Volume 37 Issue 3
May  2020
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LI Weike, ZHANG Chen, GU Xinghan, NIU Shukui, YIN Jiyan, LIU Xiaodong. Impact assessment of fuel regulation measures in Platycladus orientalis forest in Western Hills of Beijing[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2020, 37(3): 472-479. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20190343
Citation: LI Weike, ZHANG Chen, GU Xinghan, NIU Shukui, YIN Jiyan, LIU Xiaodong. Impact assessment of fuel regulation measures in Platycladus orientalis forest in Western Hills of Beijing[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2020, 37(3): 472-479. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20190343

Impact assessment of fuel regulation measures in Platycladus orientalis forest in Western Hills of Beijing

doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20190343
  • Received Date: 2019-05-31
  • Rev Recd Date: 2019-10-17
  • Available Online: 2020-05-21
  • Publish Date: 2020-06-01
  •   Objective  Based on the fuel distribution characteristics of the Platycladus orientalis forest in Western Hills of Beijing, fuel regulation measures of different intensities were implemented, and effects of the fuel regulation measures were evaluated according to the biodiversity and photosynthetic characteristics of understory vegetation.  Method  P. orientalis, a typical coniferous tree species in North China was selected as the research object. By investigating and analyzing distribution characteristics of P. orientalis forest fuel, regulation measures focusing on pruning, cutting and irrigation were formulated, including: unregulated stands (ck), pruning height 2.5 m and cleaning the surface litter appropriately (P1), pruning height 3.0 m and cutting shrubs and cleaning the surface litter appropriately (P2), pruning height 3.5 m and cutting shrubs and cleaning the surface litter appropriately (P3). Three sample plots of 20 m×20 m were established for each treatment, and changes of plant diversity and photosynthesis attributes of dominant shrubs were compared between regulated and unregulated stands.  Result  The biodiversity of understory vegetation was altered after different fuel managements, among which the species dominance (D) and diversity (H) of shrub layer and grass layer and the species evenness (J) of shrub layer after P2 management were significantly higher than those of ck. Compared with ck, the maximum net photosynthetic rate, light saturation point, light compensation point, dark respiration rate of the understory vegetation (Grewia biloba var. parviflora and Broussonetia papyrifera) all increased, while the apparent quantum efficiency decresed after P2 management. We observed that the accumulation of understory vegetation photosynthetic products was more obvious with P2 management.  Conclusion  The implementation of regulation measures changed the forest structure and increased the light intensity. The effects of different regulation intensity on biodiversity and photosynthetic characteristics of understory vegetation were different. P2 management was most conducive to stand recovery in the study area. [Ch, 2 fig. 4 tab. 26 ref.]
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Impact assessment of fuel regulation measures in Platycladus orientalis forest in Western Hills of Beijing

doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20190343

Abstract:   Objective  Based on the fuel distribution characteristics of the Platycladus orientalis forest in Western Hills of Beijing, fuel regulation measures of different intensities were implemented, and effects of the fuel regulation measures were evaluated according to the biodiversity and photosynthetic characteristics of understory vegetation.  Method  P. orientalis, a typical coniferous tree species in North China was selected as the research object. By investigating and analyzing distribution characteristics of P. orientalis forest fuel, regulation measures focusing on pruning, cutting and irrigation were formulated, including: unregulated stands (ck), pruning height 2.5 m and cleaning the surface litter appropriately (P1), pruning height 3.0 m and cutting shrubs and cleaning the surface litter appropriately (P2), pruning height 3.5 m and cutting shrubs and cleaning the surface litter appropriately (P3). Three sample plots of 20 m×20 m were established for each treatment, and changes of plant diversity and photosynthesis attributes of dominant shrubs were compared between regulated and unregulated stands.  Result  The biodiversity of understory vegetation was altered after different fuel managements, among which the species dominance (D) and diversity (H) of shrub layer and grass layer and the species evenness (J) of shrub layer after P2 management were significantly higher than those of ck. Compared with ck, the maximum net photosynthetic rate, light saturation point, light compensation point, dark respiration rate of the understory vegetation (Grewia biloba var. parviflora and Broussonetia papyrifera) all increased, while the apparent quantum efficiency decresed after P2 management. We observed that the accumulation of understory vegetation photosynthetic products was more obvious with P2 management.  Conclusion  The implementation of regulation measures changed the forest structure and increased the light intensity. The effects of different regulation intensity on biodiversity and photosynthetic characteristics of understory vegetation were different. P2 management was most conducive to stand recovery in the study area. [Ch, 2 fig. 4 tab. 26 ref.]

