Volume 38 Issue 1
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XU Ya’ nan, SONG Chengwei, ZHANG Lixia, GUO Lili, DUAN Xiangguang, LIU Shuguang, HOU Xiaogai. Dynamic analysis of mineral elements across the growth cycle of Paeonia ostii ‘Feng Dan’[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2021, 38(1): 128-137. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20200303
Citation: XU Ya’ nan, SONG Chengwei, ZHANG Lixia, GUO Lili, DUAN Xiangguang, LIU Shuguang, HOU Xiaogai. Dynamic analysis of mineral elements across the growth cycle of Paeonia ostii ‘Feng Dan’[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2021, 38(1): 128-137. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20200303
shu

Dynamic analysis of mineral elements across the growth cycle of Paeonia ostii ‘Feng Dan’

doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20200303
  • 1.

    College of Agriculture/College of Tree Peony, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, Henan, China

  • 2.

    Henan Province Oil Peony Engineering Technology Research Center, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, Henan, China

  • Received Date: 2020-05-04
  • Rev Recd Date: 2020-09-15
    • Available Online: 2021-01-21
  • Publish Date: 2021-01-21
  •   Objective  With the changes of main mineral element contents in the annual growth cycle of the Paeonia ostii ‘Feng Dan’ measured, the current study is aimed at an analysis of the fertilizer requirement and nutrient diagnosis for the oil peony.  Method  With ‘Feng Dan’ (eight years old), an oil peony cultivar selected as the study subjects, the mineral elements content of roots, stems and leaves were measured across the growth stages of the oil peony.  Result  The content of P in roots, stems and leaves, and the content of N in roots and leaves decreased gradually as the growth cycle of the peony proceeds, while the changes of K and Mg vary from part to part. The content of Fe was significantly more than any other trace elements in the roots, stems and leaves, and increased first and then decreased across the growth cycle. All of the trace elements, except for Cu, have showed first an increase and then a decrease in content in the roots. As the process of fruit development advanced, the content of N increased, with the content of K in fruit pods and P in seeds displaying a trend of decrease, increase and decrease. The changes of mineral elements in roots, stems and leaves of the peony showed different degrees of correlation across the peony’ s growth cycle, with N、P、K、Fe and Mn closely related to most of the other mineral elements. The same mineral elements displayed different correlations with vegetative organs and reproductive organs.  Conclusion  Throughout one growth cycle, the oil peony ‘Feng Dan’ has a large demand for N and P from the leaf-growth stage to the current bud stage, and N and P fertilizers should be applied before the leaf-growth stage; and there is a large demand for N, P and K during the fruiting period, and it is recommended to apply N, P and K fertilizer after the flowering of the peony. Fe fertilizer should be applied before the budding stage (early March) while B and Zn fertilizers should be applied during the seed development stage from May to July to meet the demand of ‘Feng Dan’ plants for these three microelements. [Ch, 7 tab. 36 ref.]
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Dynamic analysis of mineral elements across the growth cycle of Paeonia ostii ‘Feng Dan’

doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20200303
  • 1. College of Agriculture/College of Tree Peony, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, Henan, China
  • 2. Henan Province Oil Peony Engineering Technology Research Center, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, Henan, China
  • Received Date: 2020-05-04
  • Rev Recd Date: 2020-09-15
  • Available Online: 2021-01-21
  • Publish Date: 2021-01-21

