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水体富营养化容易导致藻类暴发,不仅破坏水域景观生态,还会造成严重的生态失衡[1−2]。据《2021中国生态环境状况公报》显示:209个国控重点湖泊(水库)中,轻度富营养状态占23.0%,中度富营养状态占4.3%[3]。以太湖为例,2021年3—10月,卫星遥感监测到蓝藻水华现象96次,平均发生面积为117 km2 [4]。水华治理的方法主要有物理、化学和生物法,其中水生生物控藻技术因成本较低且环境友好的特点已成为当前研究的重点和热点[5−6]。水生植物化感作用利用植物所释放的次生代谢产物(化感物质)影响周围藻类生长代谢,从而达到抑藻的目的[7]。沉水植物整株浸没于水中,其根、茎、叶不仅能够吸收水中氮、磷等营养物质,而且可直接向水体中分泌化感物质抑制藻类等浮游生物的生长,在藻类水华治理中具有明显的优势[8−9]。但大部分沉水植物生长季节性较强,如伊乐藻Elodea nuttallii、菹草Potamogeton crispus不耐高温,穗花狐尾藻Myriophyllum spicatum、金鱼藻Ceratophyllum demersum和苦草Vallisneria natans不能越冬,因而不能稳定有效地发挥抑藻作用[10−12]。
圆叶节节菜Rotala rotundifolia为一种可挺水、浮水和沉水生长的水生植物,它的沉水态为多年生草本植物,温度适应范围广,为4~30 ℃;圆叶节节菜对氮、磷去除效果大于80%[13],在水生态系统恢复方面具有较强的应用潜力,但其抑藻性能和作用机制尚不明了。鉴于此,本研究采用超声辅助溶剂浸提圆叶节节菜化感活性物质,研究其对铜绿微囊藻Microcystis aeruginosa的抑制性能和量效关系,对比圆叶节节菜与6种常见沉水植物对铜绿微囊藻生长、光化学效率和抗氧化系统的化感作用,分析圆叶节节菜的抑藻效能和作用机制,以期为圆叶节节菜在藻类水华治理工程应用方面提供理论数据。
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由图1可见:3种提取物处理下,藻细胞的生长受到了不同程度的抑制,并表现出剂量效应。圆叶节节菜的水提取物对铜绿微囊藻有一定的抑制效果(图1A),各处理下抑制率均小于50%,且抑制率受处理时间的影响较小,抑制率的阈值为9.7%~41.8%。由图1B所示:第1天,乙醇提取物的抑制率均低于30%,且提取物低质量分数(0.25%)处理下抑制率为负;第3天提取物高质量分数(1.00%)处理对铜绿微囊藻的抑制效果显著(P<0.05),抑制率达67.5%,其他处理下抑制率均小于50%;第5天提取物质量分数为0.75%和1.00%的处理有显著抑制效果(P<0.05),抑制率分别为55.2%和89.6%。如图1C所示:石油醚提取物对铜绿微囊藻具有显著的抑制作用(P<0.05),第1天提取物1.00%质量分数处理组抑制率达70.5%,第3天各处理组均有完全抑藻效果,且差异不显著,第5天各处理组抑制率基本不变。由此可见,圆叶节节菜水、乙醇和石油醚3种提取物的化感抑藻效应强度不同,抑藻能力由强到弱依次为石油醚、乙醇、水。
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进一步研究低质量分数处理下石油醚提取物对铜绿微囊藻抑制率的剂量-效应关系(图2)。第1天,各质量分数处理下,铜绿微囊藻的生长响应差异显著(P<0.05),质量分数为0.10%和 0.20%的处理组,抑制率为负值。质量分数为0.80%的处理组抑制率较高(38.0%,P<0.05)。第3天,各处理组对铜绿微囊藻增殖均有一定的抑制效果,且处理组质量分数越高,抑制率越高,出现明显剂量依赖关系;第5天,各处理组的抑制率显著上升(P<0.05),质量分数为0.40%和0.80%的高剂量组,抑制率高达97.8%和99.2%。将石油醚提取物质量分数(0.05%、0.10%、0.20%、0.40%和0.80%)转化为提取物质量浓度(5、10、20、40、80 g·L−1),分别以各采样时间的提取物质量为横坐标,以抑制率为纵坐标,进行Logistic回归分析(表1),结果表明:圆叶节节菜石油醚提取物对铜绿微囊藻的半最大效应质量浓度随暴露时长的增加而降低,第3天和第5 天均具有显著的剂量-效应关系,发挥效应所需的剂量质量浓度分别为23.15和11.56 g·L−1。
图 2 不同时间下石油醚提取物对铜绿微囊藻抑制率的影响
Figure 2. Effect of petroleum ether extract concentration on inhibition rate of M. aeruginosa under different treatment times
表 1 圆叶节节菜石油醚提取物抑藻的半有效剂量质量浓度
Table 1. Half maximal effective concentration of petroleum ether extract for algae inhibition
t/d 拟合方程 决定系数(R2) EC50 /(g·L-1) 1 y=0.328 8x−0.467 9 0.208 4 87.54 3 y=0.784 5x−0.543 2 0.906 9 23.15* 5 y=0.689 7x−0.231 0 0.911 9 11.56* 说明:x表示提取物质量(取对数);y表示抑制率。*表示差异显著(P<0.05)。 -
本研究所采用的沉水植物提取物对铜绿微囊藻均有一定的抑制效果(图3)。第1天,相较于对照组,所有植物提取物处理对铜绿微囊藻的生长均有显著抑制作用(P<0.05),且圆叶节节草和穗花狐尾藻处理铜绿微囊藻Chl a显著低于其他处理(P<0.05),说明这2种沉水植物抑藻响应时效较快。随时间的增加,植物处理组Chl a均呈下降趋势,第5天,Chl a差异不显著,此时Chl a低于20 μg·L−1。而对照组不受胁迫,Chl a随时间增加而升高,第5天Chl a 高达1 013.89 μg·L−1。
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由图4可见:处理24 h,对照组Fv/Fm稳定在较高水平,植物处理组的Fv/Fm为0.02~0.06,为对照组的8.3%~13.9%,均显著低于对照组(P<0.05),但是处理组之间藻细胞的Fv/Fm差异不显著。由此可见,铜绿微囊藻的光系统PS Ⅱ对这几种沉水植物提取物的胁迫均较为敏感。
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从图5可见:圆叶节节菜和水盾草提取物处理组的胞内SOD活性分别是对照组的1.48和1.53倍,显著高于对照组和其他植物处理组(P<0.05)。穗花狐尾藻处理组的SOD活性显著低于对照组(P<0.05),而苦草、金鱼藻、伊乐藻和轮叶黑藻提取物处理后藻细胞SOD活性与对照组无显著差异。
Allelopathic and algal inhibition effects of submerged aquatic plant Rotala rotundifolia
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摘要:
目的 研究沉水态圆叶节节菜Rotala rotundifolia的化感抑藻效果及潜在抑藻机制,可为圆叶节节菜在藻类水华治理工程应用中提供理论基础。 方法 以铜绿微囊藻Microcystis aeruginosa为代表性藻种,采用超声辅助溶剂浸提方式,研究水、乙醇和石油醚3种溶剂提取物的抑藻性能,并从叶绿素a (Chl a)质量浓度、最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性等方面比较了圆叶节节菜与6种常见沉水植物的抑藻作用。 结果 圆叶节节菜3种溶剂提取物的抑藻能力从大到小依次为石油醚、乙醇、水,石油醚提取物对铜绿微囊藻有显著的抑制作用(P<0.05),抑制率最高可达99.9%;量效分析表明:圆叶节节菜石油醚提取物有低促高抑现象,半最大效应质量浓度(EC50)为11.56 g·L−1(第5天);与常见的沉水植物抑藻效果相比,圆叶节节菜和穗花狐尾藻Myriophyllum spicatum处理的Chl a质量浓度显著低于其他处理(P<0.05,第1天);所有植物处理的Fv/Fm均显著低于对照(P<0.05);圆叶节节菜和水盾草Cabomba caroliniana的SOD活性分别是对照的1.48和1.53倍,穗花狐尾藻的SOD活性显著下降(P<0.05),而苦草Vallisneria natans、金鱼藻Ceratophyllum demersum、伊乐藻Elodea nuttallii和轮叶黑藻Hydrilla verticillata处理与对照无显著差异。 结论 沉水态圆叶节节菜石油醚提取物具有较强的抑藻效应,表现为减少铜绿微囊藻细胞Chl a质量浓度、降低光化学效率及加剧氧化损伤等,在微囊藻水华防控方面具有较强的应用潜力。图5表1参35 Abstract:Objective This study aims to investigate the allelopathic and potential algal inhibition mechanism of submerged Rotala rotundifolia, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the application of R. rotundifolia in algal bloom control engineering. Method Taking Microcystis aeruginosa as the representative algal species, the algal inhibition ability of water, ethanol and petroleum ether extracts of the plant was investigated using ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction technique. The inhibition effects of R. rotundifolia and six common submerged plants on M. aeruginosa were compared from the perspectives of chlorophyll a (Chl a) content, maximum photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. Result The algae inhibition ability of the three solvent extracts of R. rotundifolia in descending order was petroleum ether, ethanol, and water. The petroleum ether extract exhibited a significant inhibitory effect on M. aeruginosa (P<0.05) with an inhibition rate up to 99.9%. Quantitative analysis showed that the petroleum ether extract of R. rotundifolia presented low concentration promotion and high concentration inhibition, with a minimum median effect concentration (EC50) of 11.56 g·L−1 (day 5). The contents of Chl a in R. rotundifolia and Myriophyllum spicatum treatments were significantly lower than those in other treatments (P<0.05, day 1). The Fv/Fm of all plant treatments were significantly lower than that of the control (P<0.05). The SOD activities of R. rotundifolia and Cabomba caroliniana were 1.48 and 1.53 times higher than those of the control, respectively, while the SOD activity of Myriophyllum spicatum decreased significantly (P<0.05). The treatments of Vallisneria natans, Ceratophyllum demersum, Elodea nuttallii, and Hydrilla verticillata showed no significant difference from the control. Conclusion The petroleum ether extract of R. rotundifolia has a strong inhibitory effect on algal. It can reduce the Chl a content in Microcystis aeruginosa cells, decrease photosynthetic efficiency, and intensify the oxidative damage. It has strong application potential in the prevention and control of Microcystis algal blooms. [Ch, 5 fig. 1 tab. 35 ref.] -
Key words:
- Rotala rotundifolia /
- submerged plant /
- Microcystis aeruginosa /
- plant extracts /
- algal inhibition
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表 1 圆叶节节菜石油醚提取物抑藻的半有效剂量质量浓度
Table 1. Half maximal effective concentration of petroleum ether extract for algae inhibition
t/d 拟合方程 决定系数(R2) EC50 /(g·L-1) 1 y=0.328 8x−0.467 9 0.208 4 87.54 3 y=0.784 5x−0.543 2 0.906 9 23.15* 5 y=0.689 7x−0.231 0 0.911 9 11.56* 说明:x表示提取物质量(取对数);y表示抑制率。*表示差异显著(P<0.05)。 -
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