WANG Shuwei, ZHOU Mingbing. Genome-wide identification of the ICE gene family in moso bamboo and its expression pattern under low temperature stress[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2024, 41(3): 568-576. DOI: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230445
Citation: XIAO Chaoqun, GUO Xiaoping, LIU Ling, et al. Greening waste compost as a new substrate for green roofs[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2019, 36(3): 598-604. DOI: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2019.03.022

Greening waste compost as a new substrate for green roofs

DOI: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2019.03.022
  • Received Date: 2018-05-08
  • Rev Recd Date: 2018-09-25
  • Publish Date: 2019-06-20
  • Since the sponge city was first proposed in China in 2012, green roof has been developed rapidly as one of the technical indicators for sponge city construction. It has played a good role in relieving the urban heat island effect and reducing the pressure on people and buildings and green areas. For further research on the application of greening waste compost as a green roof substrate, this study used a comparative experimental method. The green roof mixed substrates of raw materials that contained greening waste compost, peat, and inorganic substrates of volcanic rocks and vermiculite. The effects on physical and chemical properties of the mixed substrates with different additive proportions of greening waste compost were compared. The growth law for height and coverage of Sedum lineare seedlings as well as the growth index, tiller numbers, and coverage of Sedum aizoon seedlings were observed in a roof planting environment. Then, a comprehensive evaluation of membership functions designed with ck(control group), T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6 and T7. Results showed that physical(volume weight and porosity) and chemical properties(pH, EC, CEC, OM, TN, TP, TK and C/N) of the greening waste compost were in line with the green roof substrates and plant growth requirements, and the nutrient elements necessary for plant growth were balanced in N, P and K and conducive to the growth of the plants. Optimum formulas for greening waste compost were inorganic substrates (volcanic rocks:vermiculite=3:2, V/V)=65:35 (volume ratios) and greening waste compost:peat:inorganic substrates=30:20:50 (volume ratios).
  • [1] XIA Honglei, WANG Lei, FANG Chaochu, WANG Minyan, LIU Wanpeng, SHEN Cheng, ZHANG Jin.  Effects of river sediment as the main substrate on the growth and physiological indexes of Agrostis stolonifera ‘PENN A-4’ . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2024, 41(5): 1075-1084. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240157
    [2] TAN Qiyan, LI Suyan, SUN Xiangyang, HAO Huirong, LI Yinan, SUN Jingyu.  Study on light-weight substrate for roof greening with aquasorb and biosurfactant . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2021, 38(6): 1178-1186. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20200755
    [3] TENG Zhiyan, CUI Yutong, YING Xuebing, ZHENG Weiwei, ZANG Yunxiang, ZHU Zhujun.  Comprehensive evaluation of pumpkin cultivars based on a principal component analysis . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2020, 37(1): 143-150. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2020.01.019
    [4] ZHANG Dongbei, WANG Xiuhua, ZHOU Shengcai, WU Xiaolin, CHU Xiuli, ZHOU Zhichun.  Response of masson pine container seedlings from different families to substrate proportion and control released fertilizer . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2019, 36(5): 1044-1050. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2019.05.026
    [5] WANG Lin, LI Suyan, SUN Xiangyang, GONG Xiaoqiang, YU Kefei, CAI Linlin.  Mixing garden wastes and spent mushroom compost of different ratios for vermicomposting . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2019, 36(2): 326-334. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2019.02.014
    [6] HU Tao, CAO Yu, ZHANG Gexiang.  Rooting of Chionanthus virginicus hardwood cuttings with media and plant growth regulators . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2019, 36(3): 622-628. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2019.03.025