Abstract:   Objective  With the changes of main mineral element contents in the annual growth cycle of the Paeonia ostii ‘Feng Dan’ measured, the current study is aimed at an analysis of the fertilizer requirement and nutrient diagnosis for the oil peony.  Method  With ‘Feng Dan’ (eight years old), an oil peony cultivar selected as the study subjects, the mineral elements content of roots, stems and leaves were measured across the growth stages of the oil peony.  Result  The content of P in roots, stems and leaves, and the content of N in roots and leaves decreased gradually as the growth cycle of the peony proceeds, while the changes of K and Mg vary from part to part. The content of Fe was significantly more than any other trace elements in the roots, stems and leaves, and increased first and then decreased across the growth cycle. All of the trace elements, except for Cu, have showed first an increase and then a decrease in content in the roots. As the process of fruit development advanced, the content of N increased, with the content of K in fruit pods and P in seeds displaying a trend of decrease, increase and decrease. The changes of mineral elements in roots, stems and leaves of the peony showed different degrees of correlation across the peony’ s growth cycle, with N、P、K、Fe and Mn closely related to most of the other mineral elements. The same mineral elements displayed different correlations with vegetative organs and reproductive organs.  Conclusion  Throughout one growth cycle, the oil peony ‘Feng Dan’ has a large demand for N and P from the leaf-growth stage to the current bud stage, and N and P fertilizers should be applied before the leaf-growth stage; and there is a large demand for N, P and K during the fruiting period, and it is recommended to apply N, P and K fertilizer after the flowering of the peony. Fe fertilizer should be applied before the budding stage (early March) while B and Zn fertilizers should be applied during the seed development stage from May to July to meet the demand of ‘Feng Dan’ plants for these three microelements. [Ch, 7 tab. 36 ref.]

XU Ya’ nan, SONG Chengwei, ZHANG Lixia, GUO Lili, DUAN Xiangguang, LIU Shuguang, HOU Xiaogai. Dynamic analysis of mineral elements across the growth cycle of Paeonia ostii ‘Feng Dan’[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2021, 38(1): 128-137. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20200303
Citation: XU Ya’ nan, SONG Chengwei, ZHANG Lixia, GUO Lili, DUAN Xiangguang, LIU Shuguang, HOU Xiaogai. Dynamic analysis of mineral elements across the growth cycle of Paeonia ostii ‘Feng Dan’[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2021, 38(1): 128-137. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20200303
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  • 牡丹Paeonia suffruticosa是芍药科Paeoniaceae芍药属Paeonia的多年生落叶灌木，是中国特有的植物资源[1-2]。牡丹作为中国的传统名花，花可供观赏，根可作为丹皮入药，牡丹籽油是一种新型木本植物油，具有极高的生态、经济和社会价值[3-4]。油用牡丹‘凤丹’Paeonia ostii ‘Feng Dan’具有结籽多、出油高、适应范围广、易于管理等优点[5-6]。其籽粒富含不饱和脂肪酸，多项指标均优于现有食用油，具有改善心血管、调节免疫、消炎、抗肿瘤等多种医疗保健功能[7-9]。矿质元素是植物体的重要组成成分，对维持正常的生命活动、调节生理功能具有重要作用[10-11]。矿质元素是植物生长的物质基础，对作物的产量与品质具有重要影响[12-13]。梁芳等[14]研究发现：氮、磷、钾、铜、铁对文冠果Xan-thoceras sorbifolia新梢发育具有重要影响。何国庆等[15]研究表明：氮、钾是山核桃Carya cathayensis果实发育过程中最重要的矿质营养，其中种仁氮、钾与脂肪酸组分的相关性最高。目前，对油用牡丹产量的研究主要集中在栽培方式、施肥方法、根际微生物[16-21]等方面。此外，对不同肥料元素的施用水平和配比进行科学平衡施肥，提高‘凤丹’种子产量和品质的研究也已取得了一定的进展[22-24]。张阁[18]发现：宁夏地区‘凤丹’增产的首要影响因子是氮肥，其次为钾肥和磷肥。朱丹等[25]建立了‘凤丹’产量与养分施用量的回归方程，获得了氮、磷、钾的最佳施肥量。而关于‘凤丹’生育期内营养器官和生殖器官对矿质元素的吸收及转运规律，尤其是微量元素的研究鲜有报道。了解植株矿质营养元素动态变化及营养水平是合理施肥的基础。本研究对油用牡丹‘凤丹’矿质营养元素及变化进行了动态分析，全面了解油用牡丹‘凤丹’对矿质元素的吸收、利用状况以及营养元素间的平衡关系，以期为油用牡丹合理施肥及高产栽培提供理论依据。

