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系统发育(phylogeny)的雏形最早出自达尔文在《物种起源》中手绘的代表物种进化关系的“生命之树”。达尔文认为:地球上所有的生物都起源于一个共同的祖先,所有生命之间的谱系关系都可以通过生命之树的“枝条”进行展示,无论是现存的还是已经灭绝的生物,都可以在这棵树上找到属于自己的位置[1−2]。尽管生命形式多样化,但不同生命之间拥有共同的祖先和进化历史,因而存在着紧密或疏远的联系和渊源。开展进化生物学研究的重要前提之一就是要正确构建和理解不同生物类群之间的亲缘关系,这是界定和命名物种的依据,也是开展其他生物学学科研究的理论基础[3]。因此,如何通过建立科学可靠的系统发育树,从而将各生物类群之间的亲缘关系清晰形象地展示出来,不仅是系统发育研究的重点,也是解析生物类群起源扩散、性状演化和成种机制的前提,是生物学研究的重要内容[3]。
伴随着测序技术的发展和测序成本的降低,不同物种的全部基因序列,即基因组数据能够被获取和研究,使得基因组学(genomics)得到了快速的发展,也使得大规模的分子数据集能够被应用于系统发育学(phylogenetics)的研究领域,成为系统发育基因组学(phylogenomics)。对于大部分植物类群而言,除了2套半自主性遗传的细胞器基因组−叶绿体基因组(chloroplast DNA,cpDNA)与线粒体基因组(mitochondrial DNA,mtDNA)外,遗传信息庞大的核基因组(nuclear DNA,ncDNA)包含了大量的信息位点,因此,不同基因组数据集根据其自身特点能被整合应用于不同水平的植物类群系统发育学研究。本研究综述了基因组时代植物系统发育基因组学研究进展,对不同基因组数据特征及其在植物系统发育研究应用中的前景和局限进行了探讨,以期为研究植物系统发育关系提供参考。
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在核苷酸序列和蛋白序列等分子证据被大规模开发和应用之前,早期的系统发育研究都是建立在化石记录、物种形态学和生理学特征比较的基础上,如花部结构、果实类型、花粉性状、叶片形状及表皮解剖性状等,从而构建出物种进化历史的主要框架[4−5],但这种方法极大依赖于生物学家自身对物种的认识和对不同分类特征的把握,无法得到客观方法的有效验证,也很难获得统一的结论,不同学者之间的意见常有冲突。随着分子DNA证据的不断加入,系统发育研究能被程序化、可检验的分析方法所重建,极大提高了系统发育关系的稳定性。相对于形态性状,分子性状具有可遗传、容易确定同源性、系统发育信息丰富等优点,因此,根据分子数据所建立的系统发育关系更能真实地反映类群的进化历史[2]。分子数据用于系统发育研究同样经历了从利用1,5-二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶/加氧酶大亚基(ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large subunit,rbcL)或成熟酶K(maturase K,matK)等单个编码基因以及细胞核内转录间隔区(internal transcribed spacer,ITS)[6−7],到多基因或分子片段联合[8−9],再到整合利用大规模基因组数据[10−12],即系统发育基因组学的发展过程。由于利用单基因或联合少数基因所构建的系统发育树会受到信息位点不足、水平基因转移(horizontal gene transfer,HGT)、旁同源基因(paralog)以及基因进化速率异质性等因素的影响,缺乏高分辨率,因此全基因组数据成为更优选择,尤其是测序手段的发展和测序成本的降低使得越来越多的基因组资源被提供,系统发育研究也正式进入了基因组学的“黄金时代”。
系统发育基因组学是进化生物学领域中由系统发育学和基因组学交叉结合所形成的,研究个体间、群体间或物种间进化关系的学科,主要研究内容不仅包括在基因组水平上用大规模的分子数据研究生物之间的系统发育关系,也可以反过来利用进化关系研究基因组的进化机制[3]。系统发育基因组学以包含生物所有遗传信息的基因组为研究基础,利用不同类型的基因组(核基因组、线粒体基因组,以及植物中存在的叶绿体基因组)数据来构建系统发育树,以解析分类单元的系统发育关系,研究物种类群的进化历史(表1)。由于基因组能提供更多的分子性状,系统发育基因组学在解决疑难系统发育关系,如快速辐射类群的系统关系、孑遗类群的系统位置等应用广泛。
表 1 基于不同基因组数据集的植物系统发育相关研究
Table 1. Research on phylogenetics of plants based on various genome datasets
研究对象 数据集 参考文献 绿色植物 1 879种物种的完整或近完整cpDNA [13] 被子植物 2 881种物种的80个叶绿体基因编码序列 [14] 被子植物 开花植物目前所有科下2 024属4 660种物种的80条叶绿体基因编码序列 [10] 鸭跖草类 46种non-Poalean鸭跖草类物种的83个叶绿体基因编码序列 [15] 胡桃科Juglandaceae 17种物种的RAD-Seq、19种物种的完整cpDNA [16] 禾本科Poaceae 127种禾本科物种的完整cpDNA [17] 西番莲属Passiflora 49种物种的68个叶绿体基因编码序列 [18] 长冠菀属Diplostephium 74种长冠菀属物种的核核糖体顺反子序列、完整cpDNA、部分线粒体基因编码序列、
