉质量分数与蔗糖、葡萄糖和果糖之间均存在显著正相关,上部淀粉与葡萄糖和果糖质量分数之间存在显著负相关;下部纤维素质量分数与淀粉、蔗糖、葡萄糖和果糖之间均存在显著负相关。黄昏后笋竹下部纤维素沉积较多,中部伸长生长快,消耗可溶性糖较多;笋竹上部伸长生长较慢,对碳水化合物的需求量小;竹蔸作为储藏淀粉的重要部位,为笋竹快速生长提供大量的碳水化合物。Abstract: To discuss the change of carbohydrates of Phyllostachys edulis in the process of rapid growth, kits and 3, 5-dinitrosalicylic acid colorimetry were used to measure the contents of starch, sucrose, glucose, fructose and cellulose in the bamboo stump, the lower, middle and upper of Ph. edulis bamboo shoot at dusk (0 h), 4 h and 8 h after dusk, respectively. Results showed that the carbohydrates mass fractions among different parts in Ph. edulis in the progress of rapid growth existed differences and had different degree of change over time. The starch mass fractions, decreased significantly in all the parts of bamboo stump 8 h after dusk, dropped by 28.7% and 61.5% in the bamboo stump and the middle, respectively; the mass fractions of sucrose, glucose and fructose in the bamboo stump dropped by 29.4%, 39.2% and 21.4%, respectively; in the middle of bamboo shoot, sucrose, glucose and fructose mass fractions dropped by 36.9%, 54.3% and 26.6%; 4 h after dusk cellulose mass fraction in the lower of bamboo stump increased by 25.5%. There were significant positive correlations in mass fractions between the starch with any of sucrose, glucose or fructose in the bamboo stump, the lower and middle of Ph. edulis bamboo shoot, and there were significant negative correlations in mass fractions between starch with any of glucose or fructose in the upper. There were significant negative correlations in mass fractions between cellulose with any of starch, sucrose, glucose or fructose in the lower. After dark, cellulose in the lower of bamboo shoots had more deposition than the other parts, the elongation in the middle was fast, and it consumed more soluble sugar. The upper growth was slowly, and consumed little soluble sugar. Bamboo stump as an important part reserving starch, provided plenty of carbohydrates for rapid growth of bamboo shoots.
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Key words:
- plant physiology /
- Phyllostachys edulis /
- carbohydrates /
- rapid growth /
- spatial and temporal disparities /
- correlation
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表 1 笋竹竹蔸碳水化合物质量分数的相关性
Table 1. Correlation of bamboo shoot carbohydrate content in bamboo stump
淀粉 蔗糖 葡萄糖 果糖 纤维素 淀粉 1 0.550* 0.765** 0.469* -0.338 蔗糖 1 0.789** 0.854** -0.131 葡萄糖 1 0.623** -0.314 果糖 1 0.065 纤维素 1 *表示在0.05水平(双侧)上显著相关;**表示在0.01水平(双侧)上显著相关。 表 2 笋竹下部碳水化合物质量分数的相关性
Table 2. Correlation of bamboo shoot carbohydrate content in the lower
淀粉 蔗糖 葡萄糖 果糖 纤维素 淀粉 1 0971** 0949** 0.811** -0.604** 蔗糖 1 0.910** 0790** -0.614** 葡萄糖 1 0.805** -0.592** 果糖 1 -0.491* 纤维素 1 *表示在0.05水平(双侧)上显著相关;**表示在0.01水平(双侧)上显著相关。 表 3 笋竹中部碳水化合物质量分数的相关性
Table 3. Correlation of bamboo shoot carbohydrate content in the middle
淀粉 蔗糖 葡萄糖 果糖 纤维素 淀粉 1 0.916** 0.898** 0.802** -0.466 蔗糖 1 0.888** 0.617** -0.451 葡萄糖 1 0.514* -0.425 果糖 1 -0.171 纤维素 1 *表示在0.05水平(双侧)上显著相关;**表示在0.01水平(双侧)上显著相关。 表 4 笋竹上部碳水化合物质量分数的相关性
Table 4. Correlation of bamboo shoot carbohydrate content in the upper
淀粉 蔗糖 葡萄糖 果糖 纤维素 淀粉 1 0.291 0.893** 0.633** -0.614** 蔗糖 1 0.212 0.381 -0.143 葡萄糖 1 0.590* -0.574* 果糖 1 -0.026 纤维素 1 *表示在0.05水平(双侧)上显著相关;**表示在0.01水平(双侧)上显著相关。 -
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https://zlxb.zafu.edu.cn/article/doi/10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2017.02.009