1.   材料与方法

    1.1.   材料

  • 于2016年在河南科技大学农场牡丹种植试验基地，选择长势健壮、一致、芽饱满、无病虫害的8年生油用牡丹‘凤丹’植株为材料。施肥和生产上与牡丹正常管理保持一致，2015年11月底施入有机肥(2.25×104 kg·hm−2)作为冬储肥，当年3月初施600 kg·hm−2，质量比为20∶20∶10的氮肥[主要成分为氮(N)]-磷肥[主要成分为五氧化二磷(P2O5)]-钾肥[主要成分为氧化钾(K2O)]的复合肥作为促花肥；5月中旬施375 kg·hm−2氮肥-磷肥-钾肥(质量比为15∶15∶10)的复合肥，施肥时均匀撒施，施完肥浇水。株距×行距分别为60 cm×75 cm，密度约2.25×104株·hm−2。

    • 1.2.   试验设计

  • 2016年2月下旬至8月上旬分别取油用牡丹的根、茎、叶、果荚、种子。每次取样3个重复。取样时间：2月26日(展叶期)、3月12日(现蕾期)、3月27日(立蕾期)、4月11日(盛花期)、4月28日、5月12日、6月1日、6月29日、7月18日(4月28日至7月18日为结实期)、8月4日(果熟期)。样品带回实验室后，先用自来水冲洗干净，再用蒸馏水浸洗，滤纸吸干水分后将样品置于烘箱内105 ℃杀青30 min，然后在80 ℃下烘干至恒量，不锈钢粉碎机粉碎样品，储存于带塞的玻璃瓶内备用。

    • 1.3.   研究方法

  • 采用ZDDN-Ⅱ自动型凯氏定氮仪(托普仪器，浙江)，用半微量蒸馏法测定样品全氮质量分数，具体参照温云杰等[26]的方法。采用Agilent 5100 ICP-OES电感耦合等离子质谱仪(Agilent公司，美国)，测定样品中磷、钾、镁、铁、锰、锌、铜、硼质量分数，具体参照贺春玲等[27]的方法。

    • 1.4.   数据处理

  • 利用Excel 2010和SPSS 20.0对数据进行处理和相关性分析。

2.   结果与分析

    2.1.   油用牡丹‘凤丹’不同生育期营养器官矿质元素质量分数的变化

    2.1.1.   根矿物质元素质量分数

  • ‘凤丹’根中矿质元素的测定发现：氮质量分数为9.76~14.08 mg·g−1，展叶期(2月26日)至结实期前期(5月12日)氮逐渐下降，展叶期氮的质量分数高于其他时期。磷质量分数为6.95~9.81 mg·g−1，在展叶期到结实期(7月18日)逐渐下降，果熟期上升。钾质量分数为2.68~5.02 mg·g−1，呈先下降后上升的趋势，结实期后期(6月29日至8月4日)出现下降趋势。镁质量分数为1.04~1.85 mg·g−1，呈先升高后降低，在立蕾期(3月27日)达最大值。微量元素铁质量分数最高，铜最低。锰、铁、锌和硼元素的质量分数均呈先升高后降低的趋势。铁、硼在立蕾期(3月27日)达到峰值，分别为167.5和64.5 mg·kg−1，锰在盛花期(4月11日)达到峰值，为61.4 mg·kg−1，锌在结实期(4月28日)达到峰值，为63.5 mg·kg−1。铜的变化趋势不明显(表1)。

    日期(月-日)氮/(mg·g−1)磷/(mg·g−1)钾/(mg·g−1)镁/(mg·g−1)铁/(mg·kg−1)锰/(mg·kg−1)锌/(mg·kg−1)铜/(mg·kg−1)硼/(mg·kg−1)
    02-2614.089.814.991.10122.8125.4619.1614.9942.45
    03-1212.799.543.901.47145.6246.5226.2112.1256.94
    03-2712.439.322.681.85167.4656.5234.7611.6564.47
    04-1111.228.893.281.65145.6561.4047.54 8.6556.47
    04-2810.368.723.331.36138.6152.7663.47 7.7934.98
    05-12 9.768.583.921.24113.7743.0052.18 9.5025.43
    06-0110.218.264.151.22 99.2136.8132.05 8.4521.91
    06-2910.257.855.021.23 82.9930.5534.67 8.9723.67
    07-1810.146.954.971.20 75.4431.8037.0810.7228.33
    08-0410.257.784.631.04 69.9621.0139.2611.5036.77

