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随着经济和工业化的发展,酸雨污染日益成为中国重要的环境问题[1]。ZHAO等[2]和杨东贞等[3]发现:1999-2006年浙江省杭州市临安地区降水中除硫酸根离子(SO42-)外,硝酸根离子(NO3-)亦明显增加,尤其是2001年后NO3-对降水酸度的贡献逐步加大,降雨属于硫酸与硝酸混合型酸雨[4]。研究认为:酸雨抑制植物养分、水分的吸收和运输,导致植物无法正常生长[5-7]。酸雨可直接破坏叶肉细胞结构,使叶片细胞膜通透性增大,细胞膜保护酶的活性下降,膜脂过氧化作用加剧,植物体内清除活性氧平衡被打破,从而影响光合、呼吸以及代谢等生理生化进程而使植物受害[8-10]。秃瓣杜英Eleocarpus glabripetalus系杜英科Elaeocarpaceae杜英属Elaeocarpus常绿乔木,适于中性或微酸性的山地红壤、黄壤上生长,是亚热带地区常见树种,常在评价酸雨对亚热带地区森林系统影响时作为试材。研究发现:模拟酸雨处理下秃瓣杜英的生物量积累[11-12]、PSⅡ原初光能转化效率和PSⅡ潜在活性均有所上升[11]。俞飞等[13]则发现:不同酸雨处理下,杜英应对酸雨胁迫的途径不同。目前,有关酸雨影响植物生理与养分的研究较多,但对酸雨影响杜英生理和养分元素分配的协同探索较少,因此,本试验在研究不同酸雨梯度影响秃瓣杜英幼苗PSⅡ反应中心和幼苗养分分配的基础上,进一步探索秃瓣杜英幼苗响应酸雨胁迫的机制,为生物响应酸雨胁迫研究提供依据和参考。
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由图 1可知:酸雨处理组的叶绿素相对含量均高于对照组,且叶绿素相对含量随着酸雨pH值的降低而升高,但是各处理组与对照组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。Fv/Fm的变化跟叶绿素相对含量一致,也是随着酸雨pH值的降低而升高的,但各处理组与对照组之间均有显著差异(P<0.05),T5.6,T4.0和T2.5分别较对照组升高4.22%,6.07%和6.86%,说明酸雨有利于叶片PSⅡ原初光能转化效率的提高。同样地,Yield和qP也是随着酸雨pH的降低而升高,其中重度酸雨处理组Yield显著高于对照组(P<0.05),重、中度酸雨处理组qP显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。
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由图 2可知:地上部生物量最高的是对照组,随着酸雨pH值的降低,各处理组的地上部生物量相比对照组分别降低了29.27%,4.88%和26.83%;根系生物量最低的是对照组,随着酸雨pH值的降低,各处理组的根系生物量相比对照组分别提高了22.22%,5.56%和33.33%。但无论地上部或根系,各处理组与对照组之间差异均不显著(P>0.05)。
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由图 3A可知:秃瓣杜英幼苗中氮元素主要存在于叶片;与对照组相比,各处理组叶片氮质量分数均有所提高,但差异不显著(P>0.05);各处理组茎中氮质量分数与对照组相比,均无显著性差异(P>0.05);轻度酸雨处理组根氮质量分数显著大于其他组(P<0.05)。
图 3 不同酸雨梯度下秃瓣杜英幼苗器官中的元素质量分数变化
Figure 3. Changes of N, P, K and Mg in the organs of E. glabripetalus seedlings with different acid rain treatments
图 3B显示:所有器官磷质量分数总和最高的是对照组;对照组与处理组叶中的磷质量分数均无显著性差异(P>0.05);茎中磷质量分数从大到小依次为对照组,T4.0,T2.5和T5.6,除中度酸雨组外,其他处理组与对照组差异显著(P<0.05);根中磷质量分数表现为重、中度酸雨组显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。
各处理组与对照组叶片中钾质量分数无显著差异(P>0.05);茎中钾质量分数最高的是对照组,显著高于重、轻度酸雨组(P<0.05);根中钾质量分数最低的是中度酸雨组,与对照组差异显著(P<0.05)。
各器官中镁质量分数各组之间均无显著差异(P>0.05),总量最高的是对照组。叶片中镁质量分数从大到小依次为T4.0,T5.6,T2.5和对照,在根中排序为对照,T5.6,T2.5和T4.0,在茎中排序为T4.0,对照,T5.6和T2.5。
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由表 1可知:处理组幼苗组织中铜元素和锌元素主要集中在地上部分。重、中度酸雨处理下,幼苗地上部铜质量分数显著高于对照组(P<0.05);根系铜质量分数低于对照组,其中重度酸雨组与对照组差异显著(P<0.05)。各处理组秃瓣杜英幼苗的地上部锌质量分数均高于对照组,其中,重度酸雨组与对照组之间差异显著(P<0.05)。重、中度酸雨组根系锌质量分数显著小于对照组(P<0.05)。
表 1 秃瓣杜英幼苗在不同酸雨酸度下各组织中铜和锌质量分数
Table 1. Heavy metal Cu and Zn concentrations in different tissues of Eleocarpus glabripetalus seedlings with different acid rain treatments
