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酸雨已经成为全球十大环境问题之一[1]。欧洲、北美东部和东南亚,以及中国南方地区是世界上受酸雨危害最为严重的地区,而且酸雨区域还在不断扩大[2]。大量研究表明:酸雨对森林土壤的理化性质[3]、养分组成[4]、土壤微生物[5]以及土壤酶活性[6]等均具有明显的影响。张萍华等[7]研究发现,模拟酸雨对白术Atractylodes macrocephala根际土壤脱氢酶、过氧化氢酶、脲酶和蛋白酶等活性具有明显的抑制作用,对磷酸酶活性有一定的促进作用;模拟酸雨对砖红壤中淀粉酶、过氧化氢酶、酸性磷酸酶、脲酶等的活性有不利影响[8]。土壤-凋落物界面是植被对土壤生态系统产生直接和间接影响的最为重要的生态过程之一,也是生态系统内物质循环最为活跃的场所[9]。凋落物分解产物能够提高土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和脱氢酶活性[10];新鲜凋落物可以通过调节土壤pH值来改变土壤酶活性[11];也有研究显示凋落物分解过程与土壤酚氧化酶、木聚糖酶、纤维素分解酶、过氧化物酶活性密切相关[12-13]。酸雨除了直接影响土壤生态系统外,还会影响森林凋落物分解和化感物质的释放[14],间接对土壤酶活性产生影响[6]。模拟酸雨加快了南美蟛蜞菊Wedelia trilobata凋落物的分解,提高了其周围土壤中凋落物层的化感潜力[15];模拟酸雨能够降低青冈Cyclobalanopsis glauca,木荷Schima superba和马尾松Pinus massoniana等植物凋落物的分解速率[16];水榆花楸Sorbus alnifolia叶凋落物早期分解速率和脱氢酶活性受酸雨的抑制[17];酸雨会降低凋落物的分解速率,并抑制大多数酶的活性[6]。关于酸雨和凋落物复合作用对植物根际土壤酶活性的研究鲜见报道。柳杉Cryptomeria fortunei是中国特有用材树种,浙江省临安市天目山国家级自然保护区为柳杉分布的中心之一[18]。一些学者对天目山柳杉液流特征[19]、自毒作用[20]和病虫害[21]等方面进行了研究。目前,天目山柳杉长势逐渐减弱,林内幼苗极为稀少,天然更新困难,其种群结构和景观生态功能逐渐衰退。天目山地处重酸雨区[22],且柳杉林地有凋落物覆盖,酸雨胁迫和凋落物分解导致土壤环境的改变是否是柳杉长势减弱和幼苗建立失败的原因?本研究以柳杉幼苗根际土壤为研究对象,分析了模拟酸雨胁迫和柳杉凋落物分解的情况下柳杉幼苗根际土壤酶活性的变化,旨在为研究酸雨和凋落物分解对天目山柳杉林地土壤环境以及柳杉苗木生长的影响提供理论依据。
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