    Table 1.  Elements change of P. ostii ‘Feng Dan’ roots in different growth stages

    • 2.1.2.   茎矿物质元素质量分数

  • ‘凤丹’茎中矿质元素分析发现：氮质量分数为8.34~10.94 mg·g−1，生育期内呈先降低后升高的变化趋势。磷质量分数为4.06~7.72 mg·g−1，不同生育期持续下降。钾质量分数为8.32~13.58 mg·g−1，不同生育期持续下降，7月18日达最低值，果熟期(8月4日)上升。镁质量分数为1.04~1.42 mg·g−1，生育期内变化趋势不明显。微量元素中铁质量分数最高，呈先升高后降低，在盛花期(4月11日)达到峰值，为176.5 mg·kg−1。锌随着‘凤丹’的生长发育持续上升。硼呈先升高后降低的趋势，4月28日达最大值，为32.9 mg·kg−1。生育期内锰和铜含量无显著变化(表2)。

    日期(月-日)氮/(mg·g−1)磷/(mg·g−1)钾/(mg·g−1)镁/(mg·g−1)铁/(mg·kg−1)锰/(mg·kg−1)锌/(mg·kg−1)铜/(mg·kg−1)硼/(mg·kg−1)
    02-26 9.957.7213.581.14125.9218.3117.4813.7425.80
    03-12 8.447.1113.271.09138.0517.9319.59 9.6226.70
    03-27 8.756.8311.981.13156.4716.4025.4710.2428.81
    04-11 8.766.3511.621.04176.4716.4029.49 9.2431.81
    04-28 8.346.2410.521.05172.3014.7831.58 9.7832.90
    05-12 8.756.08 9.251.37166.7817.2046.2310.3823.76
    06-01 8.725.56 9.011.42164.6813.5741.98 7.5823.57
    06-29 9.014.86 8.661.39148.3212.6045.72 8.0121.08
    07-1810.234.06 8.371.29142.8410.1152.22 9.7620.16
    08-0410.945.74 8.321.18182.3215.1550.4012.1020.20

    Table 2.  Elements change of P. ostii ‘Feng Dan’ stems in different growth stages

    • 2.1.3.   叶片矿物质元素质量分数

  • ‘凤丹’叶片矿质元素测定发现：氮质量分数为14.67~35.84 mg·g−1，生育期内持续下降，在现蕾期(3月12日)到结实期前期(5月12日)急剧下降。磷质量分数为6.05~8.75 mg·g−1，生育期内持续下降。钾质量分数为8.63~10.17 mg·g−1，从现蕾期(3月12日)到结实期前期(4月11日)持续下降，花谢后出现急剧上升的趋势，而在结实期(4月28日至8月4日)持续下降。镁质量分数为2.24~5.51 mg·g−1，在不同生育期持续升高。微量元素中铁最高。铁、锰、锌呈先升高后降低趋势，分别在5月12日、4月11日和4月28日达最大值。铜无显著变化，硼呈先升高后降低再升高的趋势(表3)。

    日期(月-日)氮/(mg·g−1)磷/(mg·g−1)钾/(mg·g−1)镁/(mg·g−1)铁/((mg·kg−1)锰/(mg·kg−1)锌/(mg·kg−1)铜/(mg·kg−1)硼/(mg·kg−1)
    03-1235.848.75 9.942.24117.8012.5036.80 3.8023.60
    03-2731.458.24 9.032.50125.2017.0039.2014.1032.50
    04-1124.527.52 8.633.24134.9125.0247.05 9.9640.03
    04-2821.596.8210.173.50148.7320.1756.0810.0932.91
    05-1218.296.46 9.814.46159.4219.6153.48 9.8131.93
    06-0117.596.38 9.623.78142.5716.6548.24 8.2641.40
    06-2915.936.12 9.473.92135.43 9.6443.94 7.2144.58
    07-1814.966.05 9.164.69132.8510.0341.4810.0348.44
    08-0414.676.35 9.025.51147.0210.0145.0110.0155.04

    Table 3.  Elements change of P. ostii ‘Feng Dan’ leaves in different growth stages

