Volume 41 Issue 5
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YU Along, WEN Hui, CONG Richun, HOU Meijuan, LI Hanzhi. Hydrological effects of litter layers in different forest types in the Bashang region[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2024, 41(5): 959-969. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230535
Citation: YU Along, WEN Hui, CONG Richun, HOU Meijuan, LI Hanzhi. Hydrological effects of litter layers in different forest types in the Bashang region[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2024, 41(5): 959-969. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230535

Hydrological effects of litter layers in different forest types in the Bashang region

doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230535
  • Received Date: 2023-11-06
  • Accepted Date: 2024-06-14
  • Rev Recd Date: 2024-05-31
  • Available Online: 2024-09-25
  • Publish Date: 2024-09-25
  •   Objective  This study, with an investigation of the water conservation capacity of litter layers in different forest types in the Bashang region, an important water conservation functional area in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, is aimed to provide a basis for the restoration, management and improvement of water and soil conservation in this region.   Method  With four types of forests, including Larix gmelinii var. principis-rupprechtii (PL), Betula platyphylla (NP), Populus davidiana and B. platyphylla mixed forest (NBP), L. gmelinii var. principis-rupprechtii and B. platyphylla mixed forest (PBL), selected as research objects in the Heping Forest Farm in Zhangjiakou City, field investigations and indoor immersion methods were employed to measure the ecological hydrological indicators of litter layers.   Result  (1) The thickness of litter layers in different forests ranged from 32.0 to 62.0 mm, with the PBL mixed forest having the thickest litter layer, followed by PL forest, NBP mixed forest, and NP forest. (2) The maximum water holding rate, maximum retention rate, and effective retention rate of litter layers were higher in NP forest and NBP mixed forest than PBL mixed forest and PL forest, with NP forest having the highest values of 231.15%, 207.60%, and 172.94%, respectively, and PL forest having the lowest values of 208.92%, 170.29%, and 138.95%, respectively. (3) The biomass, maximum water holding capacity, maximum retention capacity, and effective retention capacity of litter layers in the four types of forests ranged from 8.27 to 23.33 t·hm−2, 18.96 to 49.71 t·hm−2, 16.73 to 39.05 t·hm−2, and 13.90 to 31.56 t·hm−2, respectively, and the general trend was PL>PBL mixed forest>NBP mixed forest>NP forest. (4) The water holding capacity of litter layers in the four types of forests showed a logarithmic function relationship with the immersion time (R2>0.94) while the water absorption rate showed a power function relationship with the immersion time (R2> 0.92).   Conclusion  The water absorption performance of litter layers per unit mass in PL forest was weaker than that in NP forest, but when considering the biomass, the total water holding and retention capacity of PL forest was significantly higher than NP forest, indicating a strong comprehensive water conservation capacity. [Ch, 5 fig. 3 tab. 38 ref.]
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Hydrological effects of litter layers in different forest types in the Bashang region

doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230535

Abstract:   Objective  This study, with an investigation of the water conservation capacity of litter layers in different forest types in the Bashang region, an important water conservation functional area in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, is aimed to provide a basis for the restoration, management and improvement of water and soil conservation in this region.   Method  With four types of forests, including Larix gmelinii var. principis-rupprechtii (PL), Betula platyphylla (NP), Populus davidiana and B. platyphylla mixed forest (NBP), L. gmelinii var. principis-rupprechtii and B. platyphylla mixed forest (PBL), selected as research objects in the Heping Forest Farm in Zhangjiakou City, field investigations and indoor immersion methods were employed to measure the ecological hydrological indicators of litter layers.   Result  (1) The thickness of litter layers in different forests ranged from 32.0 to 62.0 mm, with the PBL mixed forest having the thickest litter layer, followed by PL forest, NBP mixed forest, and NP forest. (2) The maximum water holding rate, maximum retention rate, and effective retention rate of litter layers were higher in NP forest and NBP mixed forest than PBL mixed forest and PL forest, with NP forest having the highest values of 231.15%, 207.60%, and 172.94%, respectively, and PL forest having the lowest values of 208.92%, 170.29%, and 138.95%, respectively. (3) The biomass, maximum water holding capacity, maximum retention capacity, and effective retention capacity of litter layers in the four types of forests ranged from 8.27 to 23.33 t·hm−2, 18.96 to 49.71 t·hm−2, 16.73 to 39.05 t·hm−2, and 13.90 to 31.56 t·hm−2, respectively, and the general trend was PL>PBL mixed forest>NBP mixed forest>NP forest. (4) The water holding capacity of litter layers in the four types of forests showed a logarithmic function relationship with the immersion time (R2>0.94) while the water absorption rate showed a power function relationship with the immersion time (R2> 0.92).   Conclusion  The water absorption performance of litter layers per unit mass in PL forest was weaker than that in NP forest, but when considering the biomass, the total water holding and retention capacity of PL forest was significantly higher than NP forest, indicating a strong comprehensive water conservation capacity. [Ch, 5 fig. 3 tab. 38 ref.]

YU Along, WEN Hui, CONG Richun, HOU Meijuan, LI Hanzhi. Hydrological effects of litter layers in different forest types in the Bashang region[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2024, 41(5): 959-969. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230535
Citation: YU Along, WEN Hui, CONG Richun, HOU Meijuan, LI Hanzhi. Hydrological effects of litter layers in different forest types in the Bashang region[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2024, 41(5): 959-969. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230535
  • 森林是陆地生态系统的主体,具有涵养水源、保持水土和调控径流等多种生态服务功能,被称为“绿色水库”[1]。森林主要通过林冠层、灌草层、凋落物层和土壤层截留和储存降水,从而有效涵蓄水分和补充地下水[24]。其中,凋落物层作为森林生态系统水源涵养功能垂直结构中的第三水文层,对森林的水源涵养功能有着重要作用。一方面,凋落物覆盖在地表层能够减小雨滴动能、加强雨水入渗和降低土壤水分蒸发[56];另一方面,凋落物利用其自身的结构特性,能够吸持超过自身质量2~5倍的水分,可拦蓄超过60%的地表径流量,能有效拦蓄降水和减少土壤侵蚀等[78]。此外,凋落物的分解过程,能够促进土壤养分循环、改善土壤结构、增加土壤抗蚀性和土壤持水能力,从而使森林涵养水源功能得到充分的发挥[911]

    国内外学者对森林的凋落物层水源涵养功能进行了大量研究,如中国温带地区的森林凋落物层生物量比亚热带和热带高[12];成熟林的凋落物层拦蓄降水量比幼龄林和过熟林大[13];合理的森林密度能提高林地凋落物层的持水能力[1415]。除气候、林龄和密度对凋落物的持水能力有影响外,不同森林类型凋落物的水源涵养功能也有明显差异[1617]。有研究表明:人工林的凋落物层生物量和有效拦蓄量大于天然林[1819];阔叶林的持水性能优于针叶林[2021];混交林的水源涵养能力比纯林强[8, 22]。上述研究不同森林的水源涵养功能有一定的地域性,普遍规律较弱,因此还需要进一步完善对不同地区森林的凋落物层水文效应研究。

    坝上地区属于典型的土石山区,年降水量少、土壤层薄和水土保持能力低,但同时也是京津冀一道重要的屏障,对坝上地区森林的水土保持研究非常重要[2324]。目前对坝上地区森林的研究多以人工林和纯林为对象,且主要是单一森林类型的比较研究[20, 2526],针对不同森林类型的凋落物层水源涵养功能研究较少,这就不能准确评估该区域的水源涵养能力,难以制定有效的水土保持措施。基于此,本研究选取坝上崇礼地区的华北落叶松Larix gmelinii var. principis-rupprechtii林、白桦Betula platyphylla林、山杨Populus davidiana-白桦混交林(杨桦混交林)和华北落叶松-白桦混交林(落桦混交林) 4种森林类型,对其森林凋落物层的生物量以及不同分解层持水能力进行定量分析,比较不同森林类型凋落物层的水源涵养功能,以期为坝上地区森林生态系统的植被恢复和水土保持能力提升提供科学依据。