    [7] XU Yikang, GAO Fei, SHI Liu, SUN Xiali, WANG Fang, XU Shuangshuang, ZANG Yunxiang.  Evaluation of eight Chinese cabbage cultivars using the membership function method . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2018, 35(5): 845-852. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2018.05.008
    [8] CAI Linlin, LI Suyan, GONG Xiaoqiang, SUN Xiangyang, ZHANG Jianwei, YU Xin, WEI Le.  Composting-vermicomposting of green waste processing spiked with cow dung . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2018, 35(2): 261-267. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2018.02.009
    [9] ZHU Mimi, ZHANG Chi, CHANG Ailing, DANG Wanyu, ZHOU Caihong, YU Dihu, WU Yingying, ZHANG Min.  Expression of microsporocyte meiosis with special genes RAD51 and MS1 in Citrus suavissima ‘Seedless’ . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2016, 33(6): 921-927. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2016.06.001
    [10] WEI Le, LI Suyan, LI Yan, GONG Xiaoqiang, SUN Xiangyang.  Growth of Pelargonium zonale and Calendula officinalise when utilizing green waste compost as a peat substitute . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2016, 33(5): 849-854. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2016.05.017
    [11] GONG Xiaoqiang, LI Suyan, LI Yan, SUN Xiangyang.  Compost and vermicompost from green wastes as substrates for vegetable seedlings cultivation . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2016, 33(2): 280-287. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2016.02.013
    [12] LI Yan, SUN Xiangyang, GONG Xiaoqiang.  Use of green waste compost as a peat surrogate in substrates for Anthurium andraeanum and Asplenium nidus cultivation . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2015, 32(5): 736-742. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2015.05.012
    [13] WANG Xuyan, LIN Xiazhen, LI Lin, RUAN Ying, XING Xiaoming.  Physical and chemical properties of several kinds of agriculture and forestry waste composite matrix and their effect on container seedling of Phoebe chekiangensis . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2013, 30(5): 674-680. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2013.05.007
    [14] SHI Xuli, WANG Yunzhu, WANG Cuibo, FANG Weimin, CHEN Fadi, CHEN Sumei.  Cutting propagation with four cultivars of pot chrysanthemums . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2013, 30(1): 141-147. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2013.01.021
    [15] ZHAI Li-li, FANG Wei-min, CHEN Fa-di, WANG Xiao-shuai, WU Hong-mi, ZHANG Lin.  Drought resistance of Guoqing chrysanthemum with small inflorescences . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2012, 29(2): 166-172. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2012.02.003
    [16] SHAO Guo-yuan, LU Fang-fang.  In vitro distant grafting with an ISSR analysis . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2010, 27(4): 630-634. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2010.04.026
    [17] ZHANG Xiao-qing, ZHANG Jin-chi, WANG Li, MENG Li, HUANG Jing.  Water loss in growth media with continuous drought . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2010, 27(6): 839-844. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2010.06.006
    [18] GAO Yong-qian, ZHOU Yue-hua, TIAN Kun, ZHENG Wan, NIE Yan-li, DUAN Hui, ZHANG Wen-dong.  Cultivating Pinus yunnanensis seedlings with bagasse substrates . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2009, 26(4): 598-602.
    [19] ZHAI Mei-gui, LI Ji-yuan, XU Ying-chun, LI Xin-lei, LI Yu-hong, NI Sui.  Optimum media formula for Camellia japonica cut seedlings . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2008, 25(6): 817-822.
    [20] XUAN Gong-qiao.  Application of landscape ecology principle in urban green space system planning . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2007, 24(5): 599-603.
  • [3]
    DENG Xiong, PENG Xiaochun, QIN Chaomei. The review of the fuctions and characteristics of roof greening, and its current situations and problems in China[J]. Acta Sci Nat Univ Sunyatseni, 2010, 49(suppl 1):99-101.
    [4]
    CAO Jinxin, TAMURA Y, YOSHIDA A. Wind tunnel investigation of wind loads on rooftop model modules for green roofing systems[J]. J Wind Eng Ind Aerodyn, 2013, 118:20-34.
    [5]
    JI Wenli, LI Weizhong, WANG Chengji, et al. A study on present situation of roof garden, plant select and planting design in northern roof garden[J]. J Northwest For Univ, 2005, 20(3):180-182, 188.
