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乙烯响应因子(ERF)是AP2/ERF(apetala2/ethylene response factor)大家族中的1个亚族,最早从烟草Nicotiana tabacum中分离发现,都含有1个AP2结构域。ERF受乙烯诱导表达,并且具有与生物胁迫抗性基因启动子结合的能力[1]。随着研究深入,ERF结构中各类基序的作用被广泛关注,其中AP2结构域作为DNA结合域更是受到深入研究。在各类植物生长代谢与非生物胁迫响应等方面,ERF也受到农林研究者的重视。除乙烯外,其他信号分子及表达调控机制也影响着ERF的行使功能。本研究以ERF的结构特征、生物学功能以及有关的调控机制为主题,对近年有关ERF的研究进行综述,以期为ERF表达调控和功能研究提供思路。
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ERF的生物学功能涉及范围非常广,胁迫和生长发育都有它的参与。ERF的功能主要由直接调控目标基因实现,也有一些是通过调控其他转录因子实现(表1)。
表 1 ERF的功能
Table 1. Function of ERF
植物 ERFs 目的基因及调控方式 目的基因说明 效果 拟南芥 ERF4 CAT3 过氧化氢酶,ROS清除酶系统之一 根据ERF4形态不同,调控的效果不同[13] 拟南芥 ERF96 上调PDF1.2a、PR-3/4和ORA59 生物胁迫抵御基因,ORA59为转录
因子增强植物对病原体抗性[17] 拟南芥 ERF74 上调RbohD 呼吸暴发氧化酶,增加活性氧的产量 启动胁迫初期活性氧暴发,增强信号传导[18] 拟南芥 Ⅸb组ERF 上调CYP81F2 杀菌剂吲哚类硫苷合成关键酶 增加吲哚类硫苷合成,减少植物间真菌传播[19] 拟南芥 WRI4 上调LACS1、KCR1、PAS2、ECR和WSD 参与表皮蜡质合成 增加蜡质合成,保护植物受逆境伤害[20] 拟南芥 RAP2.2和RAP2.12 上调LBD41和PCO1 低氧响应蛋白质 受低氧胁迫诱导,保持低氧应答基因在低氧环境下的稳定[21] 拟南芥 AtERF72 下调IRT1、HA2和上调CLH1 IRT1、HA2铁吸收,CLH1叶绿素降解 受缺铁环境诱导,起到负调控效果[22] 苹果 MdERF2 上调MdACS3a 果实成熟过程中乙烯合成关键酶基因 进一步促进乙烯生成[23] 苹果 MdERF4 下调MdERF3 转录因子,响应盐胁迫并提高盐胁迫抗性 削弱植物对盐胁迫抗性[24] 水稻 OsERF71 上调OsXIP 抑制微生物来源的木聚糖酶 增强植物抗性[25] 芜菁 BrERF72 上调BrLOX4、BrAOC3和BrOPR3 参与茉莉酸合成 加速叶片衰老[26] 番茄 JRE4 上调DWF5和GAME4 甾醇还原酶和配糖生物碱代谢相关 促进糖苷生物碱的合成[27] 番茄 ERF68 上调COPA、Sw-5a、AOS和
下调CAB参与细胞程序性死亡 促进细胞程序性死亡,防止病原体扩散[28] 月季 RhERF1和RhERF4 下调RhBGLA1 β-半乳糖苷酶,加速花瓣脱落 防止花瓣脱落[29] 罂粟 PsAP2 上调AOX1a 抗氧化酶之一 增强植株的ROS清除能力[30] 碧冬茄 PhERF2 上调ADH1-2 乙醇脱氢酶 提高植物对水淹抗性[31] 山葡萄 VaERF092 上调VaWRKY33 转录因子,调控胁迫相关基因 增强植物对低温的抗性[32] 小果野蕉 MaERF10 下调MaLOX7/8、MaAOC3和MaOPR4 参与茉莉酸合成 抑制茉莉酸信号,增强冷害[33] 小果野蕉 MaDEAR1 下调MaEXP1/3、MaPG1、MaXTH10、MaPL3和MaPME3 修饰细胞壁,与果实软化有关的基因 防止果实过早软化[34] 甜橙 CitERF13 上调CitPPH和CitNYC 参与叶绿素降解 加速果实褪绿[35] 甜橙和椪柑 CitERF6 上调CitPPH 参与叶绿素降解 加速果实褪绿[35] 桃子 PpeERF2 下调PpeNCED2/3和PpePG1 ABA合成与细胞壁降解 防止果实过快软化[36] 番木瓜 CpERF9 下调CpPME1/2和CpPG5 细胞壁降解 防止果实过早软化[37] 枇杷 EjERF39 Ej4CL1 木质素合成基因 促进果实木质化[38] 说明:苹果Malus domestica、芜菁Brassica rapa、月季Rosa chinensis、罂粟Papaver somniferum、碧冬茄Petunia×hybrida、山葡萄 Vitis amurensis、小果野蕉Musa acuminata、甜橙Citrus sinensis、椪柑Citrus reticulata、桃Amygdalus persica、番木瓜Carica papaya、枇杷Eriobotrya japonica -