LI Weike, ZHANG Chen, GU Xinghan, NIU Shukui, YIN Jiyan, LIU Xiaodong. Impact assessment of fuel regulation measures in Platycladus orientalis forest in Western Hills of Beijing[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2020, 37(3): 472-479. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20190343
Citation: LI Weike, ZHANG Chen, GU Xinghan, NIU Shukui, YIN Jiyan, LIU Xiaodong. Impact assessment of fuel regulation measures in Platycladus orientalis forest in Western Hills of Beijing[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2020, 37(3): 472-479. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20190343
  • 森林可燃物是指在一定地段上的所有可燃物质的组成[1]。作为森林燃烧的3个要素(森林可燃物、火源和火环境)之一,森林可燃物是林火发生的物质基础和首要条件[2-3]。同时,与另外2个要素相比,可燃物更易于调控和管理[4-5]。因此,通过对森林可燃物进行管理可以有效降低林火的发生[6-7]。然而,随着可燃物调控措施的实施,森林的林内环境、植被生长及可燃物的分布会发生变化,如林分郁闭度的改变会影响林内光热条件,从而对林下植被产生影响[8-9]。因此,在可燃物调控中,不仅要达到降低火险的目标,还要考虑对林地环境的生态影响[10-11]。所以,调控强度的选择对于恢复和维持林地生态系统的多样性和稳定性具有十分重要的意义。目前,对森林可燃物的研究多集中在可燃物分布[7, 12]、可燃物调控措施[13]及可燃物与火行为[12, 14]等方面。而对调控措施实施后林下植被组成及生物量、生物多样性变化等研究很少,缺少不同调控措施的对比及对生态环境影响的评价。北京西山地区拥有丰富的森林资源,侧柏Platycladus orientalis作为华北地区典型的针叶树种和北京的乡土树种,在该地区分布广泛,其中优势树种为侧柏的小班129个,面积2 422.0 hm2,占44.0%;侧柏蓄积74 932.3 m3,占42.2%[15]。但由于该地区春季干旱多风、可燃物载量较高且人为活动频繁,火灾隐患较高[6-7]。因此,开展侧柏林可燃物调控并对调控措施进行评价,选择合适的调控方案,不仅可以有效降低该地区的森林火险,同时对森林群落多样性恢复和发展具有重要意义。本研究以北京西山林场侧柏林为对象,调查分析所选林分的可燃物垂直分布特征,并制定相应的调控技术,通过野外调查和相关实验,测定对比不同调控后侧柏林下植被的生物多样性和光合生理特性的变化,对可燃物调控的影响作出评价,以期为当地侧柏林科学管理提供参考。

  • 北京西山试验林场位于北京西郊,连接海淀、石景山及门头沟区。经营总面积为5 931 hm2,森林覆被率为98%。有林地面积为5 457 hm2,其中灌木林地为383 hm2,疏林地为19.5 hm2,未成林造林地为62.7 hm2[15]。西山森林组成树种中,乔木主要包括侧柏、油松Pinus tabulaeformis、栓皮栎Quercus variabilis、刺槐Robinia pseudoacacis等。灌木主要包括孩儿拳头Grewia biloba var. parviflora、构树Broussonetia papyrifera、黄栌Cotinus coggygria、荆条Vitex negundo var. heterophylla、胡枝子Lespedeza bicolor、黑枣Diospyros lotus等。草本主要包括荩草Arthraxon hispidus、隐子草Cleistogenes squarrosa、紫花地丁Viola philippica、细叶薹草Carexs tenophylla、铁杆蒿Artemisia sacrorum等。西山森林虽然是人工林,但由于多年精心培育,林木生长良好,林相整齐,林分郁闭,森林资源颇具特色。

  • 在北京西山林场,挑选有代表性的人工侧柏林,主要选择林相整齐、人为干扰小的地段,共4块区域(分别标号为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ)。

  • 2016年3月,在上述4块区域内分别设置3块20 m×20 m的标准地(a, b和c),进行样地基本信息和可燃物的调查。样地基本信息调查主要包括在样地内每木检尺,测胸径、树高、枝下高,运用对角线截距抽样法测林分郁闭度。同时记录标准地的海拔、坡度、坡向等地型因子(表1)。