    [6]
    NARDINI A, ANDR S, CRASSO M. Influence of substrate depth and vegetation type on temperature and water runoff mitigation by extensive green roofs:shrubs versus herbaceous plants[J]. Urban Ecosyst, 2012, 15(3):697-708.
    [7]
    LATA J C, DUSZA Y, ABBADIE L, et al. Role of substrate properties in the provision of multifunctional green roof ecosystem services[J]. Appl Soil Ecol, 2017. doi:10.1016/j.apsoil.2017.09.012.
    [8]
    MOLINEUX C J, FENTIMAN C H, GANGE A C. Characterising alternative recycled waste materials for use as green roof growing media in the U.K.[J]. Ecol Eng, 2009, 35(10):1507-1513.
    [9]
    GRACESON A, HARE M, HALL N, et al. Use of inorganic substrates and composted green waste in growing media for green roofs[J]. Biosyst Eng, 2014, 124(17):1-7.
    [10]
    YIN Qingfei, GUO Jianbin, NI Xiaowei, et al. Effects of different composts on growth characteristics of green roof plants in south China[J]. Chin J Environ Eng, 2017, 11(11):6205-6213.
    [11]
    ZHOU Yuan, TAN Qing, CHEN Fazhi. Selection of medium in using waste and adaptive plants for roof greening[J]. North Hortic, 2010(10):114-116.
    [13]
    MONTERUSSO M A, ROWE D B, RUGH C L. Establishment and persistence of Sedum spp. and native taxa for green roof applications[J]. Hortscience, 2005, 40(2):391-396.
    [14]
    LI Qiansheng. Growing media selection for green roof[J]. J Anhui Agric Sci, 2005, 33(1):84-85.
    [15]
    HU Jiawei, LIU Yong, MA Lüyi, et al. Effects of garden waste compost addictive in growing medium on Pinus tabulaeformis container seedlings[J]. J Nanjing For Univ Nat Sci Ed, 2015, 39(5):81-86.
    [16]
    CHAI Xiaoyuan. The Use of Agricultural Waste as Substrate and Its Properties Improvement[D]. Yangling: Northwest A& F University, 2015.
    [17]
    LI Yan, SUN Xiangyang, GONG Xiaoqiang. Use of green waste compost as a peat surrogate in substrates for Anthurium andraeanum and Asplenium nidus cultivation[J]. J Zhejiang A&F Univ, 2015, 32(5):736-742.
    [18]
    WEI Le, LI Suyan, LI Yan, et al. Growth of Pelargonium zonale and Calendula officinalis when utilizing green waste compost as a peat substitute[J]. J Zhejiang A&F Univ, 2016, 33(5):849-854.
    [19]
    BEST B B, SWADEK R K, BURGESS T L. Green Roof Ecosystems:Soil-based Green Roofs[M]. New York:Springer, 2015:139-174.
    [20]
    TANG Cong, GUO Wei, CAI Guifen, et al. A screening of the substrates for Sedum lineare in tropic and humid environmental conditions[J]. Pratac Sci, 2013, 30(3):334-340.
  • Created with Highcharts 5.0.7Amount of accessChart context menuAbstract Views, HTML Views, PDF Downloads StatisticsAbstract ViewsHTML ViewsPDF Downloads2024-052024-062024-072024-082024-092024-102024-112024-122025-012025-022025-032025-040255075100Highcharts.com
    Created with Highcharts 5.0.7Chart context menuAccess Class DistributionFULLTEXT: 17.2 %FULLTEXT: 17.2 %META: 78.8 %META: 78.8 %PDF: 4.0 %PDF: 4.0 %FULLTEXTMETAPDFHighcharts.com
    Created with Highcharts 5.0.7Chart context menuAccess Area Distribution其他: 17.0 %其他: 17.0 %其他: 0.3 %其他: 0.3 %Beauharnois: 0.5 %Beauharnois: 0.5 %China: 0.2 %China: 0.2 %Dallas: 0.2 %Dallas: 0.2 %上海: 2.2 %上海: 2.2 %东京: 0.2 %东京: 0.2 %东莞: 0.2 %东莞: 0.2 %北京: 1.9 %北京: 1.9 %十堰: 0.6 %十堰: 0.6 %南京: 1.3 %南京: 1.3 %南昌: 0.5 %南昌: 0.5 %南通: 0.5 %南通: 0.5 %台州: 0.5 %台州: 0.5 %哥伦布: 0.2 %哥伦布: 0.2 %嘉兴: 0.2 %嘉兴: 0.2 %圣克拉拉: 0.2 %圣克拉拉: 0.2 %大连: 0.3 %大连: 0.3 %天津: 0.8 %天津: 0.8 %安庆: 0.2 %安庆: 0.2 %宣城: 1.0 %宣城: 1.0 %布里斯班: 0.2 %布里斯班: 0.2 %平顶山: 0.2 %平顶山: 0.2 %广州: 1.4 %广州: 1.4 %弗吉: 0.2 %弗吉: 0.2 %张家口: 1.3 %张家口: 1.3 %成都: 0.2 %成都: 0.2 %扬州: 1.4 %扬州: 1.4 %昆明: 0.5 %昆明: 0.5 %昌吉: 0.2 %昌吉: 0.2 %杭州: 2.1 %杭州: 2.1 %格兰特县: 0.2 %格兰特县: 0.2 %武汉: 1.0 %武汉: 1.0 %沈阳: 0.2 %沈阳: 0.2 %洛阳: 0.3 %洛阳: 0.3 %济南: 0.5 %济南: 0.5 %深圳: 0.5 %深圳: 0.5 %温州: 0.6 %温州: 0.6 %漯河: 3.2 %漯河: 3.2 %石家庄: 0.6 %石家庄: 0.6 %福州: 1.0 %福州: 1.0 %纽约: 0.2 %纽约: 0.2 %绵阳: 0.3 %绵阳: 0.3 %肇庆: 0.5 %肇庆: 0.5 %芒廷维尤: 15.1 %芒廷维尤: 15.1 %芝加哥: 1.9 %芝加哥: 1.9 %苏州: 0.3 %苏州: 0.3 %衡阳: 0.2 %衡阳: 0.2 %西宁: 28.9 %西宁: 28.9 %西安: 0.3 %西安: 0.3 %诺伊达: 0.2 %诺伊达: 0.2 %贵阳: 1.1 %贵阳: 1.1 %运城: 1.9 %运城: 1.9 %遵义: 0.2 %遵义: 0.2 %邯郸: 0.2 %邯郸: 0.2 %郑州: 1.8 %郑州: 1.8 %重庆: 0.2 %重庆: 0.2 %长沙: 2.2 %长沙: 2.2 %马鞍山: 0.2 %马鞍山: 0.2 %黄山: 0.2 %黄山: 0.2 %其他其他BeauharnoisChinaDallas上海东京东莞北京十堰南京南昌南通台州哥伦布嘉兴圣克拉拉大连天津安庆宣城布里斯班平顶山广州弗吉张家口成都扬州昆明昌吉杭州格兰特县武汉沈阳洛阳济南深圳温州漯河石家庄福州纽约绵阳肇庆芒廷维尤芝加哥苏州衡阳西宁西安诺伊达贵阳运城遵义邯郸郑州重庆长沙马鞍山黄山Highcharts.com
  • Cited by

