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CHEN Xing, DAI Zun, XING Shichen, WANG Jian. Effective of in-situ conservation of epiphyllous liverworts in Qingyuan County, Zhejiang Province[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2022, 39(1): 166-172. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20210241
Citation: CHEN Xing, DAI Zun, XING Shichen, WANG Jian. Effective of in-situ conservation of epiphyllous liverworts in Qingyuan County, Zhejiang Province[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2022, 39(1): 166-172. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20210241

Effective of in-situ conservation of epiphyllous liverworts in Qingyuan County, Zhejiang Province

doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20210241
  • Received Date: 2021-03-20
  • Rev Recd Date: 2021-06-30
  • Available Online: 2022-02-14
  • Publish Date: 2022-02-14
  •   Objective  This study is aimed to understand whether there is a conservation gap of epiphyllous liverworts in the in-situ conservation of China.  Method  A systematic survey of epiphyllous liverworts in Baishanzu National Park and its surrounding habitats was carried out in Qingyuan County, Zhejiang Province. The diversity, distribution, species composition and similarity in and out of the reserve were analyzed and compared.  Result  (1) A total of 25 species of epiphyllous liverworts belonging to 11 genera and 4 families were recorded, including Lejeuneaceae (21 species), Radulaceae (2 species), Metzgeriaceae (1 species) and Frullaniaceae (1 species). The dominant family in the area was Lejeuneaceae and the dominant genus was Cololejeunea. Cololejeunea longifolia and Leptolejeunea subacuta were common species in this area. (2) Among the 25 species of epiphyllous liverworts in 11 genera and 4 families, 14 species belonging to 9 genera and 4 families were found in the park, and 14 species belonging to 7 genera and 2 families were found out of the park. However, the Jaccard similarity coefficients of families, genera and species in and out of the park were 0.50, 0.45 and 0.12, respectively, indicating that the species composition of the two regions was quite different. (3) Compared with the historical data of Baishanzu National Park, there were 6 species newly recorded in this survey, of which 3 species were only distributed outside the park, including Cheilolejeunea chenii, a species with great protection value.  Conclusion  There is a conservation gap in the in-situ conservation of epiphyllous liverworts in Qingyuan County, Zhejiang Province. Therefore, research on the conservation gap of epiphyllous liverworts in other regions of China should be carried out as soon as possible. [Ch, 1 tab. 28 ref.]
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    [2] XUE Rui, YAN Jingjuan, WEI Lingling.  Recreation use of national parks: technical system and research framework . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2022, 39(1): 190-198. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20210277
    [3] LUO Chenglong, XU Zhenghui, XIONG Zhongping, QI Biao, YUAN Dingyu, RAN Maojun.  Distribution patterns of ant species from Wanglang Nature Reserve and adjacent areas of Sichuan Province . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2019, 36(4): 638-645. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2019.04.002
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    [11] ZHONG Zhi-xiang, XU You-ming, CHEN Fang, WAN Kai-yuan.  Mass fraction and bioavailability of macronutrients of 21 ex-situ conservation rare plants in Wuhan Botanical Garden . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2006, 23(5): 542-548.
    [12] AI Jian-guo, MEI Sheng-long, LIU Sheng-long, DING Bing-yang.  Species diversity of Fokienia hodginsii community in Nature Reserve of Mount Fengyang in Zhejiang Province . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2006, 23(1): 41-45.
    [13] WANG Xiao-de, XU Bin, DONG Hai-yan, LIU Wan-bin, WU Xi-long, WU Xue-min.  Protection and exploition of scenic resources of Tonglingshan National Forest Park . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2006, 23(4): 465-467.
    [14] DAI Jian-bing, YU Yi-wu, CAO Qun.  Summary of research on wetland protection and management . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2006, 23(3): 328-333.
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    [16] LOU Tao, ZHAO Ming-shui, YANG Shu-zhen, PANG Chun-mei, WANG Zu-liang, LIU Liang.  Resources of precious and ancient trees in Mount Tianmu . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2004, 21(3): 269-274.
    [17] On water resource and its protection . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2002, 19(2): 214-216.
    [18] LIN Xia-zhen, LOU Lu-huan.  Resources of national key conservation wild plants in Zhejiang . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2002, 19(1): 31-35.
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Effective of in-situ conservation of epiphyllous liverworts in Qingyuan County, Zhejiang Province

doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20210241

Abstract:   Objective  This study is aimed to understand whether there is a conservation gap of epiphyllous liverworts in the in-situ conservation of China.  Method  A systematic survey of epiphyllous liverworts in Baishanzu National Park and its surrounding habitats was carried out in Qingyuan County, Zhejiang Province. The diversity, distribution, species composition and similarity in and out of the reserve were analyzed and compared.  Result  (1) A total of 25 species of epiphyllous liverworts belonging to 11 genera and 4 families were recorded, including Lejeuneaceae (21 species), Radulaceae (2 species), Metzgeriaceae (1 species) and Frullaniaceae (1 species). The dominant family in the area was Lejeuneaceae and the dominant genus was Cololejeunea. Cololejeunea longifolia and Leptolejeunea subacuta were common species in this area. (2) Among the 25 species of epiphyllous liverworts in 11 genera and 4 families, 14 species belonging to 9 genera and 4 families were found in the park, and 14 species belonging to 7 genera and 2 families were found out of the park. However, the Jaccard similarity coefficients of families, genera and species in and out of the park were 0.50, 0.45 and 0.12, respectively, indicating that the species composition of the two regions was quite different. (3) Compared with the historical data of Baishanzu National Park, there were 6 species newly recorded in this survey, of which 3 species were only distributed outside the park, including Cheilolejeunea chenii, a species with great protection value.  Conclusion  There is a conservation gap in the in-situ conservation of epiphyllous liverworts in Qingyuan County, Zhejiang Province. Therefore, research on the conservation gap of epiphyllous liverworts in other regions of China should be carried out as soon as possible. [Ch, 1 tab. 28 ref.]

CHEN Xing, DAI Zun, XING Shichen, WANG Jian. Effective of in-situ conservation of epiphyllous liverworts in Qingyuan County, Zhejiang Province[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2022, 39(1): 166-172. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20210241
Citation: CHEN Xing, DAI Zun, XING Shichen, WANG Jian. Effective of in-situ conservation of epiphyllous liverworts in Qingyuan County, Zhejiang Province[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2022, 39(1): 166-172. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20210241
  • 生物多样性保护措施主要包括就地保护(in-situ conservation)和迁地保护(ex-situ conservation) 2种。相对于具有应急意义的迁地保护,就地保护对于保持生态系统内生物的繁衍与进化、维持生态系统服务和功能更具现实意义,也是生物多样性保护中最为有效的措施[1]。总体来讲,中国建立的自然保护区已经保护了超过80%的自然植被群落和85%以上的野生动植物,尤其是对兰科Orchidaceae植物和哺乳动物的保护效果最好,实现了对97%的兰科植物和90%以上的哺乳动物的保护[2]。但也有研究发现,尽管全球保护区网络在过去几十年间持续发展,但只有少部分生物区得到了有效的保护[3]。中国自然保护地体系也依然存在一些如空间布局不合理及交叉重叠等问题。另外,还有一些重要区域存在保护空缺[4]。叶附生苔是一类主要生长在热带和亚热带常绿阔叶林林下维管植物叶片上的苔藓植物,对环境中的水分和温度变化极为敏感,可以直接反映森林的质量和完整度,适合作为气候变化的指示类群[5-6]。就物种多样性组成来看,叶附生苔类大多数来自苔类植物中最为进化的细鳞苔科Lejeuneaceae,这一类群也是研究整个植物进化历程的关键类群。此外,相对于种子植物来讲,全球范围内的苔藓植物普遍表现出较低的特有率,而叶附生苔类是整个苔藓植物中特有率最高的类群[5],因此,加强对叶附生苔类植物的研究及保护显得尤为重要。在全球范围内,叶附生苔主要分布在30°N~30°S,降水非常丰富的热带和亚热带地区。中国的叶附生苔类植物则主要分布在长江以南地区,物种多样性集中在海南、台湾、浙江西南部和福建北部、云南南部和西北部以及西藏东南部等5个分布中心[7-8]。在全球范围内,自然保护区通常倾向于设立在受人类干扰较小的高海拔地区[9],中国管理级别较高的陆域自然保护区也多分布在高海拔区域[10],但叶附生类群却喜欢生长在中低海拔地区[11-12]。为了了解叶附生苔在野外的就地保护是否存在保护空缺,本研究以浙江省庆元县为例,对县域内的主要保护地——百山祖国家公园及公园外其他生境适宜的地区开展叶附生苔类植物的系统调查,了解叶附生苔类植物的多样性在百山祖国家公园内、外的分布及物种组成情况。百山祖国家公园作为中国生物多样性保护优先区域及中国叶附生苔类植物多样性分布中心之一,探讨该地区叶附生苔类植物的就地保护情况并提出可行的保护措施,将为其他地区苔藓植物的野外保护提供科学借鉴。