    • 研究区在河北崇礼森林生态系统观测研究站,该区位于河北省张家口市和平林场内(40°47′~41°17′N,114°17′~115°34′E),海拔为814.0~2 174.0 m,属温带大陆性季风气候。地形大部分为山地,地势呈现由西北向东南倾斜的趋势,年均气温为3.7 ℃,年均降水量为300.0 mm,降水集中在夏季,时有冰雹和暴雨灾害。土壤以栗钙土、棕壤土、褐土和草甸土为主。植被属于暖温带落叶阔叶林和温带草原类型,植物区系呈现较大的过渡特点,在暖温带落叶阔叶林类型中,森林类型主要是天然次生林植被,以白桦和山杨面积最大,人工针叶林有华北落叶松、云杉Picea asperata、马尾松Pinus massoniana和油松Pinus tabuliformis等。

    • 在查阅张家口市和平林场森林资源档案和野外调查的基础上,2022年6—9月,在张家口市和平林场内选取林龄为35 a,且具有代表性的4种森林类型为研究对象,包括华北落叶松林(PL)、白桦林(NP)、杨桦混交林(NBP)和落桦混交林(PBL)。每种类型森林设置3块20 m×30 m的样地,共计12块,进行木本植物每木检尺,记录海拔、坡度、坡向等信息。样地基本概况见表1

      森林类型 海拔/m 坡向 坡度/(°) 树高/m 胸径/cm 密度/(株·hm−2) 郁闭度
      华北落叶松林 1 846.7 阴坡 18.0±1.5 16.0±0.9 30.2±0.3 1 033.0±90.3 0.75±0.21
      白桦林 1 648.7 阴坡 20.7±3.3 10.8±0.2 11.0±0.5 3 339.0±152.5 0.80±0.11
      杨桦混交林 1 685.5 阴坡 25.0±3.9 10.0±0.5 10.6±0.9 3 525.0±118.1 0.83±0.10
      落桦混交林 1 696.0 阴坡 19.0±2.7 12.0±0.8 16.2±0.8 2 890.0±106.9 0.70±0.15
        说明:数据为平均值±标准误。

      Table 1.  Basic information of the sample plots

    • 在每个样地内随机设置5个0.5 m×0.5 m的凋落物小样方,将样方内凋落物按照分解程度,划分为半分解层(凋落物形状不完整且开始腐烂,肉眼可以分辨出大体形状)和未分解层(凋落物的形态和颜色基本保持原状,外表无被分解痕迹),使用钢卷尺(1 mm精度)分别测定凋落物各层厚度,分层收集样方内的凋落物,带回实验室称量,在85 ℃烘干后称量,计算单位面积凋落物的生物量。

    • 采用浸泡法,在每个样方内取适量烘干的凋落物样品,装入尼龙网袋后浸入水中,分别测定浸水0.5、1.0、2.0、4.0、6.0、8.0、10.0、12.0、24.0 h后凋落物质量的变化,计算凋落物的最大持水率、自然含水率、最大拦蓄率、有效拦蓄率、最大持水量、有效拦蓄量和最大拦蓄量。计算公式如下:

      式(1)~(7)中:RhmaxRORMRS分别代表凋落物层的最大持水率(%)、自然含水率(%)、最大拦蓄率(%)和有效拦蓄率(%);Whmax、WsWu分别代表最大持水量(t·hm−2)、有效拦蓄量(t·hm−2)和最大拦蓄量(t·hm−2);GCGGG24分别为凋落物生物量(t·hm−2)、自然状态下的质量(g)、烘干后的质量(g)、浸泡24 h后的质量(g);0.85为有效拦蓄系数。