    样地号林龄/a海拔/m经纬度坡度/(°)坡向郁闭度密度/(株·hm−2)胸径/cm树高/m死枝/m活枝高/m
    a2926340°00′47″N, 116°11′59″E30东北0.851 42513.47.61.62.8
    b0.821 43813.97.81.52.8
    c0.841 42913.67.71.62.9
    a2929740°00′44″N, 116°11′56″E260.871 57011.27.51.92.5
    b0.861 53111.17.91.72.3
    c0.861 56211.77.21.92.6
    a2927540°00′50″N, 116°11′59″E25东北0.781 52510.66.51.82.8
    b0.791 52910.46.11.92.9
    c0.801 51910.76.31.62.8
    a2927040°00′51″N, 116°12′00″E22东北0.851 12516.28.11.83.3
    b0.871 14816.58.41.93.4
    c0.851 13716.28.21.93.6

    Table 1.  Basic information of topography and stand factors in P. orientalis forest

  • 可燃物调查主要包括冠层可燃物(乔木枝叶)、林下灌木和幼树(胸径小于3.0 cm)可燃物、地被凋落物层可燃物(调查时草本处于枯萎状态,归为地被凋落物层),具体调查方法参考王叁等[16]。在野外取样测可燃物湿质量,并带回实验室测定含水率,用于计算干可燃物的负荷量。依据侧柏林林分结构及可燃物垂直分布特征,并结合西山林场营林抚育的相关措施,制定不同强度的可燃物调控方案(表2)。

    样地号调控方案林分特征可燃物分布特征潜在林火类型主要调控措施辅助调控措施
    ck树高中等,密度大地表凋落物和灌木可燃物负荷量大易由地表火发展为树冠火对照(不调控)对照(不调控)
    P1树高中等,密度很大地表凋落物负荷量大,灌木可燃物
    负荷量小
    易发生地表火修枝高度到2.5 m适当清理地表凋落物
    P2树高较低,密度很大
    枝下高低
    地表凋落物和灌木可燃物负荷量大易由地表火发展为树冠火修枝高度到3.0 m
    并割灌
    适当清理地表凋落物
    P3树高较高,密度低地表凋落物和灌木可燃物负荷量大易由地表火发展为树冠火修枝高度到3.5 m
    并割灌
    适当清理地表凋落物

    Table 2.  Fuel management plan in the studied P. orientalis forest

  • 实施调控1 a后,于2017年8月,在每个样地内,利用对角线法设置5个2 m×2 m的灌木样方,共计60个,调查灌木及小乔木(胸径小于3.0 cm)的种类、高度、盖度。同时在每个样地的灌木样方内设置2个l m×l m的草本样方,共计120个,记录草本的种类、高度、多度及盖度等[17-18]

  • 林下植物生长型主要包括灌木层和草本层2种,选择常用的α多样性特征对2种生长型进行计算。主要指标包括物种丰富指数(S)、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H)、Simpson优势度指数(D)、Pielou均匀度指数(J)等[19-20]

  • 在调控1 a后的2017年8月,对林下植被进行光合特性的测定。这一时期降水丰沛,树木生理活动不受土壤水分胁迫。根据林下植被多样性调查结果,选择了优势灌木(孩儿拳头和构树)测定其光合作用。光响应曲线测定:在每块样地中,随机选取长势良好的孩儿拳头和构树各3株,利用LI-COR 6400在9:00−11:00(此时段环境因子适宜,植物生理活动活跃[21])测定其活体叶片的光响应曲线。测定时选择树冠外围光照充足,完全展开的无病虫害健康叶片,每株植物选择3~5个叶片测定。光合作用光响应曲线设定光合有效辐射(PAR)梯度为1 600、1 400、1 200、1 000、800、600、300、150、100、50、20、0 μmol·m−2·s−1。二氧化碳摩尔分数控制为400 μmol·mol−1,与大气二氧化碳摩尔分数相同。每种灌木叶片进行3~4次重复测定。利用LED红蓝光源测定梯度光照强度下,不同遮光处理和全光照的净光合速率,绘制光合-光响应(Pn-PAR)曲线[22]。根据光合-光响应曲线拟合的对数方程求得光补偿点(LCP)、光饱和点(LSP)、暗呼吸速率(DR)及最大净光合速率(Pmax),并比较其在不同光环境下的差异。将光合光响应曲线在低光量子通量密度下的净光合速率做直线回归,求得各遮光程度的表观量子效率(AQY)[23]

  • 可燃物负荷量及垂直分布特征与光合特性指标用Excel统计计算,并制图。生物多样性指标用Excel进行数据整理及各项指标的计算,并采用SPSS 19.0进行单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA)差异性检验,显著水平为α=0.05。