  • 《中国生物多样性保护战略与行动计划》(2011—2030年)划定了32个陆地生物多样性保护优先区域,其中庆元县全境属于武夷山优先保护区域。庆元县地处27°25′~27°51′N,118°50′~119°30′E,地形属于西南中山区,有溪谷、盆地、丘陵、低山和中山等多种地貌,地势由东北向西南倾斜。该县地处亚热带常绿和温带落叶阔叶林的结合带,资源植物丰富,植物种类占浙江全省植物种类的90%以上,是该省乃至全国的植物种质资源库。

    庆元县内的百山祖自然保护区自1986年被批准建立省级自然保护区,1992年与凤阳山自然保护区合并为凤阳山-百山祖国家级自然保护区,2020年在整合庆元国家森林公园、庆元大鲵国家级水产种质资源保护区等多处保护地的基础上创建了百山祖国家公园。该公园山体属洞宫山系,由武夷山脉向东伸展而成,气候为中亚热带湿润季风气候,年降水量为2 341.8 mm,相对湿度为84%,年平均气温为12.8 ℃,极端最低气温为−13.2 ℃,极端最高气温为30.1 ℃,无霜期为187.0 d[13]。百山祖国家公园最高峰海拔1 856.7 m,是浙江第2高峰,被誉为“百山之祖”,公园内保存了大量珍稀动植物资源,包括被称为植物活化石的百山祖冷杉Abies beshanzuensis。同时,该公园也是中国亚热带常绿阔叶林保存最好的区域之一。由于其特殊的地形和保存较完好的植被条件,百山祖国家公园的叶附生苔物种多样性丰富,此前发现有38种,包括阔体疣鳞苔Cololejeunea latistyla和大瓣疣鳞苔Cololejeunea magnilobula等中国珍稀特有类群[14],主要分布点位于百山祖冷杉附近(1 720 m)、十九源(1 600 m)和五岭坑(600~800 m)等3个地区,种类最丰富的是百山祖冷杉附近和十九源(20种),其次是五岭坑(18种)[15]

  • 本研究参考ZHU等[14]方法,于2020年9月选取百山祖国家公园内叶附生苔类植物物种较为丰富的百山祖冷杉附近和十九源2个地点,以及公园外庆元县境内生境保存较好、可能存在叶附生苔的淤上乡高山湾村和竹口镇陈龙溪村2个地点,开展叶附生苔多样性及组成的比较研究。采样时,根据附主植物上叶附生苔植物分布多少,在每株附主植物上采集1~3张叶片,共获得新鲜叶附生苔类植物标本103份,其中属于百山祖国家公园内的有37份,属于公园外的有66份。所有凭证标本存放在华东师范大学生物博物馆(HSNU)。

