Effects of fertilization at different growth stages on yield and quality of Fritillaria thunbergii
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摘要:
目的 探究不同生育期施肥对浙贝母Fritillaria thunbergii产量和品质的影响，指导人工栽培。 方法 2021年10月在浙江杭州，以‘浙贝3号’‘Zhebei 3’品种为材料，设置缺失基肥、种肥、腊肥、苗肥、花肥的处理组和全肥、无肥的对照组，测定不同生育期‘浙贝3号’植株的株高、鲜质量、叶片大小等形态指标和可溶性糖、丙二醛、抗氧化酶等生理指标。2022年5月倒苗后采收鳞茎，统计产量，测定醇浸出物、生物碱等品质指标，测定栽培前后‘浙贝3号’鳞茎大量元素氮、磷、钾的变化。 结果 相比全肥对照组，缺失基肥、种肥、腊肥处理组的‘浙贝3号’产量和品质指标均无显著差异；缺失苗肥、花肥处理组的‘浙贝3号’产量分别显著下降19.15%和21.58%(P＜0.05)，贝母素甲和贝母素乙质量分数总和分别显著下降30.76%和15.38%(P＜0.05)。相比种鳞茎，缺失基肥、种肥、腊肥处理组的新生鳞茎中，氮、钾质量分数显著升高(P＜0.05)，磷质量分数显著降低(P＜0.05)；缺失种肥、腊肥处理组的新生鳞茎中，磷质量分数显著降低(P＜0.05)，氮、钾质量分数无显著差异；缺失苗肥、花肥处理组的新生鳞茎中，氮、磷质量分数均显著降低(P＜0.05)，钾质量分数无显著差异。 结论 基肥、种肥、腊肥缺失处理对‘浙贝3号’产量和品质的影响均不显著，基肥充足条件下可适当减少出苗前施肥；苗肥、花肥的缺失会导致‘浙贝3号’产量和品质显著降低，所以在苗期、花期应当及时、足量保证适当类型肥料的供给。图1表6参24 Abstract:Objective This study explores the impact of fertilization at different growth stages on yield and quality of Fritillaria thunbergii, a traditional herb from Zhejiang Province, in order to provide scientific guidance in fertilizer application. Method The cultivar ‘Zhebei 3’ was used as the material in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province in October 2021. Experimental groups were set up, including full fertilizer control group, no fertilizer control group and treatment groups without basal fertilizer, seed fertilizer, winter fertilizer, seedling fertilizer or flower fertilizer. The morphological and physiological indexes of ‘Zhebei 3’ at different growth stages were measured, such as plant height, fresh weight, leaf size, soluble sugar, malondialdehyde and antioxidant enzymes. In harvesting period in May 2022, the yield of bulbs was counted and the quality indexes were measured. The changes of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in bulbs before and after cultivation were measured. Result There were no significant differences in yield and quality indexes among treatment groups without basal fertilizer, seed fertilizer or winter fertilizer. The yield of ‘Zhebei 3’ in the groups without seedling fertilizer or flower fertilizer decreased by 19.15% and 21.58% (P＜0.05), and the total content of Peimine and Peiminine decreased by 30.76% and 15.38% (P＜0.05). Compared with seed bulbs, the content of nitrogen and potassium in the new bulbs of the treatment groups without basal fertilizer, seed fertilizer or winter fertilizer significantly increased (P＜0.05) and phosphorus content significantly decreased (P＜0.05). The lack of seed fertilizer or winter fertilizer significantly reduced the phosphorus content of new bulbs (P＜0.05), but did not affect the content of nitrogen and potassium. The lack of seedling fertilizer or flower fertilizer significantly reduced the contents of nitrogen and phosphorus in the new bulb (P＜0.05), but did not affect the content