    • 2.1.4.   根、茎、叶中矿质元素间的相关性分析

  • 从表4可见：根中氮与磷、铜，磷和铁、硼，铁和硼，镁和锰、铁、硼，锰和铁均呈极显著正相关(P＜0.01)；钾和镁、锰、铁均呈极显著负相关(P＜0.01)；氮与硼，磷和硼呈显著正相关(P＜0.05)；氮与锌，锌和铜呈显著负相关(P＜0.05)。茎中磷和钾、锰，钾和锰，镁和锌均呈极显著正相关(P＜0.01)；磷和锌，钾和镁、锌，镁和硼，锰和锌，锌和硼呈极显著负相关(P＜0.01)；氮与硼呈显著负相关(P＜0.05)。在叶片中磷和镁，磷和铁、硼均呈极显著负相关(P＜0.01)；镁和铁、硼，铁和锌均呈显著正相关(P＜0.05)。

    元素氮根磷根钾根镁根锰根铁根锌根铜根硼根
    氮根1
    磷根0.810**1
    钾根−0.090−0.4671
    镁根0.2810.443−0.860**1
    锰根0.0750.419−0.910**0.888**1
    铁根0.5700.824**−0.831**0.831**0.833**1
    锌根−0.651*−0.249−0.4560.1450.4710.0961
    铜根0.796**0.4340.310−0.145−0.4160.081−0.745*1
    硼根0.686*0.662*−0.6250.772**0.5800.786**−0.1840.3941
    元素氮茎磷茎钾茎镁茎锰茎铁茎锌茎铜茎硼茎
    氮茎1
    磷茎−0.2781
    钾茎−0.3350.887**1
    镁茎0.097−0.607−0.683*1
    锰茎−0.2670.943**0.766**−0.4991
    铁茎−0.051−0.207−0.478−0.065−0.0751
    锌茎0.421−0.887**−0.983**0.680*−0.735*0.4221
    铜茎0.5870.5260.386−0.4070.505−0.232−0.3031
    硼茎−0.652*0.5880.625−0.739*0.4820.199−0.694*−0.0271
    元素氮叶磷叶钾叶镁叶锰叶铁叶锌叶铜叶硼叶
    氮叶1
    磷叶−0.3311
    钾叶−0.8030.0031
    镁叶−0.265−0.858**−0.1761
    锰叶0.0810.276−0.046−0.3591
    铁叶−0.658−0.682*0.2310.674*0.2701
    锌叶0.574−0.4970.3710.3490.5470.885**1
    铜叶−0.700−0.112−0.4710.1600.3250.2500.2021
    硼叶0.433−0.730*−0.5560.811**−0.4300.2710.0160.2331
    　　说明：*表示在0.05水平上显著相关，**表示在0.01水平上极显著相关

    Table 4.  Correlation among 9 elements of P. ostii ‘Feng Dan’ roots, stems and leaves

    • 2.2.   油用牡丹‘凤丹’不同生育期生殖器官矿质元素的变化

    2.2.1.   果荚矿质元素

  • 对果荚中矿质元素的分析发现：大量元素氮、磷、钾和镁元素在结实期初期均下降，在5月12日达最低值，分别为12.71、7.40、9.91和2.26 mg·g−1。氮和钾在结实期持续上升，在8月4日和7月18日分别达最大值，为30.44和8.75 mg·g−1，钾在果熟期下降。磷和镁在5月12日下降到最低值，在结实期无明显变化。锌和锰先上升后下降，结实期后期(7月18日)骤然下降，铜和铁呈先下降后上升的趋势，硼持续上升(表5)。

    日期(月-日)氮/(mg·g−1)磷/(mg·g−1)钾/(mg·g−1)镁/(mg·g−1)铁/(mg·kg−1)锰/(mg·kg−1)锌/(mg·kg−1)铜/(mg·kg−1)硼/(mg·kg−1)
    04-2814.819.1213.122.5346.8614.6739.1313.0126.05
    05-1212.717.40 9.912.2615.85 9.6638.93 9.6619.30
    06-0116.668.7313.752.0817.07 4.9512.3212.3227.17
    06-2920.708.6517.572.72 8.8926.7633.4710.0533.53
    07-1828.368.5524.242.6213.7133.7933.92 6.7830.43
    08-0430.448.0821.093.6323.7010.3015.4610.3041.22