    采用Jaccard相似性系数(J)[16]对百山祖国家公园内、外的叶附生苔物种组成进行比较。若2个区域的物种相似性程度较低,则说明两者的物种组成均具有代表性,都具有保护价值。反之,则说明两者的物种组成趋于相同,那么在保护成本有限的条件下,可以考虑选择物种多样性水平相对较高的保护区优先进行保护。J=c/(a+bc)。其中:a为地区A的种(属或科)数,b为地区B的种(属或科)数,c为地区A和B的共有种(属或科)数。Jaccard相似性系数介于0到1之间,其值为0~0.25时,表示2个地区极不相似;其值为0.25~0.50时,较不相似;其值为0.50~0.75时,较相似;其值为0.75~1.00时,则极为相似。

  • 通过对本次所采集标本的鉴定,共获得4科11属25种(表1)。25种叶附生苔全部属于叶苔纲Jungermanniopsida,其中叉苔Metzgeria furcata属于叉苔目Metzgeriales的叉苔科Metzgeriaceae,其余24种均属于光萼苔目Porellales,包括细鳞苔科Lejeuneaceae (21种)、扁萼苔科Radulaceae (2种)和耳叶苔科Frullaniaceae (1种)。其中,细鳞苔科种类最多,为该地区的优势科,疣鳞苔属Cololejeunea种类达10种,为该地区的优势属。鳞叶疣鳞苔Cololejeunea longifolia和尖叶薄鳞苔Leptolejeunea subacuta为该地区常见种,在多个地点均有分布,但鳞叶疣鳞苔未见于百山祖冷杉附近及十九源。

    物种百山祖冷杉附近十九源高山湾村陈龙溪村
    陈氏唇鳞苔 Cheilolejeunea chenii +
    钝片唇鳞苔 Cheilolejeunea obtusilobula +
    卷边唇鳞苔 Cheilolejeunea xanthocarpa +
    白边疣鳞苔 Cololejeunea inflata +
    长叶疣鳞苔 Cololejeunea longifolia + +
    距齿疣鳞苔 Cololejeunea macounii +
    大瓣疣鳞苔 Cololejeunea magnilobula + +
    列胞疣鳞苔 Cololejeunea ocellata + +
    粗齿疣鳞苔 Cololejeunea planissima +
    拟棉毛疣鳞苔 Cololejeunea pseudofloccosa +
    刺疣鳞苔 Cololejeunea spinosa +
    短肋疣鳞苔 Cololejeunea subfloccosa +
    南亚疣鳞苔 Cololejeunea tenella +
    细角管叶苔 Colura tenuicornis +
    东亚角鳞苔 Drepanolejeunea commutata + +
    叶生角鳞苔 Drepanolejeunea foliicola +
    云南角鳞苔 Drepanolejeunea yunnanensis + +
    盔瓣耳叶苔 Frullania muscicola +
    黄色细鳞苔 Lejeunea flava + +
    尖叶薄鳞苔 Leptolejeunea subacuta + + +
    叉苔 Metzgeria furcata +
    疏叶纤鳞苔 Microlejeunea ulicina + +
    尖舌扁萼苔 Radula acuminata +
    大瓣扁萼苔 Radula cavifolia + +
    鞍叶苔 Tuyamaella molischii +
      说明:+代表该物种在该地区有分布

    Table 1.  Distribution of epiphyllous liverworts inside and outside Baishanzu National Park

