Soil oxygen content of <i>Phyllostachys violascens</i> with pipe-buried aeration

GUO Yichang; ZHUANG Shunyao; HU Yuyan; GUI Renyi

doi:10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2020.01.009

Volume 37 Issue 1

Feb. 2020

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GUO Yichang, ZHUANG Shunyao, HU Yuyan, GUI Renyi. Soil oxygen content of Phyllostachys violascens with pipe-buried aeration[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2020, 37(1): 69-75. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2020.01.009

Citation:

GUO Yichang, ZHUANG Shunyao, HU Yuyan, GUI Renyi. Soil oxygen content of Phyllostachys violascens with pipe-buried aeration[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2020, 37(1): 69-75. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2020.01.009

Soil oxygen content of Phyllostachys violascens with pipe-buried aeration

doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2020.01.009

1.
State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, Zhejiang, China
2.
State Key Laboratory of Soil&Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu, China

Received Date: 2018-12-27
Rev Recd Date: 2019-04-04
Publish Date: 2020-02-20

Abstract

Objective Limitations to growth and biomass production are expected due to low soil oxygen content. To increase soil oxygen content of Phyllostachys violascens stands under various managements and to provide a new technique for soil aeration and sustainable management of P. violascens are necessary. Method A pipe-buried aeration method was adopted. An in-situ measurement was used to detect soil oxygen content of various managed bamboo stands. There are split-plot design with four treatments (M:mulching without aeration, MA:mulching with aeration, A:no mulching with aeration, and ck:no mulching without aeration) and 3 replications. We studied the response of soil oxygen content after pipe-buried aeration to four levels of soil depth(V₁₀, V₂₀, V₃₀ and V₄₀, respectively)and four levels of distance to pipe(H₁₅, H₃₀, H₄₅ and H₆₀, respectively). Result The mulching technique could lead to soil hypoxia, but the pipe-buried aeration improved soil oxygen significantly(P < 0.05). In the soil layer below 40 cm, soil oxygen content increased 2.20%-5.25% compared to the control(P < 0.05). For the vertical level in various layers, soil oxygen content increased 0.78%-4.98%(P < 0.05). When the mulching technique was adopted, the pipe-buried aeration method increased soil oxygen content 1.26%-4.71%(P < 0.05). When water saturated, the aeration method increased soil oxygen content 0.69%-7.58%(P < 0.05). Conclusion The pipe-buried aeration method was an effective measure for increasing bamboo soil oxygen content, and it could be promising with sustainable bamboo management.
- forest soil science,
- Phyllostachys violascens forests,
- pipe-buried,
- aeration,
- soil oxygen content,
- mulching,
- soil water content

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水、肥、气、热是保障土壤肥力和植物健康生长的四大要素, 其中氧气是土壤气体的重要部分, 在植物的生命活动中起着重要作用^[1]。土壤中氧浓度会影响植物根系对土壤中营养元素的吸收, 进而影响地上部分的生长。土壤缺氧则会影响植物的呼吸作用、根的伸长和蒸腾作用^[2], 同时, 还会降低植物对疾病的抗性^[3-4]。雷竹Phyllostachys violascens是优良的笋用竹种, 其覆盖栽培是浙江省"一亩山万元钱"的十大经营模式之一。林地有机材料覆盖能使竹笋萌发显著提前, 从而极大地提高了竹林经济效益^[5]。但由于不合理的连年覆盖、过量的化学肥料使用、经营不善等导致雷竹林退化严重^[6]。在覆盖条件下, 土壤通透性下降, 供氧能力不足, 影响到雷竹林地下鞭根系统的正常生长, 造成笋产量和质量的下降。有研究表明, 地下鞭根结构与笋产量密切相关^[7]。立地条件好, 土壤疏松通气的雷竹林地, 地下鞭根粗壮, 健壮芽数量多; 反之, 土壤黏湿通气不畅、板结、排水性能差的林地, 则会导致地下鞭根生长不良, 笋芽空壳甚至发霉^[8]。因此, 提高土壤氧是雷竹林可持续经营的重要手段。目前, 改善土壤缺氧的研究已有较多的报道^[9-10], 如通过耕作改善土壤结构^[11], 提高排灌管理技术^[12], 还有机械加气^[13]、化学溶氧^[14-15]和微纳米气泡曝气^[16-17]等都是改善土壤缺氧的研究。但是, 这些研究在雷竹林中的应用还鲜有报道。本研究旨在采用土壤埋管通气的方法来提高雷竹林土壤氧气体积分数, 比较不同通气处理下土壤水平和垂直方向上氧气体积分数的变化, 为改善土壤氧气体积分数提供方法手段, 并为退化雷竹林恢复及可持续经营提供参考。