    Table 5.  Elements change of P. ostii ‘Feng Dan’ pods in different growth stages

    • 2.2.2.   种子矿质元素

  • 对种子中的矿质元素分析发现：氮在结实期不断升高。钾在结实期持续下降，结实期前期明显降低，在结实期后期(6月1日后)下降较为平缓。磷在结实期前期下降，结实后期持续上升，在6月29日后维持在较高水平。镁没有明显变化。微量元素铁在结实期呈先升高后降低的趋势，其他元素均表现出先降低后升高的趋势，锰在7月18日达最大值，之后骤然下降(表6)。

    日期(月-日)氮/(mg·g−1)磷/(mg·g−1)钾/(mg·g−1)镁/(mg·g−1)铁/(mg·kg−1)锰/(mg·kg−1)锌/(mg·kg−1)铜/(mg·kg−1)硼/(mg·kg−1)
    04-2825.9723.6020.231.9320.4630.0934.0328.8721.02
    05-1227.8714.9512.231.4630.8514.4419.6022.44 9.66
    06-0130.6315.11 9.251.4029.3712.7825.7017.9710.25
    06-2931.9518.61 8.311.5017.7826.7329.1617.0112.15
    07-1833.9718.70 8.011.5522.4340.7140.7416.2711.38
    08-0438.3716.83 7.561.6310.4619.0138.0219.0128.52

    Table 6.  Elements change of P. ostii ‘Feng Dan’ seeds in different growth stages

    • 2.2.3.   不同器官间矿质元素的相关性

  • 对同种矿质元素在不同器官中的相关性分析表明(表7)：营养器官(根、茎、叶)与生殖器官(果荚、种子)相同元素之间存在一定的相关性。其中，磷、钾、铁在根与种子间存在显著的相关性(P＜0.05)；锰在根与果荚间存在显著的相关性(P＜0.05)；氮、钾、锰、硼在叶片与果荚之间有显著的相关关系(P＜0.05)；氮、钾、锰、锌、硼在叶片与种子间有显著的相关关系(P＜0.05)；氮在茎与果荚间有显著相关性(P＜0.05)；氮、钾、镁在茎与种子间存在显著的相关性(P＜0.05)。

    器官根氮茎氮叶氮果荚氮种子氮器官根锰茎锰叶锰果荚锰种子锰
    根氮1根锰1
    茎氮−0.0291茎锰0.2871
    叶氮0.952**−0.5791叶锰0.826**0.4931
    果荚氮0.3310.951**−0.821*1果荚锰−0.878*−0.657−0.898*1
    种子氮0.1970.942**−0.907*0.931**1种子锰−0.622−0.851*−0.861*0.843*1
    器官根磷茎磷叶磷果荚磷种子磷器官根锌茎锌叶锌果荚锌种子锌
    根磷1根锌1
    茎磷0.971**1茎锌0.3241
    叶磷0.876**0.845**1叶锌0.869**0.2671
    果荚磷−0.053−0.1900.1621果荚锌−0.4030.052−0.2111
    种子磷−0.845*−0.701−0.755−0.0021种子锌−0.7730.815*−0.871*−0.1801
    器官根钾茎钾叶钾果荚钾种子钾器官根铜茎铜叶铜果荚铜种子铜
    根钾1根铜1
    茎钾−0.3621茎铜0.792**1
    叶钾0.0230.0781叶铜−0.0370.3611
    果荚钾0.769−0.691−0.838*1果荚铜−0.706−0.235−0.1711
    种子钾−0.888*0.981**0.888*−0.5851种子铜−0.5410.2370.4640.6171
    器官根镁茎镁叶镁果荚镁种子镁器官根硼茎硼叶硼果荚硼种子硼
    根镁1根硼1
    茎镁−0.4801茎硼0.5981
    叶镁−0.828**0.4591叶硼−0.449−0.6121
    果荚镁−0.721−0.4590.7461果荚硼0.142−0.841*0.944**1
    种子镁0.384−0.963**−0.1820.2971种子硼0.415−0.6560.874*0.943**1
    器官根铁茎铁叶铁果荚铁种子铁
    根铁1
    茎铁−0.0601
    叶铁−0.3750.672*1
    果荚铁0.1770.7500.2471
    种子铁0.862*−0.1220.403−0.3031
    　　说明：*表示在0.05水平上显著相关，**表示在0.01水平上极显著相关

