Effects of sanitation cutting pine wilt diseased trees on the stand structure of pure <i>Pinus massoniana</i> plantation

ZHANG Huafeng; CHEN Siyu; LIU Gang; WANG Yixiang

doi:10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20190487

Volume 37 Issue 4

Jul. 2020

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ZHANG Huafeng, CHEN Siyu, LIU Gang, WANG Yixiang. Effects of sanitation cutting pine wilt diseased trees on the stand structure of pure Pinus massoniana plantation[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2020, 37(4): 745-751. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20190487

Citation:

ZHANG Huafeng, CHEN Siyu, LIU Gang, WANG Yixiang. Effects of sanitation cutting pine wilt diseased trees on the stand structure of pure Pinus massoniana plantation[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2020, 37(4): 745-751. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20190487

Effects of sanitation cutting pine wilt diseased trees on the stand structure of pure Pinus massoniana plantation

doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20190487

ZHANG Huafeng^1
,,
CHEN Siyu^{2, 3, 4},
LIU Gang⁵,
WANG Yixiang^{2, 3, 4
,
,}

1.
Agroforestry Technology Extension Center in Lin’an District, Hangzhou 311300, Zhejiang, China
2.
State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, Zhejiang, China
3.
Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbon Cycling in Forest Ecosystems and Carbon Sequestration, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, Zhejiang, China
4.
College of Environment and Resource, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, Zhejiang, China
5.
Zhejiang Forestry Fund Management Center, Hangzhou 310020, Zhejiang, China

Received Date: 2019-08-21
Rev Recd Date: 2020-03-03

Available Online: 2020-07-21

Publish Date: 2020-07-21

Abstract

Objective This study aims to explore the effects of sanitation cutting of the diseased pine trees infected by Bursaphelenchus xylophlius on the stand structure of pure Pinus massoniana plantation and provide a reference for the management of P. massoniana invaded by B. xylophlius. Method Field plots were selected of both a pure P. massoniana plantation infected by B. xylophlius and its neighbouring plantation uninfected to be investigated in Lin’an, Zhejiang, China. Result After 12 years of sanitation cutting, compared with the uninfected pure P. massoniana plantation, it is shown that the importance values of P. massoniana significantly decreased from 100.00% to 38.41%. The stand diameter distribution followed an inverse J-shaped curve. In terms of height stricture, single storied stand changed into multi-storied stand. The individual size inequality significantly increased. The distribution pattern of trees changed from uniform distribution to random distribution. The competitive index of trees significantly increased, and that of trees at 6 cm diameter class was the highest. Conclusion The sanitation cutting accelerated the succession speed of the infected pure P. massoniana, with significant changes in several stand structure indicators and the single-storied even-aged pure P. massoniana stand succeeded by the mixed multi-storied uneven-aged P. massoniana and broad-leaved trees stand. [Ch, 2 fig. 4 tab. 18 ref.]
- forest ecology,
- pure Pinus massoniana plantation,
- pine wilt disease,
- sanitation thinning,
- stand structure

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[20]	Lai Yanxue. Flight behavor of Monochamus alternatus and strategic thoughts to control pine wilt disease . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 1998, 15(3): 320-323.

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[2]	LÜ Wenyan, WANG Baiquan, ZENG Deshan, et al. Effects of different cutting methods of pine wood nematode disease on forest plant community succession [J]. Hubei For Sci Technol, 2008, 37(3): 4 − 8.
[3]	WANG Guoming, ZHAO Ying, CHEN Bin, et al. Dynamic changes of species diversity during the natural restoration process of pine wood nematode disease [J]. J Zhejiang For Coll, 2010, 27(2): 170 − 177.
[4]	SHI Juan, LUO Youqing, SONG Jiying, et al. Effects of different cutting intensity on the plant diversity of Pinus massoniana forest after invasion of pine wood nematode [J]. Chin J Appl Ecol, 2006, 17(7): 1157 − 1163.