  • 图1看出:侧柏林样地Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ在0~1 m层可燃物负荷量分布最大,分别为879.92、786.61、1 017.37、936.73 g·m−2,主要为地表凋落物(侧柏、灌木的枯枝落叶以及死地被物)和灌木可燃物(孩儿拳头、构树、黄栌、荆条、酸枣Ziziphus jujuba var. spinosa等)。其中样地Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ中的灌木可燃物负荷量较大,火灾发生时容易由地表火蔓延为树冠火。乔木死枝可燃物负荷量较低,林火发生对乔木的影响比较小。大部分侧柏样地,2~9 m的可燃物量呈单峰分布,主要集中在乔木的中层位置。因此,减少乔木中下层可燃物负荷量,可以有效降低地表火蔓延至树冠火的可能。

    Figure 1.  Vertical distribution of flammable fuel in four P. orientalis plots

  • 表3可以看出:实施调控后,林内灌木层物种丰富度、物种优势度、物种多样性及物种均匀度较对照林分均有增加。其中,P1和P2灌木层的物种优势度和均匀度显著高于对照林分(P<0.05),调控后P2灌木层的物种多样性较对照林分有显著增加(P<0.05),P3灌木层的物种优势度、物种多样性和物种均匀度均高于对照林分,但差异并不显著(P>0.05)。调控林分P1草本层的各项多样性指标均低于对照林分,P2和P3草本层的物种优势度、物种多样性以及物种均匀度均高于对照林分,其中,P2草本层的物种优势度和物种多样性指数显著高于对照林分(P<0.05),而P1、P2、P3的物种均匀度则与对照林分相比没有显著差异(P>0.05)。

    调控方案植物生长型丰富度指数Simpson指数Shannon-Wiener指数均匀度指数
    ck灌木层 80.57±0.04 B1.12±0.03 B0.67±0.06 B
    草本层150.56±0.09 b1.33±0.14 b0.57±0.13 a
    P1灌木层 70.72±0.03 A1.37±0.17 AB0.83±0.03 A
    草本层100.48±0.14 b1.02±0.39 b0.51±0.15 a
    P2灌木层 80.75±0.02 A1.44±0.07 A0.83±0.03 A
    草本层180.73±0.09 a1.80±0.30 a0.73±0.10 a
    P3灌木层100.69±0.13 AB1.41±0.30 AB0.76±0.09 AB
    草本层140.63±0.12 ab1.38±0.35 ab0.65±0.14 a
      说明:数据为平均值±标准差。同列不同大写字母表示灌木层不同处理之间同一指标差异显著(P<0.05),同列不同小写字母表示草     本层不同处理之间同一指标差异显著(P<0.05)

    Table 3.  Biodiversity index of shrub layer and grass layer under different fuel treatments in the studied P. orientalis forest

  • 图2可以看出:P2和P3调控后孩儿拳头的净光合速率(Pn)的变化趋势要高于P1和对照,且随着光合有效辐射(PAR)梯度的增加,P2和P3的净光合速率拟合曲线趋于重叠。而构树的净光合速率变化趋势则表现为:调控组均高于对照,但随着光合有效辐射梯度的增加,这3种调控之间的净光合速率变化差异不大。

    Figure 2.  Net photosynthetic rate of G. biloba var. parviflora and B. papyrifera under different photosynthetically active radiations

    不同调控措施实施后,侧柏林下孩儿拳头和构树的光合生理指标发生变化。其中孩儿拳头和构树的表观量子效率均低于对照林分,而光补偿点、光饱和点、暗呼吸速率、最大净光合速率则高于对照林分(表4)。值得注意的是,P2调控后光补偿点和暗呼吸速率较对照林分增加幅度最小,但光饱和点和最大净光合速率较对照林分增加幅度最大。