    Table 7.  Correlation of elements in different organs of P. ostii ‘Feng Dan’

3.   结论与讨论

  • 本研究中，‘凤丹’在展叶期(2月26日)营养器官(根、茎、叶)中氮、磷、钾3种大量元素质量分数均维持在较高水平，且从展叶期到立蕾期(3月27日)3种大量元素质量分数均明显下降，说明展叶期到花蕾形成这段时间，‘凤丹’植株初叶舒展、花芽萌发，正处于开花前的准备阶段，根、茎中积累的氮、磷、钾营养元素迅速通过叶片向花中转移，以保证花的发育过程中对氮、磷、钾养分的需求。从立蕾期(3月27日)到结实初期(4月28日)，‘凤丹’经历花蕾形成、圆桃透色期、初花期、盛花期、末花期及结实初期，该阶段是‘凤丹’生殖生长的关键时期，为‘凤丹’后续籽粒物质积累与产量形成奠定基础；此时，‘凤丹’根与叶中氮元素质量分数急剧下降，磷元素缓慢降低，钾元素临近结实期持续增加；茎中氮元素与钾元素持续下降，磷元素变化幅度较小。由此说明，此阶段‘凤丹’根、茎、叶将积累的氮、磷元素源源不断地输送到生殖器官；同时‘凤丹’植株在生殖器官发育过程中对钾元素需求量较大，促使根系不断从土壤中吸收钾元素，通过茎、叶转运至生殖器官。

    从结实初期(4月28日)到果熟期(8月4日)，‘凤丹’植株根与果荚中氮元素质量分数呈先上升后下降的趋势，均在5月12日出现转折点；植株茎与种子中的氮元素均呈持续上升趋势；植株叶片中氮元素呈下降趋势，说明种子在发育过程中对氮元素的需求较高，结实初期根系、叶片与果荚中积累的氮元素不断向种子转移，导致此时期叶片与果荚氮下降；随着植株根系从土壤中大量吸收氮元素并通过茎不断向上输送，叶片作为生理代谢重要器官，不断将根、茎输送的氮元素转移至果荚，其转移量大于积累量，致使种子发育过程中，叶片中氮元素不断下降，从而确保果荚及种子中氮元素持续上升、不断积累，为籽粒膨大及内含物充实提供物质基础。从结实初期(4月28日)到果熟期(8月4日)，‘凤丹’植株根与茎中磷元素呈先下降后上升的趋势，均在结实末期(7月18日)出现最低值；叶片中磷元素呈缓慢下降趋势，果荚与种子中磷元素呈现不规则动态变化，说明‘凤丹’果实在发育过程中对磷元素需求量受具体发育阶段的影响，结实末期(7月18日)之前对磷元素需求较大，根、茎、叶中的磷元素持续向果实转移，从结实末期(7月18日)至果熟期(8月4日)对磷元素需求量减小，根与茎中磷元素开始积累。从结实初期(4月28日)到果熟期(8月4日)，‘凤丹’植株根中钾元素先上升后下降，在结实末期(7月18日)出现峰值；植株茎、叶与种子中钾元素均不断下降，果荚中钾元素呈先下降、再上升、又下降的趋势，说明‘凤丹’籽粒发育过程需要大量钾元素，营养器官吸收与积累的钾元素不断转运至果实，为种子膨大、产量形成提供物质基础。张阁[18]研究发现：‘凤丹’萌芽期和花期需要大量氮和磷，果实发育期需要大量氮、磷和钾，这与本研究的结果一致。本研究发现：‘凤丹’种子发育过程中氮在果荚和种子中持续上升，与牡丹‘小胡红’Paeonia suffruticosa ‘Hu Hong’种子中的变化规律一致[28]。结实期前期(4月28日至5月12日)果荚和种子磷、钾和镁质量分数均下降，磷和钾元素下降幅度非常明显，而同期茎和叶片中磷和钾同样下降，这与香榧Torreya grandis ‘Merrillii’种子发育前期矿质元素变化一致[29]，说明‘凤丹’种子处于发育前期。本研究表明：‘凤丹’结实期需氮、磷、钾量大，是氮素、磷素和钾素营养的最大效率时期，应在花谢后种子发育前追施氮磷钾肥。