双酶切简化基因组(double digest-RAD,dd-RAD)[19] 被子植物 91种物种的38个线粒体基因编码序列 [20] 苔藓植物 60种物种的41个线粒体基因编码序列 [21] 被子植物 151种物种转录组筛选的1594个核基因编码序列 [22] 被子植物 119种物种转录组筛选的665个低拷贝核基因编码序列 [23] 禾本科基部类群 14种禾本科物种基因组筛选的480个低拷贝核基因编码序列 [24] 昆栏树目Trochodendrales 19种物种基因组筛选的214 个单拷贝核基因编码序列 [25] 十字花科Brassicaceae 32种物种转录组筛选的113个低拷贝核编码基因 [26] 蔷薇科Rosaceae 124种物种转录组筛选的882个低拷贝核编码基因序列 [27]
Advances in plant phylogeny in the genome era
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摘要: 系统发育研究是进化生物中的基本问题,也是其他众多生物学分支学科的基础问题,其核心在于研究不同生物类群间的亲缘关系与进化命运。利用分子数据研究生物之间的进化关系是系统发育研究的重要手段。随着测序技术的提升和测序成本的持续下降,系统发育研究由早期基于单基因或联合少数片段逐步发展到现阶段利用大规模基因组数据对个体、群体、物种以及更高水平的进化关系进行探讨。讨论了目前植物体内的3套基因组(叶绿体基因组、线粒体基因组与核基因组)在系统发育研究中的代表性成果,总结了植物不同基因组的特征及其在系统发育研究中的优势与局限,探讨了系统发育树构建的主要方法,并对未来研究进行了展望。目前,植物体内的3套基因组适用于不同阶元和类群的系统发育研究,不同基因组之间的遗传特性差异使其在系统发育研究中具备不同的优势和应用:① 叶绿体基因组结构相对简单,序列保守,不易重组,单亲遗传,是广泛应用于系统发育学和进化生物学等研究领域的理想分子数据资源;②植物线粒体基因组序列进化速率较慢,目前仅适用于早期植物和大尺度水平的系统发育研究;③核基因组为双亲遗传,可综合揭示双亲谱系及系统网状进化关系,在系统发育研究中具有巨大的应用潜力。不同建树方法适用于不同特征的数据集,在建树过程中应采用合理的方法避免长枝吸引和不完全谱系分选带来的影响。未来核基因组将成为系统发育研究的主流方向,其双亲遗传特性能够为物种形成过程中的杂交和基因组渗入等事件提供充分的见解。随着越来越多的类群系统位置被确定,物种形成和进化过程中的杂交、回交等双亲遗传,以及核质互作、多倍化、功能适应和趋同进化等问题将会成为系统发育研究的重点。表1参78Abstract: Phylogeny is a basic issue in evolutionary biology and an important topic in other branches of biology as well, which focuses on the genetic relationship and evolutionary fate among various taxa. Using molecular data to investigate the evolutionary relationship between organism is an important means of phylogenetic research. Along with the development of sequencing technology and its decreasing cost, phylogenetic research has gradually developed from the early stage based on single gene or combined minority fragments to the present stage using massive genome data to study the evolutionary relationship among individuals, populations, and species. In this paper, the representative achievements of three sets of genomes (chloroplast genome, mitochondrial genome, and nuclear genome) in plant phylogenetic research are discussed. The characteristics of different plant genomes and their advantages and limitations in phylogenetic studies are summarized. The main methods of phylogenetic tree construction are explored and the future research is prospected. At present, the three sets of genomes in plants are suitable for phylogenetic studies of different order elements and taxa. The differences in genetic characteristics between different genomes have different advantages and applications in phylogenetic studies: (1) Chloroplast genome is relatively simple in structure, conservative in sequence, difficult to recombine, and uniparentally inherited. It is an ideal molecular data resource widely used in the fields of phylogeny and evolutionary biology. (2) The evolutionary rate of plant mitochondrial genome sequence is relatively slow, so it is only suitable for early plant and large-scale phylogenetic research. (3) The nuclear genome is biparental inheritance, which can comprehensively reveal the parental lineage and phylogenetic network evolutionary relationship, and has great application potential in phylogenetic research. Different tree construction methods are suitable for datasets with different characteristics, and reasonable methods should be adopted in the process of tree construction to avoid the effects of long-branch attraction and incomplete lineage sorting. In the future, nuclear genome will become the mainstream of phylogenetic research, and its biparental genetic characteristics can provide sufficient insights into hybridization and genomic introgression during speciation. With more taxon phylogenetic positions determined, biparental inheritance such as hybridization, backcross, nucleocytoplasmic interaction, polyploidy, functional adaptation, and convergent evolution during speciation and evolution will become the focus of phylogenetic research. [Ch, 1 tab. 78 ref.]
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Key words:
- plant phylogeny /
- genome /
- coalescence /
- catenation /
- advances
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表 1 基于不同基因组数据集的植物系统发育相关研究
Table 1. Research on phylogenetics of plants based on various genome datasets
研究对象 数据集 参考文献 绿色植物 1 879种物种的完整或近完整cpDNA [13] 被子植物 2 881种物种的80个叶绿体基因编码序列 [14] 被子植物 开花植物目前所有科下2 024属4 660种物种的80条叶绿体基因编码序列 [10] 鸭跖草类 46种non-Poalean鸭跖草类物种的83个叶绿体基因编码序列 [15] 胡桃科Juglandaceae 17种物种的RAD-Seq、19种物种的完整cpDNA [16] 禾本科Poaceae 127种禾本科物种的完整cpDNA [17] 西番莲属Passiflora 49种物种的68个叶绿体基因编码序列 [18] 长冠菀属Diplostephium 74种长冠菀属物种的核核糖体顺反子序列、完整cpDNA、部分线粒体基因编码序列、
双酶切简化基因组(double digest-RAD,dd-RAD)[19] 被子植物 91种物种的38个线粒体基因编码序列 [20] 苔藓植物 60种物种的41个线粒体基因编码序列 [21] 被子植物 151种物种转录组筛选的1594个核基因编码序列 [22] 被子植物 119种物种转录组筛选的665个低拷贝核基因编码序列 [23] 禾本科基部类群 14种禾本科物种基因组筛选的480个低拷贝核基因编码序列 [24] 昆栏树目Trochodendrales 19种物种基因组筛选的214 个单拷贝核基因编码序列 [25] 十字花科Brassicaceae 32种物种转录组筛选的113个低拷贝核编码基因 [26] 蔷薇科Rosaceae 124种物种转录组筛选的882个低拷贝核编码基因序列 [27] -
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