ERF在植物受到胁迫时通过调控胁迫响应的相关基因以应对各种胁迫。生物胁迫中,ERF抵御真菌病原体最直接的方式是上调有关防卫基因,如拟南芥中ERF96上调PDF和PR这类病理相关基因[17];拟南芥中Ⅸb组ERF可以上调CYP81F2促进杀菌剂吲哚类硫苷合成[19]。还有通过促进程序性死亡以防止病原体的扩散,如番茄Solanum lycopersicum中ERF68可以上调有关细胞程序性死亡的基因促进细胞死亡[28]。非生物胁迫下ERF通过调控各种非生物胁迫抗性相关基因表达,提高植物抗逆性。碧冬茄中PhERF2在植株受水淹的情况下上调ADH1-2乙醇脱氢酶的表达,提高植株对水淹的抗性[31]。枇杷的EjERF39受低温诱导,上调木质素合成基因Ej4CL1,促进果实木质化,减轻冷害[38]。ERF可以通过调控转录因子来增强植物抗性,例如山葡萄中VaERF092受低温胁迫诱导并通过增强VaWRKY33表达,从而间接增强植株对低温的抗性[32]。ERF还可以通过调控渗透调节物质以增强植物的抗性,例如小豆Vigna angularis中VaERF3在盐碱胁迫中及水稻OsERF71在干旱胁迫中都可以诱导脯氨酸的积累,分别提高相应的胁迫抗性[39-40]。
ERF可能在逆境条件下负调控植物抗性,这会加剧植物所受的伤害。ERF可以通过直接抑制相关抗性基因的表达降低植物的抗性。拟南芥AtERF72会受缺铁环境诱导并抑制参与铁吸收的IRT1和HA2的表达,进一步抑制铁吸收[22]。白桦Betula platyphylla中BpERF11受盐胁迫和干旱胁迫诱导表达,抑制LEA和脱水蛋白基因的表达,并加剧干旱胁迫导致的伤害[41]。ERF还能通过抑制相关转录因子的表达以起到间接负调控。苹果中MdERF4抑制具有盐胁迫抗性的MdERF3表达,从而削弱了植物对盐胁迫的抗性[24]。还有ERF通过抑制植物激素或信号分子以负调控胁迫的响应基因。小果野蕉中MaERF10受低温胁迫诱导,与TIFY蛋白MaJAZ3互作通过抑制茉莉酸合成基因的表达以抑制茉莉酸信号途径,从而使果实表现出明显的冷害[33]。CaDRAT1在辣椒Capsicum annuum受到干旱胁迫时,通过抑制脱落酸(abscisic acid,ABA)合成基因的表达从而抑制了依靠ABA信号的干旱响应基因的表达[42]。
ERF负调控胁迫下的植物抗性或许是为维持其他系统的稳定。番茄SlERF84可以增强干旱和盐胁迫抗性,但会削弱生物胁迫抗性,原因可能是SlERF84通过增强活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)清除能力以减缓细胞死亡,从而削弱植物对病原体的抗性[43]。苹果中MdERF4对MdERF3的调控可能是盐胁迫下维持乙烯在植物体内稳态的反馈调节机制[24]。番薯Ipomoea batatas中IbERF4抑制非生物胁迫响应基因表达,这或许是因为IbERF4主要参与调控开花和叶片衰老而导致的[44]。
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果实成熟的标志包括褪绿和变软。ERF可以通过调控相关基因促进叶绿素的降解,比如甜橙和椪柑中CitERF6上调果实中参与叶绿素降解的CitPPH,从而促进果实褪绿[45];甜橙CitERF13可以直接上调CitPPH和CitNYC加速果实褪绿[35]。一般果实在成熟后会发生软化的现象,软化会影响果实的货架期寿命以及运输,ERF能通过调控相关基因调节软化的过程,比如桃子中PpeERF2通过抑制PpeNCED2、PpeNCED3(参与ABA合成)和PpePG1(参与细胞壁降解)的表达,以防止果实过早软化[36];同样还有番木瓜中CpERF9和小果野蕉MaDEAR1,都是通过抑制相关细胞壁降解的基因表达,防止果实过早软化[34, 37]。