[6]	WU Jianqiang, WANG Yixiang, YANG Yi, et al. Effects of interfering tree thinning on the growth and stand structure of Chinese fir plantation [J]. Chin J Appl Ecol, 2015, 26(2): 340 − 348.
[7]	ZHU Tingting, WANG Yixiang, ZHU Xudan, et al. Effect of shading on photosynthetic characteristics of Schima superba and Liquidambar formosana [J]. J Zhejiang A&F Univ, 2017, 34(1): 28 − 35.
[8]	WANG Yixiang, ZHANG Shougong, LU Yuanchang, et al. The immediate response of individual size inconsistency indexes to the mode of artificial forest thinning [J]. Chin J Appl Ecol, 2014, 25(6): 1645 − 1651.
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马尾松Pinus massoniana曾经是南方集体林区的主要造林树种，在荒山绿化、生态服务和发展经济中起过不可替代的重要作用。但长期大面积纯林营造，林地出现地力衰退、生产力降低、生态服务功能下降等不良现象，特别是马尾松林经营长期遭受松材线虫Bursaphelenchus xylophlius病的困扰。据国家林业和草原局统计，近30 a来，全国因松材线虫病损失的松树累计达数十亿株，造成的直接经济损失和生态服务价值损失高达上千亿元，松材线虫病已成为全球森林生态系统中最具危险性、毁灭性的病害之一^[1]。对于松材线虫病发生的疫区疫点，相关办法都要求“加强疫情科学除治，全面实施以清理病死、枯死、濒死松树为核心措施”。各地据此采取了皆伐、择伐等干扰方式清除疫木，以防止松材线虫的进一步扩散。大多相关研究集中在松材线虫病入侵后皆伐形成的除治迹地上马尾松林群落演替、林分结构、植物多样性和种群生态位的评价上^[1-4]。但采伐疫木对受害马尾松林综合林分结构长期影响的相关研究较少。林分结构不但包括树种、胸径、树高、年龄、林木个体大小差异等非空间结构，也包括林木分布格局、单木竞争指数等空间结构，是林分未来生长变化的决定性因素之一^[5-6]。在生产实践中，采伐疫木后的马尾松群落结构将会发生哪些变化，有必要对受害马尾松林的健康经营开展研究。本研究在浙江省杭州市临安区选择松材线虫病入侵过的马尾松人工纯林，以未受松材线虫病危害的林分为对照，探讨疫木卫生伐后的天然更新对马尾松人工纯林林分结构的影响，比较2种类型的林分在树种组成、胸径结构、树高结构、林木个体大小差异、聚集指数和竞争指数等方面的差异，以期为松材线虫病入侵后的马尾松林分的经营管理提供参考。

1. 研究区概况

研究样地位于浙江省杭州市临安区(29°56′~30°23′N，118°51′~119°52′E)。该地属中亚热带季风气候，温暖湿润，四季分明，具有春多雨，夏湿热，秋气爽，冬干燥的气候特征，全年平均气温16.4 ℃，年均降水量1 628.6 mm，无霜期年平均为237 d^[7]。该地先锋群落为马尾松林，地带性植被为亚热带常绿阔叶林，优势种主要有青冈Cyclobalanopsis glauca、苦槠Castanopsis sclerophylla等。研究区气候条件适宜马尾松的生长，但长期遭受松材线虫病危害。

4. 讨论

本研究对入侵过的马尾松林连续几年开展疫木卫生伐，腾出林分生长空间，促进阔叶树种的天然更新。疫木采伐十几年后，受害马尾松林未再发现疫木，但是松木损失严重，只剩300株·hm⁻²马尾松。说明林业部门规定的及时卫生伐的处理措施在实践中有一定效果，能在一定程度上抵御林分尺度的松材线虫病的自然扩散。

中国营造的人工林大多为纯林，马尾松林也不例外。马尾松人工纯林的林分结构极其简单，树种单一，乔冠草各层次的植物多样性低^[15-16]，这为松材线虫病的入侵扩散提供了便利条件。松材线虫入侵马尾松林后，如果不加以人为干预，松林必然全部死亡^[17]。本研究采取的疫木卫生伐对原马尾松纯林的林分结构产生了重要影响，经过十几年的恢复，使得马尾松人工纯林显著具有天然林的特点，具体表现在：树种组成由马尾松单一树种变为马尾松和落叶阔叶树种短柄枹为主的马尾松落叶阔叶混交林，进入了马尾松纯林的下一个演替阶段；胸径结构由正态分布变为反J型曲线，异龄林特征明显；垂直结构由单层林变为复层林；林木分布从均匀分布变为随机分布；林木大小个体差异变大，两级分化加剧。上述变化是松材线虫入侵松林后人为间伐干扰的结果；也与马尾松林是亚热带的先锋群落，群落本身并不稳定紧密相关^[1]。

