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西红花Crocus sativus为鸢尾科Iridaceae番红花属Crocus多年生草本植物,又称藏红花、番红花,为新“浙八味”之一。西红花柱头是其主要药用部分,具活血祛瘀、凉血解毒、解郁安神等功效[1],西红花花丝富含藏红花素、藏红花甙等成分,对心脑血管以及神经性疾病都有较好的预防和治疗效果[2-3]。西红花是三倍体植物,只能够通过球茎来繁种。生产上,种球芽过多会分散营养运输,不利用单个种球膨大为成品种球。因此,种植前抹芽是西红花种球田间复壮的常规操作。常年无性繁殖,产生的抹芽伤口使得病害入侵并逐年累积,病害高发年份部分产区的茎腐病发病率可达40%[4],使得西红花产量急剧降低,很大程度上制约了西红花产业的发展。目前已知的药用植物病害中,真菌性病害占比高达80%[5],真菌性病害也是导致西红花发生球茎腐烂的主要病害。张国辉等[6]从贵州西红花茎腐病病害样本中分离鉴定出尖孢镰刀菌Fusarium oxysporum和炭疽菌Anthracnose sp.等2种真菌,证实西红花球茎腐烂病由两者共同感染所致。吴李芳[7]发现浙江西红花茎腐病的致病真菌为尖孢镰刀菌 的ZJU-1菌株和茄病镰刀菌F. solani的ZJU-2菌株。ZHANG等[8]采用组织分离法从浙江西红花中分离鉴定得到离生青霉菌Penicillium solitum,认为这是一种新的能导致西红花茎腐病的致病真菌。可见不同品种西红花感染的致病真菌是不同的。‘番红花1号’C. sativus ‘Saffron No. 1’是目前西红花在浙江省的主栽品种,具有一定的抗茎腐病抗性,对引起该品种球茎茎腐病的致病真菌的分离与鉴定工作报道不多。本研究以浙江建德产‘番红花1号’球茎为材料,分离并鉴定引起其该品种茎腐病的病原菌,以期为完善西红花茎腐病致病菌数据,也为西红花茎腐病科学防控和特效杀菌剂的开发提供科学依据。
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