试验组 w铜/(mg·kg-1) w锌/(mg·kg-1) 地上部 根系 地上 根系 T2.5 13.50 ± 0.55 a 5.93 ± 0.03 c 177.16 ± 6.28 a 13.50 ± 0.77 b T4.0 15.66 ± 1.80 a 13.71 ± 1.01 b 99.55 ± 7.33 ab 6.12 ± 0.76 b T5.6 11.14 ± 1.39 ab 27.15 ± 3.38 a 138.87 ± 6.85 ab 72.07 ± 6.71 a ck 11.41 ± 0.91 b 14.83 ± 2.04 b 23.49 ± 2.21 b 68.35 ± 7.46 a 说明:表内数据为平均值±标准误。同列不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05) 幼苗在酸雨处理下的转移系数值由表 2所示。幼苗中铜转移系数随酸雨pH值的降低而升高,重度酸雨处理下幼苗中铜转移系数最高,为2.27。各处理组锌转移系数均高于对照组,其中重、中度酸雨处理与对照组差异显著(P<0.05),中度酸雨处理下锌转移系数最高,为16.79。说明酸雨处理增加了秃瓣杜英幼苗对重金属的转移能力。
表 2 不同酸雨酸度下秃瓣杜英幼苗中铜、锌的转移系数和生物富集系数
Table 2. Translocation factor and bioconcentration factor of Cu and Zn with different acid rain treatments
试验组 转移系数 生物富集系数 铜 锌 铜 锌 T2.5 2.271 ± 0.112 a 10.837 ± 0.483 a 0.014 ± 0.001 ab 0.712 ± 0.025 a T4.0 1.169 ± 0.203 b 16.790 ± 0.240 a 0.019 ± 0.002 a 0.420 ± 0.035 a T5.6 0.423 ± 0.072 c 2.033 ± 0.081 b 0.011 ± 0.002 b 0.546 ± 0.026 a ck 0.792 ± 0.081 bc 0.409 ± 0.011 b 0.020 ± 0.002 a 0.093 ± 0.003 b 说明:表内数据为平均值±标准误。同列不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05) 酸雨处理后铜元素的生物富集系数为0.011~0.019,均小于对照组,说明酸雨处理不利于秃瓣杜英幼苗对重金属铜的积累;处理组锌的生物富集系数均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),说明酸雨处理提高了秃瓣杜英幼苗对重金属锌的积累能力。
Chlorophyll fluorescence response and nutrient distribution of Elaeocarpus glabripetalus seedlings with simulated acid rain
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摘要: 利用模拟酸雨喷淋试验,研究不同酸雨梯度[pH 2.5(重度酸雨)、pH 4.0(中度酸雨)和pH 5.6(轻度酸雨)]对秃瓣杜英Eleocarpus glabripetalus幼苗叶绿素参数、生物量及对土壤元素吸收的影响。结果表明:幼苗叶绿素参数随酸雨pH值的降低而升高,各处理组相对叶绿素含量均高于对照组;最大光化学量子产量(Fv/Fm)随酸雨pH值的降低而升高,各处理组较对照组升高4.22%,6.07%和6.86%,与对照组差异显著(P < 0.05)。各处理组叶片氮元素质量分数均大于对照组,但差异不显著(P>0.05);所有器官磷、钾质量分数总和均小于对照组,重、轻度酸雨组茎的磷质量分数显著低于对照组(P < 0.05);所有器官镁质量分数均小于对照组,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。重、中度酸雨组幼苗地上部铜元素质量分数和转移系数高于对照组,各处理组锌元素转移系数和富集系数均显著高于对照组(P < 0.05)。综合分析认为:酸雨增加了幼苗的相对叶绿素含量,提高了幼苗的光合能力;促进了幼苗生物量重新分配,使得根系更加健壮,从而促进根系对土壤矿质元素的吸收,增强了植物对环境胁迫的抵抗力;提高了根系锌元素转移系数,从而加大幼苗对重金属锌的忍耐作用。Abstract: To find the effects of chlorophyll parameters and biomass of Elaeocarpus glabripetalus seedlings and the absorption of soil elements for different levels of acidity, a simulated acid rain spray test with three acidity levels[pH 2.5 (severe acid rain), pH 4.0 (moderate acid), and pH 5.6 (mild acid rain)], as well as a control group (ck) was used. Results showed that the chlorophyll parameters of E. glabripetalus seedlings increased with a decrease in the pH of acid rain. The relative chlorophyll content (SPAD) in each treatment group was higher than the control group. The maximum chemical quantum yield (Fv/Fm) increased with a decrease in pH of acid rain, and there was a significant difference between the treatment groups and ck (P < 0.05). The leaf nitrogen (N) mass fraction of each