    调控方案植物生长型表观量子效率光补偿点/
    (mol·m−2·s−1)
    光饱和点/
    (mol·m−2·s−1)
    暗呼吸速率/
    (mol·m−2·s−1)
    最大净光合速率/
    (μmol·m−2·s−1)
    ck孩儿拳头0.05±0.01 A4.70±0.27 D301.98±6.84 D0.20±0.02 D7.87±0.14 D
    构树  0.05±0.01 a11.90±0.02 d161.54±4.69 d0.46±0.01 d3.52±0.07 d
    P1孩儿拳头0.03±0.01 B7.77±0.13 B353.73±5.47 B0.50±0.01 B8.77±0.06 C
    构树  0.03±0.01 b16.77±0.12 b300.03±7.82 b0.66±0.01 b8.87±0.21 c
    P2孩儿拳头0.04±0.01 B6.40±0.02 C398.42±6.06 A0.31±0.02 C12.04±0.08 A
    构树  0.03±0.01 b14.43±0.39 c338.40±6.49 a0.55±0.01 c10.62±0.22 a
    P3孩儿拳头0.04±0.01 B12.89±0.01 A331.73±5.77 C0.67±0.01 A11.80±0.05 B
    构树  0.03±0.01 b19.93±0.23 a238.04±4.64 c0.88±0.01 a9.64±0.26 b
      说明:数据为平均值±标准差。同列不同大写字母表示孩儿拳头不同处理之间同一指标差异显著(P<0.05),同列不同小写字母表示构树     不同处理之间同一指标差异显著(P<0.05)

    Table 4.  Photosynthetic physiological characteristics of main dominant shrub species(G. biloba var. parviflora, B. papyrifera) under different fuel treatments

  • 不同调控后林下植物多样性发生了改变。对林下灌木层而言,P1和P2调控后林下灌木的多样性显著增加,P3调控后林下灌木的多样性有增加的趋势,但与对照林分无显著差异。对林下草本层而言,P2调控后林下草本生物多样性显著增加,而P1和P3调控后林下草本生物多样性与对照林分没有显著差异。整体来看,P2方案更适宜调控后侧柏林下植被多样性的恢复和增加。这在降低森林火险的同时,也对维持森林群落结构的稳定性和多样性具有重要意义。

    调控后,侧柏林下优势灌木的最大净光合速率、光饱和点、光补偿点、暗呼吸速率均高于对照林分,而表观量子效率与对照林分相比减小。SARIJEVA等[24]研究发现:生活在弱光中的植物的表观量子效率通常较高,而光补偿点和最大光合速率则比较低。VALLADARES等[25]对巴拿马热带雨林中灌丛的光适应性研究中发现同样的结果。这表明调控后林下灌草降低了对弱光的利用,但增强了对强光的利用和光合潜力。同时,本研究表明:P2处理后更利于林下灌草光合产物的积累。因此,对于研究地区的侧柏林,其可燃物调控措施应主要以中等强度修枝为主,并适当的进行割灌和清理地表凋落物。

    可燃物调控作为一项干扰措施,对森林生态系统本身就有一定的“破坏”作用,然而可燃物调控措施的实施同时也改变了林分结构,造成林内光热条件发生变化,在一定程度上又提高了林下植被的多样性和光合能力[26]。本研究结合西山林场实际情况(西山侧柏林为人工纯林,林分组成单一,林下植被也比较简单),在实施调控措施降低了火灾发生概率的同时,增加林下植被多样性和光合产物积累,提高森林生态系统的稳定性,更符合其人工林的可持续经营管理。

    本研究也发现了一些需要改变或优化的地方:①本研究是以林下植被的生物多样性和光合特性的改变作为对可燃物调控影响的评价,因此只选择了立地因子相似的单一林分类型,以尽量减少其他因素的干扰。所以,在以侧柏林为代表的森林可燃物调控评价的基础上,应增加对其他树种的研究。②可燃物空间分布主要包括垂直分布和水平分布,本研究只针对可燃物垂直分布特征进行了分析,这对于研究地表火向树冠火蔓延有一定的参考价值。而水平方向上可燃物的分布对林火蔓延的影响也至关重要,在接下来的研究中应扩大研究区域,增加可燃物水平分布调查,为西山林场可燃物管理提供更加全面、立体的参考依据。③可燃物调控除了对林下植被的生物多样性和光合特性产生影响,还可能对土壤、土壤微生物、水文等产生影响,增加对这些方面的研究可以对调控措施的生态影响做出更加全面的评价。

  • 可燃物调控措施改变了林下植被的多样性,其中P2调控后林下灌木、草本的多样性均显著大于对照。可燃物调控措施改变了林下植被的光合特性,P2调控后林下灌木的光饱和点和最大净光合速率增幅最大,光合产物积累将更加明显。可燃物调控措施能有效降低森林火险,但同时会对森林群落结构产生一定的“破坏”作用,选择适当强度的调控方式,对森林群落多样性的恢复和稳定性的维持具有十分重要的意义。就本研究而言,P2调控方案最适于该研究区域。

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