    • 运用Excel 2010和SPSS 19.0进行数据处理和统计分析,用单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA)和最小显著极差法(LSD)分析不同森林凋落物层的厚度、蓄积量和持水能力差异,采用Origin 2021作图。

    • 4种森林类型凋落物层厚度为32.3~62.7 mm (表2),从大到小依次为落桦混交林、华北落叶松林、白桦林、杨桦混交林,其中,华北落叶松林和落桦混交林显著大于杨桦混交林(P<0.05)。凋落物层总生物量为8.27~23.33 t·hm−2,从大到小依次为华北落叶松林、落桦混交林、杨桦混交林、白桦林,其中,华北落叶松林显著大于其他3种森林类型(P<0.05)。

      森林类型 半分解层 未分解层 厚度/mm 总生物量/(t·hm−2)
      生物量/(t·hm−2) 比例/% 生物量/(t·hm−2) 比例/%
      华北落叶松林 15.75±2.41 a 67.51 7.57±2.09 a 32.49 53.0±8.70 ab 23.33±4.47 a
      白桦林 5.47±0.65 b 66.14 2.80±0.78 bc 33.86 36.0±6.90 bc 8.27±1.11 b
      杨桦混交林 5.79±0.09 b 50.09 5.78±0.50 ab 49.91 32.0±1.86 c 11.56±0.42 b
      落桦混交林 13.41±2.18 a 90.61 1.40±0.16 c 9.39 62.0±3.70 a 14.80±2.03 b
        说明:数据为平均值±标准误。同列不同字母表示同一指标不同森林类型间差异显著(P<0.05)。

      Table 2.  Litter thickness and biomass of different forest types

      从凋落物的未分解层和半分解层生物量来看,未分解层生物量为华北落叶松林最大,落桦混交林最小,华北落叶松林和杨桦混交林显著大于落桦混交林(P<0.05);半分解层生物量为华北落叶松林最大,白桦林最小,华北落叶松林和落桦混交林显著大于杨桦混交林和白桦林(P<0.05)。从凋落物的半分解层和未分解层生物量所占比例来看,4种森林的半分解层生物量所占比例均大于未分解层,且极端比例出现在落桦混交林,其半分解层占比最大,为90.61%。

    • 图1所示:凋落物层的最大持水量从大到小依次为华北落叶松林、落桦混交林、杨桦混交林、白桦林,与总生物量的变化规律一致,华北落叶松林显著大于白桦林(P<0.05)。半分解层最大持水量为10.55~33.37 t·hm−2,华北落叶松林和落桦混交林显著大于白桦林和杨桦混交林(P<0.05);未分解层最大持水量为2.98~16.35 t·hm−2,华北落叶松林和杨桦混交林显著大于落桦混交林(P<0.05)。此外,除杨桦混交林外,华北落叶松林、白桦林和落桦混交林的半分解层最大持水量明显大于未分解层。

      Figure 1.  Litter maximum water holding capacity and maximum water holding rate of different forest types

      凋落物层的最大持水率白桦林最大,为231.15%,杨桦混交林和落桦混交林次之,华北落叶松林最小,为208.92%,不同森林类型间最大持水率无显著差异。半分解层最大持水率为182.17%~220.90%,从大到小依次为白桦林、华北落叶松林、落桦混交林、杨桦混交林,不同森林类型间无显著差异。未分解层最大持水率为208.77%~274.51%,从大到小依次为杨桦混交林、白桦林、落桦混交林、华北落叶松林,杨桦混交林显著大于华北落叶松林和落桦混交林(P<0.05)。除华北落叶松林外,其他3种森林类型未分解层最大持水率均大于半分解层。