    Periodical cited type(5)

    1. 龚跃刚,钟亮. 10%氟铃脲饵剂防治台湾乳白蚁的效果观察. 中华卫生杀虫药械. 2023(02): 173-175 .
    2. 殷学杰,梁世优,王成盼,李婷,莫建初. 白蚁纤维素粉饵料成型技术研究. 环境昆虫学报. 2020(02): 499-505 .
    3. 宋长贵,丁军,周兵,颜进明,邓中高,肖伟. 重庆市白蚁危害情况及防治研究进展. 中华卫生杀虫药械. 2020(05): 480-485 .
    4. 罗亚伟,李德伟,谭宏伟,江凤兰,梁阗,农振益,何为中,苏云武,覃振强. 我国甘蔗白蚁研究进展. 中国热带农业. 2020(05): 74-79 .
    5. 胡寅,于保庭,殷学杰,宋晓钢. 我国白蚁饵料研究进展. 中华卫生杀虫药械. 2018(04): 396-399 .

    Other cited types(2)

通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com
  • 1. 

    沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院 沈阳 110142

  1. 本站搜索
  2. 百度学术搜索
  3. 万方数据库搜索
  4. CNKI搜索

Figures(2)  / Tables(5)

Article views(3560) PDF downloads(40) Cited by(7)

Related
Proportional views

Greening waste compost as a new substrate for green roofs

doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2019.03.022

Abstract: Since the sponge city was first proposed in China in 2012, green roof has been developed rapidly as one of the technical indicators for sponge city construction. It has played a good role in relieving the urban heat island effect and reducing the pressure on people and buildings and green areas. For further research on the application of greening waste compost as a green roof substrate, this study used a comparative experimental method. The green roof mixed substrates of raw materials that contained greening waste compost, peat, and inorganic substrates of volcanic rocks and vermiculite. The effects on physical and chemical properties of the mixed substrates with different additive proportions of greening waste compost were compared. The growth law for height and coverage of Sedum lineare seedlings as well as the growth index, tiller numbers, and coverage of Sedum aizoon seedlings were observed in a roof planting environment. Then, a comprehensive evaluation of membership functions designed with ck(control group), T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6 and T7. Results showed that physical(volume weight and porosity) and chemical properties(pH, EC, CEC, OM, TN, TP, TK and C/N) of the greening waste compost were in line with the green roof substrates and plant growth requirements, and the nutrient elements necessary for plant growth were balanced in N, P and K and conducive to the growth of the plants. Optimum formulas for greening waste compost were inorganic substrates (volcanic rocks:vermiculite=3:2, V/V)=65:35 (volume ratios) and greening waste compost:peat:inorganic substrates=30:20:50 (volume ratios).

WANG Shuwei, ZHOU Mingbing. Genome-wide identification of the ICE gene family in moso bamboo and its expression pattern under low temperature stress[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2024, 41(3): 568-576. DOI: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230445
Citation: XIAO Chaoqun, GUO Xiaoping, LIU Ling, et al. Greening waste compost as a new substrate for green roofs[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2019, 36(3): 598-604. DOI: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2019.03.022
  • 屋顶绿化是指在脱离自然土壤的各类建筑物和构筑物上,根据其结构特点、荷载要求和生态环境条件,选择合适的植物材料,通过一定的技艺建造绿色景观的形式[1-2]。屋顶绿化的应用为解决城市绿化用地资源紧缺,改善城市生态环境提供了良好的途径[3]。基质是屋顶绿化的重要组成部分,在屋顶特殊条件如荷载、日照、风等因子的限制下[4],要求具有质地轻、持水透气性好、结构和性能稳定、经济环保等特征,为植物的生长提供水、肥、气、热条件,满足植物的正常生长需求[5]。屋顶绿化基质主要有有机基质、无机基质及混合基质等。有机基质为植物提供生长所需的营养物质、促进土壤生物多样性及其相关功能,主要如草炭,有机废弃物堆肥等[6-7];无机基质则为植物提供生长支撑并减少植物受到外界不良环境(如风、温差变化等)的影响,主要由轻质多孔的自然矿物质(浮石、火山灰等)和人为加工材料(膨胀黏土、膨胀页岩等)组成[7]。近年国外在屋顶绿化基质材料的应用侧重于固体废弃物的循环再利用,在建筑垃圾(碎砖、碎瓦、石灰石、黏土等)和有机废弃物(园林绿化废弃物、废纸等)的研究上取得了较好的效果[8-9]。中国的屋顶绿化基质仍选取草炭与其他基质如珍珠岩、椰糠、蛭石等混合配制成的传统草炭基质。随着生态文明和可持续发展要求的提出,寻求草炭的替代基质已成为近年的研究热点[10-11]。现有报道大多为实验室或苗圃盆栽条件下得到的基质配方,缺乏实际应用验证。本研究在屋顶环境下自制模拟槽结构,应用绿化废弃物堆肥逐步替代草炭与无机基质组合配制屋顶绿化基质,通过基质性质检测,屋顶绿化栽植试验植物生长指标观测,综合评价得出质量高、适合简单式屋顶绿化植物生长的基质配方,在促进绿化废弃物资源化利用的同时,也为绿化废弃物堆肥在屋顶绿化基质的应用提供技术参考。