of potassium. Conclusion The deficiency of basal fertilizer, seed fertilizer or winter fertilizer has no significant effect on yield and quality of ‘Zhebei 3’. Under the condition of sufficient basal fertilizer, fertilization before seedling emergence can be appropriately reduced. The lack of seedling fertilizer or flower fertilizer will significantly decrease yield and quality of ‘Zhebei 3’, so the supply of appropriate types of fertilizer should be timely and sufficient at the seedling and flowering stages. [Ch, 1 fig. 6 tab. 24 ref.] -
Key words:
- Fritillaria thunbergii /
- growth stages /
- fertilization /
- yield /
- quality
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图 1 采收期各处理组的‘浙贝3号’新生鳞茎品质指标特征
Figure 1 Characteristics of quality indexes of newborn bulb of ‘Zhebei 3’ in different treatment groups during harvesting stage
表 1 采收期各处理组的‘浙贝3号’新生鳞茎产量
Table 1. Yields of newborn bulb of ‘Zhebei 3’ in different treatment groups during harvesting stage
组别 总鲜质量/g 总干质量/g 折干率/% 1(缺基肥) 59.91±2.07 a 16.95±0.55 a 28.30±0.30 a 2(缺种肥) 58.79±1.92 a 16.66±0.56 a 28.35±0.33 a 3(缺腊肥) 56.99±1.36 a 16.14±0.34 a 28.32±0.20 a 4(缺苗肥) 50.97±1.76 b 13.97±0.55 b 27.40±0.32 b 5(缺花肥) 49.36±3.19 b 13.55±0.91 b 27.44±0.33 b 6(全肥) 61.00±2.47 a 17.28±0.80 a 28.32±0.26 a 7(无肥) 38.85±1.83 c 10.66±0.53 c 27.43±0.31 b 说明：数值为平均值±标准差(n=3)。同列不同字母表示组别间差异显著(P＜0.05) 
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表 2 不同生育期各处理组的‘浙贝3号’形态指标特征
Table 2. Morphological indexes of ‘Zhebei 3’ in different phenological stages in different treatment groups
物候期 组别 出苗/始花/
倒苗时间
(年-月-日)株高/cm 叶片长/cm 叶片宽/cm 地上部分鲜质量/g 地下部分鲜质量/g 苗期 1 2022-02-09 8.57±0.57 b 6.31±0.82 b 1.13±0.06 b 9.27±1.46 b 4.02±0.31 a 2 2022-02-08 8.77±0.71 b 6.42±0.98 b 1.14±0.15 b 10.10±1.56 b 4.07±0.21 a 3 2022-02-08 8.96±0.75 b 6.43±0.51 b 1.02±0.09 b 9.68±0.42 b 4.21±0.26 a 4 2022-02-03 10.20±1.01 a 6.83±0.35 ab 1.13±0.06 b 12.51±1.08 a 4.22±0.70 a 5 2022-02-04 9.43±0.93 ab 6.93±0.45 a 1.27±0.06 a 11.43±3.59 ab 4.29±0.31 a 6 2022-02-03 10.02±0.56 a 7.17±0.74 a 1.23±0.06 a 13.17±2.66 a 4.27±0.31 a 7 2022-02-09 6.57±0.15 c 5.63±0.45 c 1.03±0.06 b 7.83±0.46 c 3.84±0.41 b 花期 1 2022-03-14 12.49±0.81 a 8.03±0.21 a 1.33±0.06 a 16.33±2.12 a 5.65±0.52 a 2 2022-03-15 13.77±0.85 a 8.12±0.26 a 1.30±0.12 a 16.27±2.84 a 5.61±0.31 a 3 2022-03-14 13.61±0.88 a 8.09±0.35 a 1.31±0.17 a 17.30±0.52 a 5.88±1.51 a 4 2022-03-16 13.28±1.18 a 6.67±0.32 b 1.15±0.06 b 12.18±1.75 b 5.03±0.93 b 5 2022-03-14 13.57±0.91 a 7.93±0.15 a 1.27±0.06 a 15.63±3.07 a 5.67±1.12 a 6 2022-03-15 13.87±0.84 a 8.13±0.21 a 1.31±0.13 a 17.53±2.96 a 6.22±1.51 a 7 2022-03-17 11.21±0.35 b 6.03±0.21 c 1.08±0.06 b 11.47±0.31 b 4.73±0.31 b 倒苗期 1 2022-04-16 11.82±0.59 a 10.03±0.57 a 1.70±0.23 a 12.63±2.57 b 10.37±0.35 a 2 2022-04-15 12.71±2.10 a 9.57±1.16 a 1.57±0.21 a 15.67±2.54 a 10.47±1.76 a 3 2022-04-15 10.93±1.59 ab 8.95±0.57 ab 1.72±0.11 a 11.37±0.81 b 10.83±1.10 a 4 2022-04-11 10.43±1.81 b 7.57±1.10 b 1.31±0.17 b 4.22±0.98 c 8.21±0.26 b 5 2022-04-16 10.23±1.46 b 8.37±1.07 b 1.53±0.12 a 11.67±3.31 b 8.77±0.25 b 6 2022-04-18 11.23±0.42 a 9.37±0.83 a 1.70±0.12 a 14.37±4.80 a 11.27±1.63 a 7 2022-04-10 10.17±0.85 b 7.79±0.61 b 1.67±0.06 a 5.02±2.36 c 6.93±0.12 c 说明：数值为平均值±标准差(n=3)。