    • 图2所示:4种森林类型凋落物层最大拦蓄量为华北落叶松林最大,为39.05 t·hm−2,白桦林最小,为16.73 t·hm−2,与最大持水量的变化规律一致,华北落叶松林显著大于其他3种森林类型(P<0.05)。半分解层最大拦蓄量从大到小依次为华北落叶松林、落桦混交林、白桦林、杨桦混交林,华北落叶松林和落桦混交林与白桦林、杨桦混交林存在显著差异(P<0.05);未分解层最大拦蓄量从大到小依次为杨桦混交林、华北落叶松林、白桦林、落桦混交林,其中,杨桦混交林显著大于白桦林、落桦混交林(P<0.05),华北落叶松林显著大于落桦混交林(P<0.05)。

      Figure 2.  Litter maximum interception capacity and maximum interception rate of different forest types

      凋落物层的最大拦蓄率从大到小依次为白桦林、杨桦混交林、落桦混交林、华北落叶松林,与凋落物层最大持水率的变化规律一致,其中,白桦林和杨桦混交林显著大于落桦混交林、华北落叶松林(P<0.05)。半分解层最大拦蓄率为151.84%~192.28%,从大到小依次为白桦林、华北落叶松林、落桦混交林、杨桦混交林,其中,白桦林显著大于落桦混交林、杨桦混交林(P<0.05)。未分解层最大拦蓄率为175.43%~257.56%,从大到小依次为杨桦混交林、白桦林、落桦混交林、华北落叶松林,其中,杨桦混交林显著大于其他3种森林类型(P<0.05),华北落叶松林显著小于其他3种森林类型(P<0.05)。

    • 图3所示:4种森林凋落物层有效拦蓄量为13.90~31.56 t·hm−2,从大到小依次为华北落叶松林、落桦混交林、杨桦混交林、白桦林,与最大持水量和最大拦蓄量变化规律一致,华北落叶松林显著大于其他3种森林类型(P<0.05)。半分解层华北落叶松林和落桦混交林有效拦蓄量分别为20.78和17.36 t·hm−2,显著大于白桦林(8.60 t·hm−2)和杨桦混交林(7.20 t·hm−2)(P<0.05);未分解层有效拦蓄量为2.87~14.87 t·hm−2,杨桦混交林最大,华北落叶松林和白桦林次之,落桦混交林最小。

      Figure 3.  Litter effective interception capacity and effective interception rate for different forest types

      凋落物层的有效拦蓄率为138.95%~172.94%,从大到小依次为白桦林、杨桦混交林、落桦混交林、华北落叶松林,与凋落物层最大持水率和最大拦蓄率变化规律一致,其中,白桦林和杨桦混交林显著大于落桦混交林、华北落叶松林(P<0.05)。半分解层有效拦蓄率为124.51%~159.14%,从大到小依次为白桦林、华北落叶松林、落桦混交林、杨桦混交林,其中,白桦林显著大于落桦混交林和杨桦混交林(P<0.05)。未分解层有效拦蓄率为144.12%~216.38%,从大到小依次为杨桦混交林、白桦林、落桦混交林、华北落叶松林,其中,杨桦混交林显著大于其他3种森林类型(P<0.05),华北落叶松林显著小于其他3种森林类型(P<0.05)。

    • 图4所示:4种森林类型凋落物层持水量在浸水最初2.0 h内都迅速增加,处于快速吸水状态;在浸水2.0~8.0 h内,凋落物层持水量增加逐渐变缓;在浸水12.0 h后持水量增加明显较少,接近稳定状态;24.0 h后持水量达到最大值,处于饱和状态。不同森林类型凋落物半分解层和未分解层持水量变化有差异,半分解层持水量从大到小依次为白桦林、华北落叶松林、落桦混交林、杨桦混交林,未分解层持水量从大到小依次为杨桦混交林、白桦林、落桦混交林、华北落叶松林。对4种森林类型凋落物层持水量(w)与浸水时长(t)的关系进行拟合发现:持水量与浸水时间呈较好的对数函数关系(表3),关系式为$ {w}=k\mathrm{ln}t+b $。其中:k为系数,b为常数。

      Figure 4.  Variation of water holding capacity of litter with soaking time for different forest types