  • 试验地位于北京林业大学西配楼楼顶(40°00′N,116°20′E),楼顶高11.4 m,总面积为50 m × 15 m,绿化面积350 m2;为典型北温带半湿润大陆性季风气候,夏季高温多雨,冬季寒冷干燥,春、秋短促;降水季节分配不均,全年降水量的80%集中在夏季,年均降水量约600 mm,年均太阳辐射量112~136 kcal·cm-2。本研究在4 m × 10 m的空地上进行,试验选用的植物材料为佛甲草Sedum lineare和三七景天Sedum aizoon幼苗(摘心处理)均购自北京花卉市场,长势一致,苗龄1 a,高度(7 ± 1)cm。

    试验用屋顶绿化模拟槽尺寸为55 cm × 31 cm × 18 cm,底部带排蓄水板(高2 cm),单侧距离盒底0.5 cm处有1个内径1 cm的排水口。

    试验基质材料包括绿化废弃物堆肥、草炭、蛭石和火山岩。绿化废弃物堆肥为腐熟堆肥,由北京地区绿化过程中修剪下来的树枝风干粉碎成5.0 mm以下的固体颗粒,通过条垛式堆肥方法制成;草炭粒径0.2~5.0 mm,蛭石粒径1.0~3.0 mm,火山岩粒径3.0~6.0 mm,以上3种基质材料均购自北京花卉市场。基质材料理化性质见表 1。将基质材料按照一定的体积比混合,以V(草炭):V(无机基质)=1:1为对照,各处理组基质配比如表 2。其中无机基质配比为V(蛭石):V(火山岩)=2:3。

    材料 容重/ (g·cm-3) 孔隙度/% pH值 σ/ (mS·cm-1) 阳离子交换量/(cmol·kg-1) w有机质/ (g·kg-1) w全氮/ (g·kg-1) w全磷/ (g·kg-1) w全钾/ (g· kg-1)
    绿化废弃物堆肥 0.51 ± 0.02 63.10 ± 0.72 7.50 ± 0.10 3.81 ± 0.47 57.01 ± 5.78 246.67 ± 17.91 10.03 ± 1.61 3.42 ± 0.16 18.17 ± 1.34
    蛭石 0.30 ± 0.03 62.73 ± 0.55 7.30 ± 0.00 0.10 ± 0.01 32.38 ± 6.52 1.16 ± 0.23 0.01 ± 0.01 0.84 ± 0.10 33.03 ± 1.70
    火山岩 0.76 ± 0.01 51.60 ± 5.48 8.50 ± 0.20 0.13 ± 0.03 25.69 ± 5.44 4.72 ± 4.55 0.12 ± 0.11 0.68 ± 0.03 9.47 ± 0.38
    草炭 0.35 ± 0.03 68.20 ± 1.20 4.90 ± 0.10 0.65 ± 0.07 71.05 ± 0.88 378.07 ± 33.48 12.69 ± 0.82 0.99 ± 0.03 10.10 ± 0.44

    Table 1.  General physical and chemical properties of substrate materials

    处理组 V草炭:V绿化废弃物堆肥:V无机基质
    对照 50:0:50
    T1 35:15:50
    T2 20:30:50
    T3 0:80:20
    T4 0:65:35
    T5 0:50:50
    T6 0:35:65
    T7 0:20:80

    Table 2.  Ratio of the substrates

  • 试验模拟简单式屋顶绿化试验,真实楼顶环境下栽植佛甲草和三七景天幼苗,种植构造层从上至下依次为植被层、基质层、隔离过滤层(2 mm土工布)、排(蓄)水层以及侧面排水口。根据北京地区的气候特点,基质厚度均设置为13 cm。处理组栽植佛甲草和三七景天幼苗各2盆,株间距为13 cm × 14 cm,种植8株·盆-1。实验前3 d每天浇足水(约3 L·箱-1),实验开始后每周浇1次水(约1.5 L·箱-1);期间由专人负责管理,每月月初除草1次,试验期间除虫1次,每组药剂和药量保持一致。不施肥。