1. 缺基肥组；2. 缺种肥组；3. 缺腊肥组；4. 缺苗肥组；5. 缺花肥组；6. 全肥组；7. 无肥组。同时期各列不同小写字母表示不同组别间显著差异(P＜0.05)
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表 3 不同生育期各处理组的‘浙贝3号’生理指标特征
Table 3. Characteristics of leaf and bulb physiological indexes of ‘Zhebei 3’ in different phenological stages in different treatment groups
组别 叶绿素相对含量/SPAD值 组别 鳞茎鲜质量/g 出苗期 苗期 花期 倒苗期 出苗期 苗期 花期 倒苗期 1 36.67±1.04 b 50.32±1.84 b 55.60±1.90 a 38.96±2.24 a 1 6.60±1.73 a 4.02±0.31 a 5.75±0.50 a 10.37±1.35 a 2 38.53±1.75 b 52.14±1.71 b 56.20±2.06 a 34.90±1.43 a 2 7.07±0.91 a 4.07±0.21 a 5.81±0.31 a 10.47±1.76 a 3 36.26±0.86 b 51.03±1.47 b 55.83±1.26 a 33.45±1.36 a 3 6.27±1.10 a 4.21±0.26 a 5.88±1.50 a 10.83±1.10 a 4 44.16±1.98 a 54.14±1.15 a 50.86±1.38 b 11.36±0.86 c 4 6.93±0.74 a 4.22±0.70 a 5.03±0.93 a 6.20±0.26 b 5 42.96±1.78 a 55.60±1.90 a 60.80±1.70 a 21.93±1.21 b 5 6.00±0.62 a 4.29±0.31 a 5.67±1.12 a 7.77±0.25 b 6 41.43±1.66 a 55.13±1.96 a 61.23±1.52 a 36.96±1.58 a 6 7.10±0.98 a 4.27±0.31 a 6.22±1.51 a 11.26±1.63 a 7 36.46±1.00 b 47.55±1.68 c 48.77±1.94 b 11.20±0.89 c 7 6.73±0.40 a 3.84±0.40 a 4.73±0.31 b 5.93±0.12 b 组别 叶片可溶性糖质量分数/(g·kg−1) 组别 鳞茎可溶性糖质量分数/(g·kg−1) 出苗期 苗期 花期 倒苗期 出苗期 苗期 花期 倒苗期 1 179.88±2.52 b 240.41±5.87 b 295.36±4.54 a 118.14±2.33 a 1 449.07±6.05 a 285.42±6.41 a 341.38±3.60 a 254.33±3.28 a 2 168.03±2.62 b 246.75±6.47 b 306.44±4.04 a 126.94±2.30 a 2 453.40±7.33 a 290.44±4.85 a 344.49±5.25 a 269.27±3.47 a 3 184.23±2.48 b 251.44±6.38 b 311.25±5.56 a 127.31±2.83 a 3 451.28±5.82 a 297.07±6.30 a 352.31±4.41 a 275.97±4.24 a 4 201.15±4.11 a 285.43±4.75 a 232.14±3.04 b 68.20±2.08 b 4 452.57±4.96 a 303.36±6.87 a 316.78±4.19 a 200.74±2.36 b 5 205.67±3.16 a 295.17±5.23 a 285.63±4.95 a 87.93±2.48 b 5 456.82±6.74 a 308.43±5.32 a 353.04±4.79 a 243.80±3.62 b 6 211.14±3.34 a 280.06±6.64 a 318.72±6.81 a 139.53±3.66 a 6 454.64±5.96 a 310.15±3.86 a 367.84±6.82 a 291.73±5.92 a 7 156.25±3.10 b 168.44±4.75 c 172.91±3.47 c 55.52±1.19 b 7 453.07±6.01 a 228.51±5.62 b 270.92±3.26 c 188.13±3.25 c 组别 叶片丙二醛质量摩尔浓度/(nmol·g−1) 组别 鳞茎丙二醛质量摩尔浓度/(nmol·g−1) 出苗期 苗期 花期 倒苗期 出苗期 苗期 花期 倒苗期 1 714.07±12.78 b 466.12±5.55 a 529.45±8.55 a 320.35±4.39 a 1 36.43±1.25 a 47.46±1.45 b 53.57±0.68 b 33.86±1.12 b 2 761.60±12.12 a 452.33±6.96 a 537.11±6.32 a 290.52±6.53 a 2 39.17±0.78 a 45.33±0.95 b 54.83±0.95 b 38.03±1.64 b 3 748.54±15.09 a 479.50±6.84 a 541.37±7.48 a 297.21±5.18 a 3 37.15±1.09 a 46.27±0.98 b 55.62±0.88 b 41.30±1.25 b 4 721.13±14.69 ab 342.67±6.22 b 381.24±8.11 b 125.86±3.03 