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全球气候变化是人类目前面临的最为严峻的挑战,威胁着人类的生存和发展。自工业化时期以来,由于人口大幅增加和经济快速增长,造成了大量人为温室气体排放,成为全球气候变暖的主要诱因。世界气象组织(WMO)最新数据显示,2020年大气二氧化碳(CO2)质量分数高达410 mg·kg−1,比工业革命前增长60%。联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)第6次评估报告指出:从未来20 a的平均气温变化来看,全球升温预计将达1.5 ℃。目前,应对气候变化已成为全球共识,减少温室气体排放是缓解全球气候变暖的有效途径[1]。在此背景下,中国政府在2020年第75届联合国大会上向世界承诺,力争于2030年前实现CO2排放达到峰值,努力争取2060年前实现碳中和。碳达峰碳中和(“双碳”)是一场广泛而深刻的经济社会系统性变革,碳达峰碳中和目标纳入中国生态文明建设整体布局,上升为国家战略。种植业是实现碳达峰碳中和目标的重要领域之一。与其他行业不同,种植业既是重要的温室气体排放源,又有着巨大的固碳增汇潜力,推进种植业领域减排增汇将在实现碳达峰碳中和目标进程中发挥举足轻重的作用[2−3]。本研究针对种植业碳达峰碳中和目标的实现途径进行梳理总结,并提出进一步的见解,从而为种植业助力国家实现碳达峰碳中和目标提供理论支撑和科学建议。
Approaches and policy recommendations for reducing emissions and increasing carbon sinks in crop industry under the background of carbon peak and carbon neutrality
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摘要: 碳达峰碳中和(“双碳”)是一场广泛而深刻的系统性变革,需要各个行业领域的参与。与其他行业不同,种植业既是重要的温室气体排放源,又有巨大的固碳增汇潜力,推进种植业领域减排增汇是实现国家碳达峰碳中和不可或缺的一部分。梳理了种植业领域非二氧化碳温室气体[氧化亚氮(N2O)和甲烷(CH4)]主要排放源,包括过量施用氮肥、节水灌溉稻田以及畜禽养殖废弃物导致的N2O排放;淹水稻田以及反刍动物造成的CH4排放;除了上述直接排放,种植生产过程中还会有大量的间接碳排放。着重分析了种植业温室气体减排与固碳增汇潜力,汇总了主要的减排增汇途径,包括旱地N2O减排和稻田CH4减排;通过有机肥施用、秸秆还田、保护性耕作以及种植业废弃物热解炭化还田来增加种植业固碳增汇潜力。讨论了碳标签和碳交易对于推动中国种植业绿色低碳发展的可行性与重要性,明确了种植业领域的减排增汇必须以保障粮食安全为前提,避免盲目减排、过度减排,必须与种植业绿色发展协同进行,建立完善的保障和创新体系,为中国碳达峰碳中和提供助力。参49Abstract: Carbon peak and carbon neutrality (dual carbon) is a broad and profound systemic change that requires the participation of various industry sectors. Unlike other industries, crop industry is not only an important source of greenhouse gas emissions, but also has enormous potential for carbon sequestration. Promoting emission reduction and carbon sequestration in crop industry is an indispensable part of achieving national dual carbon. In this paper, the main emission sources of nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) in the field of planting were sorted out, including N2O emissions caused by excessive nitrogen application, water-saving irrigation of rice fields, and livestock and poultry waste, as well as CH4 emissions from flooded rice fields and ruminant animals. In addition to the direct emissions mentioned above, there existed a significant amount of indirect carbon emissions during agricultural production processes. The greenhouse gas emission reduction and carbon sequestration potential of crop industry were analyzed and the main emission reduction and sequestration pathways were summarized, including N2O emission reduction in dryland, CH4 emission reduction in rice fields. The potential of carbon sequestration and sink enhancement in crop industry could be increased through the application of organic fertilizer, straw return to the field, conservation tillage and return of farming waste to the field through pyrolysis and charring. This paper also discusses the feasibility and importance of carbon labeling and carbon trading in promoting green and low carbon development in China’s crop industry. It is clarified that emission reduction and soil carbon sink increase in crop industry must be based on the premise of safeguarding food security, avoiding blind emission reduction and excessive emission reduction, and must be coordinated with green development of crop industry. A sound guarantee and innovation system should be established to provide assistance for China’s carbon peak and carbon neutrality. [Ch, 49 ref.]
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