  • 随机取样测定基质的各项理化指标,重复3次·组-1。物理指标包括干容重、湿容重、总孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度和毛管孔隙度,用环刀法测定。化学指标包括pH值、电导率(EC)、阳离子交换量(CEC)、有机质、全氮、全磷和全钾质量分数;pH值、EC值(水样比5:1)分别用pHB-3pH计及5021电导率仪测定,全氮、全磷质量分数用全自动化学分析仪测定,CEC值、有机质和全钾质量分数参照《土壤农化分析》方法测定[12]

  • 从植物缓苗期(7 d)之后隔15 d测定1次植物的生长指标。从2个模拟槽中随机选取3株进行测定,共测定4次,观测时长60 d。佛甲草的生长指标包括株高和覆盖度,三七景天的生长指标包括生长指数[(株高+最大幅宽+垂直幅宽)/3][13]、分蘖数和覆盖度。其中株高、幅宽用钢卷尺测定,分蘖数通过数数法测定,覆盖度通过拍照法和AutoCAD2007软件计算面积。

  • 通过隶属度函数Xf)=(X-Xmin)/(Xmax-Xmin),得到综合评价指数P=(1/f)/(X1+X2+…+Xf);其中X表示某一指标测定值,Xmin表示该指标测定的最小值,Xmax表示该指标测定的最大值,Xf)表示第f个指标的隶属函数值。P值越大,植物生长越好,说明基质配方对植物生长效果越佳。

  • 用Excel进行数据处理和作图,用SPSS 22.0对试验数据进行统计分析和差异性显著检验。

  • 屋顶荷载条件的限制要求基质干容重为0.20~0.80 g·cm-3[14],湿容重为0.45~1.30 kg·m-3[2]。从表 3可以看出:实验组的干容重为0.55~0.69 g·cm-3,湿容重为1.19~1.26 g·cm-3,满足要求。总孔隙度由非毛管孔隙度和毛管孔隙度组成,非毛管孔隙度反映了基质的通气性,毛管孔隙度反映了基质的持水性,与对照组相比,处理组总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度分别减少了3.6%~17.6%和1.4%~25.0%,非毛管孔隙度则呈现不同程度的增加或减少,说明传统草炭基质的综合持水通气性较好,优于处理组。

    处理组 干容重/(g·cm-3) 湿容重/(g·cm-3) 总孔隙度/% 非毛管孔隙度/% 毛管孔隙度/%
    对照 0.50 ± 0.02 e 1.13 ± 0.01 e 62.57 ± 1.02 a 2.83 ± 1.63 b 59.73 ± 1.62 a
    T1 0.59 ± 0.06 cd 1.19 ± 0.05 cd 60.30 ± 1.75 abc 3.23 ± 0.65 b 57.13 ± 1.56 ab
    T2 0.62 ± 0.01 cd 1.21 ± 0.01 bc 59.50 ± 0.36 bc 1.87 ± 1.58 b 57.53 ± 1.12 ab
    T3 0.57 ± 0.02 d 1.19 ± 0.01 cd 61.97 ± 0.67 ab 3.10 ± 1.55 b 58.87 ± 1.56 a
    T4 0.65 ± 0.03 ab 1.26 ± 0.01 a 61.17 ± 2.05 ab 3.57 ± 1.15 b 57.60 ± 1.38 ab
    T5 0.65 ± 0.01 ab 1.23 ± 0.01 ab 58.07 ± 0.78 c 3.53 ± 1.50 b 55.53 ± 1.07 b
    T6 0.68 ± 0.01 a 1.20 ± 0.01 bcd 51.57 ± 2.35 d 6.80 ± 2.50 a 44.77 ± 4.55 d
    T7 0.65 ± 0.03 abc 1.16 ± 0.10 d 52.97 ± 2.25 d 2.70 ± 1.15 b 50.27 ± 1.60 c
    说明:同列不同字母代表处理间差异显著(P<0.05)

    Table 3.  Physical properties of different substrates

    一般而言,偏中性的土壤条件更适合植物的生长。从表 4可以看出:除对照组和T1组土壤呈酸性外,其余各组呈中性或者弱碱性,且随着对照组中草炭被绿化废弃物堆肥逐渐替代其pH值随之增大,说明绿化废弃物堆肥的添加能改良传统草炭基质的酸碱性。处理组EC值显著高于对照组(0.34 mS·cm-1),T3组最高,为2.28 mS·cm-1,T3~T7组EC值逐渐降低,说明EC值随绿化废弃物堆肥的增加显著增大,与胡嘉伟等[15]的研究结果一致。但过量的绿化废弃物堆肥可能会导致土壤盐碱化,需添加EC值较低的基质降低其电导率。

