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大气氮沉降增加是全球范围内气候变化研究的热点问题[1]。过去150 a,由化石燃料燃烧和氮肥使用等人为活动输入的活性氮增加了10倍以上,导致大气氮沉降急剧增加[2−3]。研究表明:1860年,全球人类每年所创造的活性氮(Nr)约15 Tg,到20世纪90年代初期增加到了156 Tg,中国已成为全球三大主要氮沉降地区之一[1]。近些年,氮沉降的未来趋势可能因全球各地区经济结构调整和氮减排相关法规和政策的不同而异[2−4],高氮沉降区域可能会更加广泛,包括南美洲、非洲以及亚洲的大部分地区[5]。1984—2016年,全球无机氮沉降量增加了8%,从86.6 Tg·a−1增加到93.0 Tg·a−1,这一趋势包括可变区域模式的平衡[4],如东亚和巴西南部地区无机氮沉降的增加,欧洲及北美地区无机氮沉降的下降,以及1990—2015年欧洲氮氧化物(NOx)和氨(NH3)总排放量分别下降了50%和30%[6]。1980—2018年中国总氮沉降量和干氮沉降量的时空动态变化表明:总氮沉降在2000年达到峰值,2001—2005年开始趋于稳定,到2016—2018年下降了45%[7−9],至2019年NOx排放量降低了33%[10−11],预计还会继续下降[12]。这些变化引起了研究者对氮沉降生态效应的重新思考。
森林冠层表面积大,是氮沉降的重要汇,大气氮捕获效率高于其他土地利用类型[13]。SCHWEDE等[14]估算2010年全球森林生物群落的总氮沉降量为19~23 Tg·a−1。大气氮输入的增加导致许多森林生态系统的氮循环被破坏,从封闭循环转变为开放循环[15−17]。一般认为,高纬度的温带和寒带地区是“氮限制”森林[18],热带和亚热带具有开放式氮循环,为“富氮”森林,对氮沉降有较高的耐受性[19]。长期过量的氮输入致使许多森林的氮远超临界负荷[20−21],持续高氮沉降(40~60 kg·hm−2·a−1)造成“氮饱和”,致生态系统处于持续的高氮负荷状态[22−23],显著改变了森林生态系统的结构和功能,影响碳-氮库,导致土壤酸化和林木生长降低等,甚至促使森林由氮限制趋向磷限制[24−29],这些都将威胁森林的可持续性。
在氮沉降降低背景下,科学评估大气氮沉降及其生态效应具有重要的理论和实践意义。早期关于氮沉降降低后森林的潜在恢复研究都是在欧洲和北美地区(寒带森林和温带森林)开展的,包括NITREX (nitrogen saturation experiments)屋顶“清洁雨”(roof clean rain)试验和森林施氮肥试验[30−34]。鉴于此,本研究围绕森林生态系统土壤(酸化和溶液化学)、结构(植被-微生物多样性)与功能(生产力和碳吸存)对大气氮沉降降低的现有研究成果及新进展进行综述,试图阐明高氮负荷森林生态系统对氮沉降降低的响应及可能恢复的趋势,并提出未来研究方向,以期为森林生态系统对未来氮沉降进一步降低响应的生态效应提供参考与借鉴。
Response of high nitrogen-loaded forest ecosystem to decreasing atmospheric nitrogen deposition: a review
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摘要: 大气氮沉降对全球生物多样性和生态系统功能构成严重威胁。过去50多年,由于减排措施的实施,欧美国家率先出现大面积区域的氮沉降降低,中国从2010年开始趋于稳定,氮沉降的未来变化趋势可能因全球各地而异。本研究采用文献检索方法和综合分析方法,综述了国内外氮沉降恢复的方法,分析了森林生态系统土壤(酸化和溶液化学)、结构(植被-微生物多样性)与功能(生产力和碳吸存)对氮沉降降低的响应。随着氮沉降的降低,植被物种组成、土壤微生物群落和土壤过程可能恢复缓慢,而一些土壤参数(如pH、硝酸盐和铵浓度等)对氮输入减少的响应相对较快。当氮沉降降低时,可在某种程度上减轻土壤酸化,促进树木生长,但也可能因环境氮沉降速率依然很高并保持土壤酸化,林木的活力仍在恶化。植被多样性的恢复可能存在恢复障碍并在短期内难以维持富营养化的恢复,但促进了贫营养型物种的增加。森林生态系统恢复响应对减排政策存在延迟,且氮沉降增加存在遗留效应,致恢复相当缓慢,但恢复只是时间问题。因此,高氮负荷生态系统的恢复是一个长期缓慢的过程,进一步加强减排尤为重要。参94Abstract: Atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition is a global threat to biodiversity and ecosystem function. Since emission controls, N deposition has decreased or stabilized in European and North America, and China began to be stabilized in 2010. The future trajectory of N deposition may differ by regions. In this study, literature retrieval and extensive analytic methods were used to analyze N deposition recovery. The reaction of the forest ecosystem’ s soil (acidification and solution chemistry), structure (vegetation-microbial diversity), and function (productivity and carbon sequestration) to decreasing N deposition was studied. Soil solution chemistry (e.g., nitrate and ammonium concentrations, etc.) may responded very rapidly to reducing N input, whereas plant species composition, soil microbial communities, and soil processes may be slow in recovery. When N deposition is controlled, soil acidification can be reduced, and tree growth can be promoted. It is also possible that the vitality of plant may still deteriorating and soil acidity persists due to high rate of atmospheric N deposition. Restoration of plant diversity may face potential barriers to recovery and maintain eutrophication in the short term, but it supports the rise of species in a nutrient-poor. The response of forest ecosystem restoration to emission reduction strategies is delayed. The legacy of earlier N deposition result in a slow recovery, but recovery is simply a matter of time. Therefore, recovery from high N loads is a long and sluggish process, and further emission reduction efforts is still needed in the future. [Ch, 94 ref.]
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