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花或叶的衰老和脱落是植物的生理现象,但衰老和脱落并非为一种过程。衰老背后的本质是细胞的程序式死亡。以拟南芥为例,拟南芥WRKY53被视为叶片衰老的核心转录因子,ESP/ESR负调控WRKY53,AtERF4和AtERF8可以直接抑制ESP/ESR的表达从而间接加速叶的衰老[46]。拟南芥中过氧化氢(H2O2)正向增强WRKY53的表达,ERF4的2种亚型直接调控CAT3的表达以控制H2O2的量从而间接调控衰老进程[13]。ERF还可以通过调节其他信号分子及其信号转导来调节花或叶的衰老。芜菁中BrERF72由茉莉酮酸甲酯诱导并上调茉莉酸合成基因表达从而通过茉莉酸信号途径加速叶片衰老[26]。KHASKHELI等[47]在月季花中筛选出可以上调细胞分裂素含量的基因RhERF113,在沉默其表达后,花加速衰老,而在补充外源细胞分裂素后可以使衰老速度恢复到正常水平。脱落是另一种过程,脱落器官在基部的离区细胞受乙烯等激素信号的诱导完成脱落。在乙烯信号传导过程中有一类名为EDF(ethylene response DNA-binding factors)的蛋白质位于EIN3的下游[48],EDF在植物开花期间促进花的衰老和脱落。一种名为FUF1的ERF可抑制EDF的表达从而达到延长花期的效果[49]。此外,月季的β-半乳糖苷酶基因RhBGLA1会加速花瓣的脱落,而RhERF1和RhERF4可以抑制此基因的表达,防止花瓣脱落[29]。
A review of the structure, function and expression regulation of ethylene response factors (ERF) in plant
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摘要: 乙烯响应因子(ERF)是植物中AP2/ERF转录因子超家族中的一部分,其结构特征为含有1个AP2结构域,在AP2域外还含有功能各异的基序。ERF在胁迫下通常正向调控植物的抗性,但也会因为一些原因负调控植物的抗性。ERF通过调节果实的色素变化及软化等调控果实成熟过程,通过调控衰老和脱落进程以控制花叶的寿命。ERF受信号分子调控启动转录,之后受其他机制调控完成表达。ERF可以通过调控信号分子对下游基因进行大范围的调控。多种ERF与蛋白质之间互作的机制丰富了ERF调控下游基因的方式。本研究综述了ERF的结构特征、生物学功能及表达调控机制。图1表1参77Abstract: As part of the AP2/ERF superfamily, ethylene response factors (ERF) enjoys a structure featured with an AP2 domain and conserved motifs with different functions outside the AP2 domain. With previous reseaches, ERF positively regulates plant resistance under stress, but it can also negatively regulate plant resistance for certain reasons. ERF regulates fruit ripening by regulating the changes of pigment and softening and controls the longevity of flowers and leaves by regulating the process of senescence and abscission. ERF is regulated by signal molecules to start transcription, and then regulated by other mechanisms to complete the expression. ERF can achieve a wide-range regulation of the downstream genes by regulating signal molecules. The interaction between ERF and protein enriches the way in which ERF regulates downstream genes. And this study, based on what has been previously researched, is aimed to conduct a review of the structural characteristics, biological functions and expression regulation mechanism of ERF so as to provide a reference for future studies on ERF. [Ch, 1 fig. 1 tab. 77 ref.]