    处理组 pH值 σ/(mS·cm-1) 阳离子交换量/(cmol·kg-1) w有机质/(g·kg-1) w全氮/ (g·kg-1) w全磷/(g·kg-1) w全钾/(g·kg-1) 碳氮比
    对照 5.70±0.10 f 0.34±0.03 g 54.95±7.17 a 255.23±19.77 a 5.38±1.14 c 0.91±0.06 d 11.70±0.44 cd 28.02±3.67 a
    T1 6.40±0.23 e 0.83±0.24 e 50.22±4.86 ab 174.52±13.42 bc 7.14±1.09 ab 1.21±0.21 cd 10.23±0.32 d 14.37±2.25 cd
    T2 7.00±0.06 d 1.06±0.05 d 43.18±3.91 bc 168.99±3.04 bc 5.77±0.44 bc 2.73±1.86 a 14.43±1.75 abc 17.09±1.62 bc
    T3 7.40±0.06 c 2.28±0.24 a 44.36±1.28 bc 194.80±19.51 b 7.97±0.74 a 2.61±0.19 ab 14.90±0.61 ab 14.21±1.30 cd
    T4 7.40±0.06 c 1.94±0.07 b 45.57±1.54 bc 145.67±26.28 cd 7.65±0.81 a 2.54±0.11 abc 14.07±2.76 abc 11.06±1.80 d
    T5 7.50±0.00 bc 1.33±0.03 c 39.18±3.78 c 124.74±8.20 d 3.81±1.19 d 1.92±0.41 abcd 15.73±0.93 a 20.35±6.33 b
    T6 7.60±0.06 ab 0.72±0.12 ef 26.91±4.13 d 76.73±18.42 e 2.36±0.60 de 1.58±0.44 abcd 12.57±2.00 bcd 18.89±0.26 bc
    T7 7.80±0.06 a 0.54±0.04 fg 24.57±1.71 d 74.39±12.37 e 2.03±0.58 e 1.32±0.08 bcd 15.33±1.07 ab 21.87±3.43 b
    说明:同列不同字母代表处理间差异显著(P<0.05)

    Table 4.  Chemical properties of different substrates

    阳离子交换量(CEC)反映了基质的保肥性,其值越高保肥性越好。与对照组相比,绿化废弃物堆肥和草炭配比降低了基质的CEC值,随着绿化废弃物堆肥的增加,T3~T7组CEC值总体呈上升趋势,且在绿化废弃物堆肥体积比为50%前后差异显著,低于50%或高于50%时则无显著差异,说明有机基质草炭的保肥能力较绿化废弃物堆肥要强,且若只考虑CEC指标,在绿化废弃物堆肥基质配比中可适当降低其质量分数。对照组有机质质量分数显著高于处理组,达到了255.23 g·kg-1,T7组最低,为74.39 g·kg-1,说明就有机质质量分数而言,绿化废弃物堆肥较草炭要低。氮、磷、钾为植物生长所必需的营养元素,三者的供应状态直接影响到植物的产量和质量[16],对比对照组和T5组可以得出,草炭的全氮量较绿化废弃物堆肥多,绿化废弃物堆肥全磷量和全钾量较高,随着绿化废弃物堆肥体积含量的增加,T3~T7组基质全氮、全磷质量分数随之增加,而全钾的变化则相对复杂,可能与蛭石含有较高的钾(表 2)有关,与李燕等[17]的研究结果大体一致,说明绿化废弃物堆肥的氮磷钾养分较草炭更均衡。碳氮比(C/N)反映了微生物的活性,C/N高则需要从外界补充氮素提高微生物的生物活性。由表 3可知:对照组的C/N显著高于处理组,处理组为14~22;受较高的有机质和全氮质量分数的影响,同等条件下,草炭基质具有高碳氮比特性,而绿化废弃物堆肥则具有降低碳氮比的作用。

  • 佛甲草为匍匐草本植物,待植物成坪后许多生长指标测定难以进行,因而本研究只选取了株高和覆盖度作为调查指标。从图 1A可以看出:栽植试验的前30 d,各组间佛甲草株高无显著差异;30~60 d对照组几乎没有增长,处理组则出现了明显的增长优势;第60天时,T7组株高明显高于其他组,为23.7 cm,株高从高到低依次为T7,T3,T5,T2,T4,ck和T6。从图 1B可以看出:栽植第15天时,各组覆盖度值相差不大,在10%上下波动,之后对照组缓慢增长;栽植30~45 d,处理组覆盖度呈较快增长,远超对照组;第30天时T3和T2组增长幅度最大且最明显,分别增长了314.28%和271.43%,第60天时,覆盖度从大到小依次为T3,T2,T4(≥80%),T5,T6,T7(>50%),T1,ck。

    Figure 1.  Variation of the height and coverage of Sedum lineare under different substrate treatments