  • 本次采集的103份标本中共有叶片231张,其中采自公园内的有49张(百山祖冷杉附近32张、十九源17张),采自公园外的有182张(高山湾村153张、陈龙溪村29张)。在本次采集所获得的4科11属25种叶附生苔中,分布于百山祖国家公园内的共有4科9属14种,其中百山祖冷杉附近有11种,十九源有8种;分布在百山祖国家公园外的有2科7属14种,其中淤上乡高山湾村有13种,竹口镇陈龙溪村有3种(表1)。从科、属、种相似性程度看,百山祖国家公园内外共有科数为2科,Jaccard相似性系数为0.50;共有属数为5属,Jaccard相似性系数为0.45;共有种数为3种,分别为大瓣疣鳞苔、黄色细鳞苔Lejeunea flava和尖叶薄鳞苔Leptolejeunea subacuta,Jaccard相似性系数为0.12,表明公园内、外物种组成极不相似。

    与百山祖国家公园历史数据相比[9, 15],本次调查(包括公园外)有19种未采集到,新增6种,其中有3种(陈氏唇鳞苔Cheilolejeunea chenii、钝片唇鳞苔C. obtusilobula、南亚疣鳞苔Cololejeunea tenella)仅分布于保护区外。陈氏唇鳞苔在中国的分布区极为狭窄,此前只分布在福建、台湾和云南,是特别稀有并被认为应该最先进行保护的种类。

  • 叶附生苔类植物是主要附生在维管植物叶片表面的苔类植物。在经历了严格的进化选择后,叶附生苔类植物在形态上表现出一系列适应于附生生活的特征,比如细小的植物体、背腹扁平、茎腹面常生有束状假根、叶片多呈覆瓦状排列且表面常具疣状突起、常具有腹叶和腹瓣、营养繁殖占优势等[7, 17-19]。在物种多样性组成方面,叶附生苔类植物多样性主要来自细鳞苔科的细鳞苔亚科Lejeuneoideae,其中又以疣鳞苔属为主[19-20],本研究也支持这一观点。由于个体细小,可供发育选择的形态特征及变异有限,导致了疣鳞苔属“隐形物种”现象较为普遍[19],可用于形态分类的特征较少,因此,叶附生苔也是苔藓植物中最为复杂的一个分类群[21]

    根据ZHU等[7]对中国叶附生苔的研究,中国有叶附生苔168种,隶属于10科28属。浙江西南部的凤阳山-百山祖、乌岩岭、九龙山等自然保护区是浙江省叶附生苔类植物分布的主要区域[22],也是中国5个叶附生苔多样性分布中心之一。其中,百山祖国家公园的种类在该区域最多,共有叶附生苔类植物5科14属38种[15]。与历史资料相比,虽然本研究新增了6种,并将百山祖国家公园的叶附生苔种数提高到44种,但有19种此前有分布而本次调查未发现。一种可能是本次调查只限于百山祖冷杉附近和十九源2个地点,但也有可能是气候变化及人为干扰带来的影响,比如浙江西天目山国家级自然保护区的苔藓植物尤其是苔类植物的多样性在1977—2011年发生了巨大变化,其科、属、种均呈下降趋势[23]。1980—2016年,华东地区平均气温上升了1.5 ℃[24],快速发展的经济和剧增的旅游活动对环境产生了较大的影响[25],都有可能影响该地区叶附生苔的多样性及分布。

    自然保护区的建立是人类为了保护生物多样性及物种的栖息地所作出的重要努力之一,并将继续发挥不可替代的综合性保护功能。总体来看,中国基本建立了较为有效的生物多样性就地保护与管理体系,在生物多样性保护工作方面取得了一系列重大进展,但仍存在一些问题和不足,主要表现在自然保护地整体保护能力仍有待提升,生物多样性保护优先区域仍存在保护空缺,自然保护地以外的其他就地保护工作仍存在不足等[2]。本次调查发现:尽管百山祖保护区内、外叶附生苔物种数量相同,但2个区域的物种组成差异很大,加上一些稀有种类只分布在保护区外,都凸显了保护区以外区域在叶附生苔类植物多样性保护中的地位。此外,根据作者的实地调查,保护区内的叶附生苔类植物分布较为零散,海拔覆盖范围较广(1 220~1 619 m),调查路线也较长。而在保护区外尤其是高山湾村,叶附生苔类植物则主要集中分布在一水沟两侧,海拔覆盖范围为432~543 m,调查路线较短。按每株附主植物平均采集1~3张叶片,本研究采自保护区内的叶片仅49张,而采自保护区外的有182张,其中有153张采自高山湾村,这也从侧面证明了保护区外的生境更有利于叶附生苔类植物的生长。本研究也是国内首次针对叶附生苔类植物的野外保护状况进行调查和分析,研究结果进一步证实了自然保护地在对一些较少受到关注物种的保护方面仍存在很大的保护空缺[2]