疫木卫生伐后形成的林窗会加快群落天然更新速度，短柄枹、白栎等演替早期的落叶乔木阔叶树种迅速占领了松木采伐移除后的生态位(表2)，促使受害马尾松纯林向混交林演替的速度加快。这与王懿祥等^[8]的研究结果相同，疫木卫生伐提高了林分林木个体大小的不一致性(表3)。这是由于疫木卫生伐后出现了大量天然更新的阔叶树，这部分林木个体较小；另外一方面，疫木卫生伐促进了保留木(马尾松)的生长，特别是加快了原优势木的生长，使其成长为较大的林木个体。因而也使得林木个体大小不一致性变为由少数较大的林木个体产生(L_AC＜1)；林分的胸径结构变为反J型曲线(图1)。疫木卫生伐后形成的混交林竞争指数显著增加，林木之间的竞争压力变动加大(表4)，这是由于大量天然更新的幼树其竞争指数较大的缘故，径阶-竞争指数关系图(图2)也反映了林木所受的竞争压力随着径阶的增大而减小，林木个体大小不一致性的增加也使得林木之间的竞争指数变动增加。在经营中应选出阔叶目标树，间伐邻近竞争木，减小竞争压力，促使阔叶目标树生长^[18]。

马尾松人工纯林树种单一，结构简单，生态系统极其不稳定，对松材线虫的抵抗能力极差，应避免营造马尾松纯林^[4]。松材线虫作为一个外来的选择因子，虽然会毁掉松林，但也能促使整个生态系统朝向更为稳定的方向发展。对于疫木卫生伐后形成的马尾松与以短柄枹和白栎为主的混交林而言，也正处于演替早期阶段，本身并不稳定。在森林经营条件许可的情况下，可以在林分内选择目标阔叶树，间伐邻近林木以减少竞争压力促使目标树生长；同时参考当地地带性植被常绿阔叶林的树种组成，及早补植地带性植被的建群种和优势种以及伴生种，如青冈、苦槠、木荷Schima superba等，加快群落演替速度，提高抗病害能力。

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处理	密度/(株·hm⁻²)		胸径/cm		树高/m		郁闭度
处理	马尾松	阔叶树	马尾松	阔叶树	马尾松	阔叶树	郁闭度
对照	1 800		13.0±2.4		12.5±1.7		0.9
卫生伐	300	1 000	17.6±2.8	7.1±1.8	12.5±2.2	5.6±1.1	0.6

处理	树种	重要值/%
对照	马尾松	100.00

卫生伐	马尾松	38.41
	短柄枹	35.59
	檵木	10.91
	白栎	10.54
	无患子	2.24
	枫香	1.25
	薄叶山矾	0.55
	合欢	0.52

处理	K_C	G_C	L_AC
对照	0.35±0.08 a	0.26±0.05 a	0.97±0.15 a
卫生伐	0.74±0.13 b	0.66±0.09 b	1.04±0.23 a
说明：同列不同字母表示同一指标不同处理间差异显著　　　　　(P＜0.05)

处理	聚集指数(R)	竞争指数(C_i)
对照	1.27±0.21 a	8.16±3.52 a
卫生伐	0.95±0.14 b	10.12±5.60 b
说明：同列不同字母表示同一指标不同处理间差异显著　　　　　(P＜0.05)

Effects of sanitation cutting pine wilt diseased trees on the stand structure of pure Pinus massoniana plantation

doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20190487

Abstract

References

Proportional views

通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com

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Effects of sanitation cutting pine wilt diseased trees on the stand structure of pure Pinus massoniana plantation

doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20190487

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2.1. 样地调查

2.2. 非空间结构指数及计算方法

2.2.1. 植物多样性指数

2.2.2. 林木个体大小差异指数

2.3. 空间结构指数及计算方法

2.3.1. 聚集指数

2.3.2. 竞争指数

2.4. 数据处理

3.1. 疫木卫生伐对树种组成的影响

3.2. 疫木卫生伐对胸径和树高结构的影响

3.3. 疫木卫生伐对林木个体大小差异的影响

3.4. 疫木卫生伐对聚集指数和竞争指数的影响

Catalog

Effects of sanitation cutting pine wilt diseased trees on the stand structure of pure Pinus massoniana plantation

doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20190487

Abstract

Relative Article

References

Proportional views

通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com

Related

Proportional views

Effects of sanitation cutting pine wilt diseased trees on the stand structure of pure Pinus massoniana plantation

doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20190487

HTML

2.1. 样地调查

2.2. 非空间结构指数及计算方法

2.2.1. 植物多样性指数

2.2.2. 林木个体大小差异指数

2.3. 空间结构指数及计算方法

2.3.1. 聚集指数

2.3.2. 竞争指数

2.4. 数据处理

3.1. 疫木卫生伐对树种组成的影响

3.2. 疫木卫生伐对胸径和树高结构的影响

3.3. 疫木卫生伐对林木个体大小差异的影响

3.4. 疫木卫生伐对聚集指数和竞争指数的影响

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