    植物微量元素也直接影响果实的产量和品质[30-31]。本研究中，‘凤丹’根、茎、叶中铁质量分数远高于锰、锌、铜、硼，与‘小胡红’[28]、北京景山栽培牡丹和‘洛阳红’Paeonia suffruticosa ‘Luoyang Red’ [32-33]结果一致，并且铁呈先升高后降低的趋势，表明‘凤丹’生长发育过程中需要大量的铁。本研究中铁质量分数大于硼，与张阁[18]在宁夏地区所测的‘凤丹’硼质量分数高于铁的结果不一致，推测其主要原因可能是取样地理环境的差异所致。‘凤丹’根中微量元素呈先升高后降低的趋势，与茎和叶中微量元素变化规律不相同，但整体上也表现为先升高后降低的趋势，并且在盛花期(4月11日)前达到最大值，说明随着花朵开放、叶片展开，植株的光合能力不断增强，叶片中高水平的矿质元素有利于光合作用合成更多的有机物以及光合产物的运输。在花期之后到果熟期(8月4日)，‘凤丹’根、茎、叶中微量元素整体表现出不同程度降低，说明‘凤丹’结实期是各种微量元素的高需求期，可在结实前期对其进行微肥的补充。硼和锌元素在种子发育过程中表现出先下降后升高的趋势，尤其是在种子成熟期(7月18日至8月4日)急剧上升，与魏双雨等[11]对‘凤丹’施加硼锌肥，显著增大了光合产物积累的结果一致。推测‘凤丹’种子成熟期是植株体内有机物剧烈变化期，同时也伴随着微量元素的大量积累。‘凤丹’生育期内铁远高于其他微量元素，在种子发育后期硼和锌大幅上升，可在种子发育过程中增施铁、硼和锌，以满足‘凤丹’种子微量元素的积累。

    植物不同生育期对矿质元素的需求量不同，矿质元素吸收转运相互影响，植物体内矿质元素呈现一定的消长规律，矿质元素在不同器官的动态分布规律也存在一定的相关性[34-35]。本研究测定的不同元素间具有一定的相关性，有些达到极显著水平，不同器官的不同矿质元素之间的变化规律相关性并不相同，表明不同生育期‘凤丹’器官对不同矿质元素的需求规律存在差异。氮、磷、钾、铁、锰与其他元素间表现出更加密切的相关性，说明它们可能调节‘凤丹’生育期内不同元素的吸收转运。不同元素在营养器官(根、茎、叶)和生殖器官(果荚、种子)间均存在相关性，如本研究发现：在发育过程中，果荚锌呈先升高后下降的趋势，而种子锌则呈先下降后升高的趋势。氮在叶与果荚、种子间，磷在叶与果荚间，硼在叶与果荚间呈显著负相关。‘凤丹’种子可能与果荚及邻近的营养器官间存在同化物分配的源库关系[36]。种子发育初期果荚或营养器官积累大量的营养元素，当种子发育进入中后期，干物质大量积累，营养元素由果荚或营养器官转运到果实，表明‘凤丹’种子成熟过程中，矿质元素在植物体内存在着从营养器官到生殖器官的分配和积累规律。

    综上所述，油用牡丹‘凤丹’花期需补充大量的氮、磷养分，种子发育过程中对氮、磷、钾需求量较大，开花前(3月中旬)宜追施氮、磷肥，花后结实期之前(5月上旬)追施氮、磷、钾肥。现蕾期(3月27日)到花期(4月)铁快速积累，之后迅速下降，种子发育后期对硼、锌需求量增加，可在5−7月种子发育期追施铁、硼、锌等微肥。

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