treatment group was not significantly different from ck (P>0.05). The phosphorus (P) mass fraction for the heavy and mild acid rain group was significantly lower than ck (P>0.05). Seedlings in the upper part of the mass fraction and transfer coefficients of heavy and moderate acid groups were higher than ck. The zinc (Zn) transfer coefficients and enrichment coefficients of each treatment group were significantly higher than ck (P < 0.05). Based on the comprehensive analysis, acid rain increased the chlorophyll content of seedlings, and improved the photosynthetic capacity of seedlings. Acid rain also promoted the redistribution of seedlings biomass, making the root system more robust, thus promoting the absorption of mineral elements in the roots and enhancing the plant's resistance to environmental stress. In addition, acid rain increased the Zn transfer coefficient of roots thereby increasing the tolerance of seedlings to heavy metal Zn. Overall, this study provided a scientific basis for nutrient distribution characteristics and physiological response mechanism of Elaeocarpus glabripetalus seedlings with acid rain stress.
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Key words:
- plant physiology /
- acid rain stress /
- biomass /
- chlorophyll parameters /
- Elaeocarpus glabripetalus /
- mineral element
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表 1 秃瓣杜英幼苗在不同酸雨酸度下各组织中铜和锌质量分数
Table 1. Heavy metal Cu and Zn concentrations in different tissues of Eleocarpus glabripetalus seedlings with different acid rain treatments
试验组 w铜/(mg·kg-1) w锌/(mg·kg-1) 地上部 根系 地上 根系 T2.5 13.50 ± 0.55 a 5.93 ± 0.03 c 177.16 ± 6.28 a 13.50 ± 0.77 b T4.0 15.66 ± 1.80 a 13.71 ± 1.01 b 99.55 ± 7.33 ab 6.12 ± 0.76 b T5.6 11.14 ± 1.39 ab 27.15 ± 3.38 a 138.87 ± 6.85 ab 72.07 ± 6.71 a ck 11.41 ± 0.91 b 14.83 ± 2.04 b 23.49 ± 2.21 b 68.35 ± 7.46 a 说明:表内数据为平均值±标准误。同列不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05) 表 2 不同酸雨酸度下秃瓣杜英幼苗中铜、锌的转移系数和生物富集系数
Table 2. Translocation factor and bioconcentration factor of Cu and Zn with different acid rain treatments
试验组 转移系数 生物富集系数 铜 锌 铜 锌 T2.5 2.271 ± 0.112 a 10.837 ± 0.483 a 0.014 ± 0.001 ab 0.712 ± 0.025 a T4.0 1.169 ± 0.203 b 16.790 ± 0.240 a 0.019 ± 0.002 a 0.420 ± 0.035 a T5.6 0.423 ± 0.072 c 2.033 ± 0.081 b 0.011 ± 0.002 b 0.546 ± 0.026 a ck 0.792 ± 0.081 bc 0.409 ± 0.011 b 0.020 ± 0.002 a 0.093 ± 0.003 b 说明:表内数据为平均值±标准误。同列不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05) -
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https://zlxb.zafu.edu.cn/article/doi/10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2019.03.004