    中国地域辽阔,复杂的气候和多变的地形孕育了丰富的物种、自然群落和生态系统等不同层次的生物多样性。与此同时,经济的迅猛发展和人口的快速增加又对生态环境和自然资源产生了越来越大的压力,生物多样性也受到严重的威胁。在开展生物多样性保护工作时,如何将有限的资金投入到最有效和最迫切的地方,以最小的投入获得最大范围和最大程度的生物多样性保护成效是当前保护工作要解决的首要任务。在这样的背景下,国家出台了《中国生物多样性保护战略与行动计划》(2011—2030),划定了32个陆地生物多样性保护优先区域。中国叶附生苔的5个多样性分布中心有4个都位于生物多样性优先保护区域内。但是,在确定以保护物种为主要目的的保护区优先性方面,往往只考虑了重点保护的野生动植物信息,未能包含全部的保护物种。而且,有关自然保护区对生物多样性覆盖程度的研究及空白分析也表明:根据不同方案划分的生物多样性热点保护地区仍存在一些保护空缺地[26]。因此,如何开展对生物多样性保护优先区域内一些受关注较少物种的保护,制定合理的保护措施值得进一步研究。

    在保护区外所发现的14种叶附生苔类植物中,有13种都分布于淤上乡高山湾村,包括分布区极为狭窄、保护价值极大的陈氏唇鳞苔[7, 27]。TANG等[24]在浙江西天目山首次发现的5种叶附生苔也是处于保护区的外围。这些区域处于保护区严格保护措施之外,很容易受到人类活动的影响,一旦其栖息地遭受破坏,物种将局部灭绝。而且,在野外调查中也发现,该地区叶附生苔类植物分布丰富的溪沟正在建设水坝,这将对叶附生苔的分布造成致命的影响。因为在中国亚热带地区,叶附生苔类植物多喜欢分布在溪流两岸[7],水的流动带来的水汽可能对维持其生长所需的湿度及营养繁殖体的释放和传播具有作用,故应尽快采取措施,加强对这一地区叶附生苔类植物栖息地的保护。在生物多样性保护中,除了政府主导的一些就地保护措施以外,还可以结合一些民间保护形式,如自然保护小区和社会公益保护地等。如果加以正确的引导,“其他有效的基于区域的保护措施”(other effective area-based conservation measures, OECMs)在保护自然保护地外的重要生态系统、珍稀濒危物种栖息地及极小种群野生物种等方面将发挥积极有效的作用[2],也适合于叶附生苔类植物的野外保护。为了解决中国现有保护地存在面积小、孤岛化严重、连通性及保护效率不高等问题,国家建立了国家公园体制,通过把大面积自然或接近自然区域保护起来,以保护完整的生态过程及相关的物种和生态系统[28]。本研究针对百山祖国家公园内、外叶附生苔类植物的调查和比较研究,可为该地区国家公园建设中关于苔藓植物就地保护措施的制定提供参考数据。鉴于叶附生苔类植物在生态系统及生物多样性保护中的重要价值,有必要尽早开展对叶附生苔类植物多样性分布中心的系统调查和研究,了解其在野外就地保护中是否存在保护空缺。

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