      森林类型 凋落物层 持水量(w)与时长(t) 吸水速率(y)与时长(t)
      回归方程 R2 回归方程 R2
      华北落叶松林 未分解层 w=0.14 lnt+1.63 0.97 y=1.63 t−0.93 0.99
      半分解层 w=0.11 lnt+1.79 0.94 y=1.78 t−0.91 0.99
      白桦林 未分解层 w=0.23 lnt+1.75 0.98 y=1.73 t−0.89 0.99
      半分解层 w=0.15 lnt+1.80 0.97 y=1.80 t−0.92 0.99
      杨桦混交林 未分解层 w=0.16 lnt+2.12 0.98 y=2.11 t−0.93 0.99
      半分解层 w=0.11 lnt+1.63 0.94 y=1.63 t−0.94 0.99
      落桦混交林 未分解层 w=0.22 lnt+1.52 0.98 y=1.52 t−0.89 0.99
      半分解层 w=0.17 lnt+1.62 0.97 y=1.60 t−0.91 0.92

      Table 3.  Simulated equations between water holding capacity, water absorption rate, and soaking time of litter in different forest types

    • 图5所示:4种森林类型凋落物层吸水速率在浸水最初2.0 h内急剧下降,在浸水2.0~8.0 h,吸水速率逐渐变缓,在浸水24.0 h时,吸水速率基本为0。半分解层的吸水速率从大到小依次为白桦林、华北落叶松林、落桦混交林、杨桦混交林,未分解层的吸水速率从大到小依次为杨桦混交林、白桦林、落桦混交林、华北落叶松林。对4种森林类型凋落物层吸水速率(y)与浸水时长(t)的关系进行拟合发现:凋落物吸水速率与浸水时长呈较好的幂函数关系(表3),关系式为$ y=k{t}^{n} $。其中:k为系数,n为指数。

      Figure 5.  Variation of water absorption rate of litter with soaking time for different forest types

    • 凋落物层生物量受到凋落物的分解速率、积累时间以及林龄、密度、森林类型、立地条件和气候等因素的影响[2729]。本研究发现:4种森林类型凋落物层的生物量和厚度有明显差异,落桦混交林厚度最大,杨桦混交林厚度最小,这可能是阔叶树种的凋落物比针叶树更容易分解[30]。华北落叶松林凋落物层生物量最大,白桦林最小,且华北落叶松林显著大于其他3种森林类型,这与冀西北清水河流域的4种森林类型[18]的研究结果相近。一方面可能是由于华北落叶松林对光和养分等资源利用能力强,地上部植物生长状况好;另一方面是其叶片年凋落量大且分解速率慢,导致其生物量大[31]。另外,4种森林类型中凋落物未分解层生物量占比均小于半分解层,尤其是落桦混交林占比最小,这与崇陵流域4种森林类型的研究结果相似[5],可能是由于未分解层分解较快,凋落物现存量较少。而冀北山地6种人工林的未分解层生物量均大于半分解层[32],这主要是因为其林龄尚小且分解时间较短,使得凋落物未分解层累积量高。此外,4种森林类型凋落物厚度和生物量变化不一致,这与滨海沙地4种防护林凋落物层的研究结果不一致[33],可能是由于针叶树凋落物分解速率慢,而阔叶树凋落物分解较快,以及与凋落物的结构也有关系,导致华北落叶松林和杨桦混交林凋落物厚度较低,但生物量最大,落桦混交林和白桦林凋落物厚度较大,但生物量偏低。