1. 材料与方法

1.1. 研究区概况

研究区位于浙江省杭州市临安区太湖源镇潘母岗的浙江农林大学雷竹林基地(30°11′47″N, 119°37′40″E), 该区属北亚热带季风气候区, 地形以丘陵山地为主, 年均降水量为1 614 mm, 年降水日为158 d, 年平均无霜期为237 d。土壤为粉砂岩母质上发育的棕壤土, 土壤质地为中壤-重壤, 微酸性, 适宜雷竹生长。雷竹林覆盖方法按照当地农户的习惯做法实施^[18], 于当年12月20日进行。样地立竹度为15 000株·hm^-2, 雷竹林平均胸径为3.89 cm, 其中, 竹杆数量为1年生:2年生:3年生=1.00:1.89:0.58。分别在土壤含水量最低(土壤凋萎含水量)和最高(土壤饱和含水量)时对土壤氧气体积分数进行测定, 土壤氧气体积分数基本小于14%, 覆盖后有所下降, 且随着土壤深度的增加和土壤含水量的上升而下降(表 1)。

处理	深度/cm	土壤氧气体积分数/%
处理	深度/cm	土壤凋萎含水量时	土壤饱和含水量时
覆盖前	10	15.18±0.28	14.45±0.17
	20	14.66±0.19	13.12±0.28
	30	14.45±0.33	12.07±0.42
	40	14.23±0.11	10.16±0.21
覆盖后	10	14.04±0.07	13.45±0.64
	20	13.85±0.15	12.35±0.47
	30	13.71±0.16	12.25±0.30
	40	13.81±0.23	9.53±0.33
说明：土壤氧气体积分数于2017年12月林地有机材料覆盖后测量；土壤凋萎含水量为25%，土壤饱和含水量为35%。数值为平均值±标准差

Table 1. Soil oxygen content in sampling plots

1.2. 试验处理

以人工经营雷竹林为对象, 共设置4个处理, 即覆盖不通气(M)、覆盖通气(MA)、不覆盖通气(A)和不覆盖不通气(ck), 每处理3次重复。埋管通气方法:在每个处理中选择立地条件较为一致的小区(10 m × 3 m)共12个, 采用随机区组试验设计。用钻孔机在每个小区60 cm土层深处(雷竹根鞭主要分布于20~30 cm土层)平行于地面进行直线打孔, 孔间距为60 cm, 然后穿引铺设塑料通气管道, 并依次进行连接, 其中管道外径21 mm, 壁厚1 mm。并在管壁上每隔30 cm打1个直径为0.2 mm的小孔用作通气。每小区总管连接气泵, 土壤中所通气体为空气, 由压缩机(泉州劲霸, V-1.05/12.5, 压力为12 kg)输送。通气时间为20 min, 于每天7:00-9:00一次性通气, 其中覆盖通气样地后期通气时间增加到40 min, 于每天7:30和16:30进行通气, 每次20 min。

试验于2017年12月林地有机材料覆盖开始后进行。雷竹林覆盖增产技术的核心是提高地温, 因此必须在不影响土壤温度的前提下提高氧浓度。在30 cm土层深处, 覆盖和ck在通气后, 各处理间土壤温度无显著差异, 表明埋管通气方法并不会影响土壤温度。

1.3. 土壤氧气体积分数的测定

土壤氧气体积分数测定采用光纤式氧气测量仪(Firesting O₂, Pyro Science, 德国)。在垂直方向中, 于通气管道正上方埋入测氧探头, 埋入深度分别为10 cm(V₁₀)、20 cm(V₂₀)、30 cm(V₃₀)和40 cm(V₄₀); 在水平方向中, 于土层深40 cm处, 水平垂直于通气管道方向上, 以V₄₀(H₀)为起点, 相隔距离分别为15 cm(H₁₅)、30 cm(H₃₀)、45 cm(H₄₅)和60 cm(H₆₀)依次埋入探头。隔0.5 h测定1次实时土壤氧气体积分数, 监测24 h, 各样地选3处进行重复。