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表 1 ERF的功能
Table 1. Function of ERF
植物 ERFs 目的基因及调控方式 目的基因说明 效果 拟南芥 ERF4 CAT3 过氧化氢酶,ROS清除酶系统之一 根据ERF4形态不同,调控的效果不同[13] 拟南芥 ERF96 上调PDF1.2a、PR-3/4和ORA59 生物胁迫抵御基因,ORA59为转录
因子增强植物对病原体抗性[17] 拟南芥 ERF74 上调RbohD 呼吸暴发氧化酶,增加活性氧的产量 启动胁迫初期活性氧暴发,增强信号传导[18] 拟南芥 Ⅸb组ERF 上调CYP81F2 杀菌剂吲哚类硫苷合成关键酶 增加吲哚类硫苷合成,减少植物间真菌传播[19] 拟南芥 WRI4 上调LACS1、KCR1、PAS2、ECR和WSD 参与表皮蜡质合成 增加蜡质合成,保护植物受逆境伤害[20] 拟南芥 RAP2.2和RAP2.12 上调LBD41和PCO1 低氧响应蛋白质 受低氧胁迫诱导,保持低氧应答基因在低氧环境下的稳定[21] 拟南芥 AtERF72 下调IRT1、HA2和上调CLH1 IRT1、HA2铁吸收,CLH1叶绿素降解 受缺铁环境诱导,起到负调控效果[22] 苹果 MdERF2 上调MdACS3a 果实成熟过程中乙烯合成关键酶基因 进一步促进乙烯生成[23] 苹果 MdERF4 下调MdERF3 转录因子,响应盐胁迫并提高盐胁迫抗性 削弱植物对盐胁迫抗性[24] 水稻 OsERF71 上调OsXIP 抑制微生物来源的木聚糖酶 增强植物抗性[25] 芜菁 BrERF72 上调BrLOX4、BrAOC3和BrOPR3 参与茉莉酸合成 加速叶片衰老[26] 番茄 JRE4 上调DWF5和GAME4 甾醇还原酶和配糖生物碱代谢相关 促进糖苷生物碱的合成[27] 番茄 ERF68 上调COPA、Sw-5a、AOS和
下调CAB参与细胞程序性死亡 促进细胞程序性死亡,防止病原体扩散[28] 月季 RhERF1和RhERF4 下调RhBGLA1 β-半乳糖苷酶,加速花瓣脱落 防止花瓣脱落[29] 罂粟 PsAP2 上调AOX1a 抗氧化酶之一 增强植株的ROS清除能力[30] 碧冬茄 PhERF2 上调ADH1-2 乙醇脱氢酶 提高植物对水淹抗性[31] 山葡萄 VaERF092 上调VaWRKY33 转录因子,调控胁迫相关基因 增强植物对低温的抗性[32] 小果野蕉 MaERF10 下调MaLOX7/8、MaAOC3和MaOPR4 参与茉莉酸合成 抑制茉莉酸信号,增强冷害[33] 小果野蕉 MaDEAR1 下调MaEXP1/3、MaPG1、MaXTH10、MaPL3和MaPME3 修饰细胞壁,与果实软化有关的基因 防止果实过早软化[34] 甜橙 CitERF13 上调CitPPH和CitNYC 参与叶绿素降解 加速果实褪绿[35] 甜橙和椪柑 CitERF6 上调CitPPH 参与叶绿素降解 加速果实褪绿[35] 桃子 PpeERF2 下调PpeNCED2/3和PpePG1 ABA合成与细胞壁降解 防止果实过快软化[36] 番木瓜 CpERF9 下调CpPME1/2和CpPG5 细胞壁降解 防止果实过早软化[37] 枇杷 EjERF39 Ej4CL1 木质素合成基因 促进果实木质化[38] 说明:苹果Malus domestica、芜菁Brassica rapa、月季Rosa chinensis、罂粟Papaver somniferum、碧冬茄Petunia×hybrida、山葡萄 Vitis amurensis、小果野蕉Musa acuminata、甜橙Citrus sinensis、椪柑Citrus reticulata、桃Amygdalus persica、番木瓜Carica papaya、枇杷Eriobotrya japonica -
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