      本研究表明:凋落物层最大持水率从大到小依次为白桦林、杨桦混交林、落桦混交林、华北落叶松林。这一方面是因为阔叶树种的凋落物层易分解,且其分解后结构变疏松,导致吸水速率大[34];另一方面,针叶树种的叶片富含油脂,叶片角质层发达难分解,亲水性较差,导致其持水率低[20]。而凋落物层最大持水量从大到小依次为华北落叶松林、落桦混交林、杨桦混交林、白桦林,其变化规律与最大持水率相反,这与阔叶林凋落物层持水能力优于针叶林的研究结果不一致[2021],因为最大持水量除与凋落物性质有关外,还主要取决于生物量大小,最大持水量与生物量呈线性正相关关系[35]。4种森林类型凋落物层最大持水率总体表现为未分解层大于半分解层,而持水量表现为半分解层大于未分解层,这与大兴安岭兴安落叶松Larix gmelinii林凋落物的研究结果不一致[36],这可能是随着凋落物的分解,其单位面积可持水性物质减少,导致半分解层最大持水率减小。此外,不同森林类型凋落物的持水能力有差异的原因也是多样的,凋落物持水性能还受到立地条件和人为干扰等因素的影响。

      4种森林类型凋落物层最大拦蓄量、有效拦蓄量与最大持水量变化规律一致。凋落物层最大拦蓄率、有效拦蓄率与最大持水率变化规律基本一致,这与湖南会同杉木Cunninghamia lanceolata人工林的研究结果相似[8]。华北落叶松林和落桦混交林凋落物层有效拦蓄量大于杨桦混交林和白桦林,说明华北落叶松林和落桦混交林拦蓄降水能力优于杨桦混交林和白桦林,这可能是因为华北落叶松林生产力高、生长状况好和林下植物多样性高,林内环境更适宜凋落物积累,导致凋落物层有效拦蓄量较大。而白桦和山杨属于次生林,林地曾受人为干扰,凋落物分解速率快且积累量少,造成白桦林凋落物有效拦蓄量低。有效拦蓄量不仅与凋落物现存量有关外,还受凋落物分解程度和气候等因素的影响,因此不同分解层凋落物拦蓄能力有差异[2]

      4种森林类型凋落物的持水量和吸水速率与浸水时间呈现相似的规律,在浸水初期,凋落物由于表面水势差较大而迅速吸水;随着浸水时间的延长,持水量逐渐增大并趋向饱和,吸水速率逐渐减小并趋向稳定;凋落物层持水量、吸水速率与浸水时长分别呈现较好的对数和幂函数关系。这与冀西北山地[19]和小五台山地区[37]森林凋落物持水过程的研究结果一致,表明林地凋落物在降水前期能快速吸水,发挥拦蓄降水作用,有助于保持水土和涵养水源。

      以往的研究中大多认为天然林的水土保持能力在各个层面均比人工林更好[38],而本研究结果表明:坝上地区人工林(华北落叶松林)与天然林(白桦林、杨桦混交林)的凋落物持水性能之间差异不显著,而人工林凋落物层生物量显著大于天然林,凋落物层最大持水量和有效拦蓄量比天然林提高了71.93%、59.96%,其凋落物层的综合水源涵养效果比天然林更好,这与青海省塔尔沟小流域森林凋落物层的研究结果相似[38]。这一方面可能是落叶松林适宜坝上地区的水热条件,生长状况好,凋落物累积量较多;另一方面,山杨和白桦属于次生林,前期的人为干扰对其水土保持能力也有一定的影响。此外,森林的水文功能除与凋落物层有关外,还受林冠层、土壤层和树木生态特性等多种因素的影响。综上,在不同的区域内,天然林凋落物层的水源涵养效果不一定都是最优,而人工辅助措施营造的人工林也能显著提高林地水土保持效果,这为后期研究人工林的生态效益提供新的认识。

    • 本研究表明:白桦林和杨桦混交林凋落物层的持水率和拦蓄率较高。但综合考虑凋落物层厚度、生物量、持水量和拦蓄水量等各项水文指标,落叶松林和落桦混交林凋落物层水源涵养能力更强。因而,在后期坝上地区的林业规划过程中,可以考虑引种人工针叶林,或在阔叶纯林中混交针叶树种等措施,充分发挥人工林凋落物层的生态效益,实现森林的水源涵养能力提升。

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