1.4. 数据处理

利用Excel进行数据处理并绘图, 用SPSS 11.5进行统计分析, 处理间差异用LSD或Duncan比较。

3. 讨论

一般情况下, 土壤氧气体积分数达15%才能满足植物呼吸作用的需要^[19]。但由于连年覆盖, 降雨渍水, 土壤板结、高温等影响, 集约经营雷竹林土壤长期存在缺氧现象^[20-22]。通气能缓解缺氧胁迫, 提高根系活力^[23]。在实际生产中, 加氧灌溉管道水气均一性较差, 导致田间作物产量不均匀^[24]; 长期化学增氧是否会影响植物生长还需进一步研究验证; 机械加气需要耗费人力电力, 增加生产投入。

本研究表明:土壤埋管通气能显著提升垂直方向上各土层氧气体积分数, 且随着深度的增加提升效果越明显, 最高可达4.98%。在自然状态下, 土壤中的氧主要靠大气向土壤的扩散为主^[25], 表层土壤疏松多孔, 利于空气交换^[26]。覆盖后, 空气扩散受到阻碍, 而且覆盖物的增温发酵也会消耗更多的氧气。因此, ck处理各土层氧气体积分数高于M处理, 且均随深度的增加而下降。此外, 土壤含水量对氧气体积分数也有较大影响^[14], 含水量上升时土壤氧气体积分数下降(表 1)。埋管通气后, 土壤氧的主要来源发生改变, 随着空气在土壤扩散以及根系和微生物的消耗, 土壤氧气体积分数由埋管处向表层递减。在土层水平方向上, 通气显著提升了土壤氧气体积分数, 随着通气管道距离的增加提升量逐渐下降。由于气体在土壤中优先选择向上扩散路径和烟囱效应^[2], 因此, 在水平方向上土壤氧气体积分数的提升较为平缓和滞后。相同土层间的根系分布, 土壤理化性质更为一致, 这也是水平方向上土壤氧气体积分数差异更小的原因。另外, 土壤含水量的上升对氧气体积分数也有较大影响, 在地下灌溉后土壤氧气体积分数明显下降, 甚至接近于零, 灌溉后土壤的短暂通气能迅速提高氧气体积分数^[27]。在土壤湿度较高的情况下, 土壤水分对土壤呼吸的影响主要受氧气的控制^[28], 因此提升土壤氧气体积分数显得尤为重要。

4. 结论

地下埋管通气并不会降低冬季覆盖土壤温度, 可以有效改善雷竹林土壤通气状况, 防止因渍水、覆盖、板结等而导致的土壤氧气体积分数下降等负面影响, 可有效缓解雷竹林缺氧胁迫。在不覆盖处理下, 每天通气20 min可有效提升土壤氧气体积分数。在覆盖处理下, 土壤各层氧气体积分数均会有所下降, 可增加通气时间和通气频率来向土壤补充更多氧气。雷竹林埋管通气是提升土壤氧气体积分数的有效技术措施, 在实际运用中前景广阔。

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处理	不土层氧气体积分数/%
处理	10	20	30	40 cm
ck	15.18±0.28 b	14.66±0.19 c	14.45±0.33 c	14.23±0.11 c
A	16.24±0.18 a	17.15±0.19 a	18.19±0.12 a	19.31±0.03 a
M	14.04±0.07 c	13.85±0.15 d	13.71±0.16 d	13.81±0.23 d
MA	15.13±0.47 b	16.40±0.38 b	17.37±0.46 b	17.62±0.28 b
说明:数值为平均值±标准差; 同列不同小写字母表示不同处理间差异显著(P＜0.05)

处理	深度/cm	通气管道水平不同距离的氧气体积分数/%
处理	深度/cm	0	15	30 cm
A	10	16.24±0.18 f	16.16±0.33 f	15.75±0.20 g
	20	17.56±0.22 d	16.31±0.19 f	14.59±0.21 h
	30	18.55±0.10 b	17.62±0.15 c	17.20±0.16 d
	40	19.26±0.11 a	18.19±0.18 b	16.75±0.20 e
MA	10	15.13±0.36 hi	15.64±0.28 fgh	14.92±0.28 i
	20	16.40±0.12 cde	16.23 ±0.26 def	15.26±0.28 ghi
	30	17.37±0.62 ab	16.48±0.31 cd	15.84±0.27 efg
	40	17.62±0.48 a	16.94±0.23 bc	15.71±0.23 fgh
说明:数值为平均值±标准差; 同列不同小写字母表示不同处理间差异显著(P＜0.05)

Soil oxygen content of Phyllostachys violascens with pipe-buried aeration

doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2020.01.009