  • 图 2A可知:栽植时长不同,三七景天生长指数出现波动。15~30 d,T3组生长指数最大,45~60 d,T4组生长指数最大;除在第30天,T7组生长指数最小外,其他时间,对照组生长指数均为最小。整体而言,处理组的生长指数在4个时间段均优于对照组。由图 2B可知:三七景天在栽植第15天时,对照组分蘖数较T3组,T7组存在一定的优势,之后则逐渐落后于各处理组,在栽植第30~45天,处理组分蘖数整体呈较快增长,而对照组在栽植30 d之后分蘖数增长及其缓慢,分蘖能力低。由图 2C可知:在栽植的前30 d内,三七景天对照组覆盖度存在较大的优势,30 d之后其覆盖度增长较缓慢,处理组则一直保持较快的增长速度,在第45~60天,各处理组均大于对照组。

    Figure 2.  Variation of growth indexes of Sedum aizoon under different substrate treatments

  • 本研究通过隶属度函数计算综合评价了不同基质条件下第60天的佛甲草和三七景天生长指标。结果表明(表 5):处理组综合评价系数远大于对照组,其中,T4组综合评价系数最高,为0.80,T2组次之,为0.72,说明此两者为最适宜基质;T3组、T5组的综合评价系数较T6组和T7组大,且从T5组到T6组综合评价系数降低速率最大,为40.7%,说明绿化废弃物堆肥体积比≥50%的混合基质对植物的生长具有明显促进作用,此外,T6组、T7组的综合评价系数亦远大于对照组。

    处理组 佛甲草 三七景天 综合评价系数 综合排名
    高度/cm 覆盖度/% 生长指数 分蘖数/个 覆盖度/%
    对照 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 8
    T1 0.11 0.20 0.19 0.14 0.19 0.17 7
    T2 0.21 0.92 0.52 1.00 0.95 0.72 2
    T3 0.57 1.00 0.61 0.58 0.81 0.71 3
    T4 0.20 0.88 1.00 0.93 1.00 0.80 1
    T5 0.41 0.81 0.29 0.79 0.67 0.59 4
    T6 0.00 0.80 0.23 0.42 0.29 0.35 5
    T7 1.00 0.37 0.00 0.19 0.05 0.32 6

    Table 5.  Comprehensive evaluation of growth indexes of Sedum lineare and S.aizoon with 60 days' plantation

  • 草炭为酸性有机基质,具有质轻、有机质含量高和保肥性强的优点,合理搭配其他基质材料能够满足植物的基本生长需求,在园艺基质中得到了广泛的应用;但草炭为不可再生资源,近年来的大量开采导致其资源应用紧张,寻求其替代基质刻不容缓。本研究发现:与传统草炭基质相比,添加绿化废弃物堆肥的基质满足屋顶绿化基质荷载要求,能较好地改良基质酸碱性,降低碳氮比,均衡氮磷钾养分,对植物中后期生长的促进效果更明显;但是其EC值较高,需通过与其他基质材料混配改良。魏乐等[18]的研究表明:绿化废弃物堆肥能明显改善基质中大量元素和微量元素质量分数,更好地促进植物生长;殷庆霏等[10]则发现添加绿化废弃物堆肥基质对植物株高、叶绿素、净光合速率等指标的促进作用明显优于草炭基质。但是由于原料成分和堆肥工艺等无法统一,当前制作出的绿化废弃物堆肥良莠不齐,因而需要不断实践制订堆肥产品标准。

    有机基质和无机基质含量决定了基质的营养成分和矿物成分。基质中有机基质较高易引起荷载过大、细颗粒淀积以及不可预测的生物活性等一系列问题[19]。基质在屋顶上其更换难度和更换成本要明显高于地面,除了满足基本的理化性质外,还要求有较长的使用年限和良好的稳定性。随着时间的推移,有机基质逐渐分解,基质层变薄,合理的有机基质和无机基质配比可以满足高质量、使用年限长的屋顶绿化基质要求。本研究通过屋顶绿化景天科Crassulaceae植物佛甲草、三七景天幼苗栽植试验发现,绿化废弃物堆肥在屋顶绿化应用中比传统草炭基质效果要好,且绿化废弃物堆肥体积比≥50%效果要比体积比<50%好,即有机基质含量高更有利于植物的生长,与李燕等[17]、汤聪等[20]的研究结果一致。在有机基质含量较高(T3)与较低(T2)能取得相同效果的情况下,建议使用有机基质含量较低的配方。本研究中的T6,T7处理组绿化废弃物堆肥体积比<50%,其综合评价系数值较低,但是依然远大于传统草炭基质,若是在后期合理施用,其作为屋顶绿化的理想基质具有较大的潜力。

    对屋顶环境条件下景天科植物佛甲草、三七景天部分生长指标的动态监测和综合评价分析显示,T4组和T2组为最适宜配方基质,即V(绿化废弃物堆肥):V(无机基质)=65:35和V(绿化废弃物堆肥):V(草炭):V(无机基质)=30:20:50,其中的无机基质配比为V(火山岩):V(蛭石)=3:2。

Reference (20)

Catalog

/

DownLoad:  Full-Size Img  PowerPoint
Return
Return