c 4 37.04±0.71 a 78.76±1.47 a 89.87±1.96 a 52.31±1.67 a 5 733.41±12.02 a 492.66±7.63 a 504.27±6.84 a 221.84±4.95 b 5 35.31±0.80 a 50.51±0.96 b 58.41±1.04 b 31.82±1.48 b 6 752.14±11.13 a 485.76±7.14 a 559.37±9.36 a 336.36±4.69 a 6 36.74±1.12 a 49.01±1.58 b 56.89±0.94 b 38.93±1.74 b 7 715.45±13.07 b 306.52±5.64 b 341.36±8.51 b 143.35±3.51 c 7 35.75±0.85 a 91.51±2.02 a 103.81±1.94 a 56.58±1.10 a 组别 叶片过氧化物酶活性/(×16.67 nkat·g−1) 组别 鳞茎过氧化物酶活性/(×16.67 nkat·g−1) 出苗期 苗期 花期 倒苗期 出苗期 苗期 花期 倒苗期 1 1853.04±41.14 b 3428.67±79.58 b 3880.50±57.32 b 3122.87±71.50 b 1 3619.02±55.33 a 2213.13±43.64 b 2847.53±48.46 b 2215.36±55.41 b 2 2033.96±56.13 a 3541.51±73.51 b 3925.63±62.73 b 3241.25±89.35 b 2 3557.44±90.46 a 2193.96±77.62 b 2876.11±38.71 b 2067.57±35.66 b 3 1990.24±61.95 a 3688.14±65.77 b 4042.05±55.72 b 3098.46±53.41 b 3 3694.84±82.71 a 2311.14±33.45 b 2759.69±51.21 b 2133.57±60.25 b 4 2189.62±49.40 a 4169.74±64.14 a 4744.35±54.87 a 4112.76±44.17 a 4 3742.58±50.20 a 3578.09±46.69 a 3940.33±46.87 a 3114.54±57.05 a 5 2075.67±27.95 a 3543.68±120.37 b 3931.21±74.52 b 3647.35±47.68 b 5 3666.62±46.63 a 2410.03±74.02 b 2764.30±43.71 b 2258.66±33.14 b 6 2131.95±54.44 a 3774.36±64.79 b 3883.31±68.43 b 3314.21±55.88 b 6 3549.29±37.67 a 2294.98±77.57 b 2944.33±48.74 b 2314.54±28.41 b 7 1889.34±67.76 b 4436.78±75.35 a 5066.54±70.60 a 4364.28±68.74 a 7 3694.04±46.79 a 3231.13±72.29 a 3591.90±39.64 a 3041.80±39.43 a 说明：数值为平均值±标准差(n=3)。1. 缺基肥组；2. 缺种肥组；3. 缺腊肥组；4. 缺苗肥组；5. 缺花肥组；6. 全肥组；7. 无肥组。同时期同列不同字母表示不同组别间差异显著(P＜0.05)
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表 4 花期‘浙贝3号’生理指标与采收期鳞茎产量和品质指标的相关性分析
Table 4. Correlation analysis of physiological indexes of ‘Zhebei 3’ in flowering stage with yield and quality indexes in harvesting stage
生育期 指标 产量 生物碱 生育期 指标 产量 生物碱 花期叶片 叶绿素 0.720** 0.694** 花期鳞茎 可溶性糖 0.892** 0.799** 可溶性糖 0.948** 0.923** 丙二醛 −0.855** −0.917** 丙二醛 0.883** 0.942** 过氧化物酶 −0.601** −0.845** 过氧化物酶 −0.855** −0.905** 过氧化氢酶 −0.292 0.108 过氧化氢酶 0.652** 0.851** 超氧化物歧化酶 0.163 0.138 超氧化物歧化酶 0.539* 0.704** 说明： *表示显著相关(P＜0.05)，**表示极显著相关(P＜0.01)
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表 5 种鳞茎和采收期各处理组新生鳞茎氮磷钾质量分数
Table 5. Content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in seed bulbs and newborn bulbs in different treatment groups
组别 氮/(mg·g−1) 磷/(mg·g−1) 钾/(mg·g−1) 组别 氮/(mg·g−1) 磷/(mg·g−1) 钾/(mg·g−1) 0 63.76±1.10 b 46.72±0.28 a 101.51±0.88 b 4 60.39±1.72 b 18.65±0.26 c 112.66±0.94 ab 1 91.91±0.98 a 36.33±0.22 b 124.26±1.59 a 5 62.04±0.63 b 20.02±0.30 c 116.36±2.09 a 2 98.44±0.43 a 26.13±0.23 c 117.64±1.38 a 6 96.24±1.55 a 37.99±0.59 b 126.19±0.86 a 3 90.76±1.19 a 21.40±0.14 c 123.35±1.27 a 7 61.16±1.05 b 16.51±0.17 c 99.57±0.84 b 说明：数值为平均值±标准差(n=3)。0. 种鳞茎；1. 缺基肥组；2. 缺种肥组；3. 缺腊肥组；4. 缺苗肥组；5. 缺花肥组；6. 全肥组；7. 无肥组。不同字母表示不同组别间差异显著(P＜0.05)
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