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锈色粒肩天牛Apriona swainsoni是一种破坏性极强的钻蛀性害虫,主要危害槐树Sophora japonica,有“国槐杀手”“国槐的毁灭性害虫”之称[1-2],该天牛主要分布在山东、山西、河南等省,国外分布在越南、老挝、印度和缅甸等国[3]。近年来,随着全球气候变暖,锈色粒肩天牛的危害逐渐北移,危害面积和分布区域逐年扩大,有加速发展的趋势[4-5]。斗米虫为锈色粒肩天牛的幼虫,是豆科Leguminosae云实Caesalpinia decapetala的主要蛀干害虫[1-2, 4],对云实的生长发育有极大的威胁。但斗米虫具有较好的药用价值,对调节人体免疫功能低下有显著的作用和效果,是抗病菌、抗病毒、抗肿瘤的珍贵生物医药资源[6]。随着经济发展和人民生活水平的不断提高,斗米虫的市场需求越来越大,传统野生来源已满足不了人们的需要。目前,国内外已报道了槐绿虎天牛Chlorophorus diadema[7],星天牛Anoplophora chinensis[8-9],眉斑楔天牛Glenea cantor[10-11],松墨天牛Monochamus alternates[12]等多种天牛的人工饲养方法。有关斗米虫人工养殖不多,仅田志超等[6]对其进行报道。研究显示[9]:人工饲料饲养昆虫不仅可以使昆虫发育整齐,生理一致,而且在很多情况下是解决季节性饲料短缺的主要途径,特别是在寒冷的地区,冬季期间大多数自然食料很难获得,为实现斗米虫大规模的人工饲养,以满足人们对斗米虫日益增长的需求,通过研制配方饲料进行了斗米虫的室内人工饲养研究,旨在寻找一种最佳的人工配方饲料,以期为研制斗米虫人工饲料提供理论依据。
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在江西省都昌县蔡岭镇采集产卵的云实枝条,带回室内饲养,室内温度保持在24~26 ℃,湿度为65%~70%,待有木屑从枝条渗出,即剖出初孵幼虫,选择同一时间剖出的幼虫作为实验用虫。刚剖出的幼虫先用体积分数为70%的乙醇浸润10 s,然后放在无菌水中冲洗3~4次,最后放在无菌滤纸上吸干,立即放入饲养盒中,1头·盒-1,室内温度保持在24~27 ℃,湿度为65%~70%。
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设置4个不同饲料配方(Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ,Ⅳ)和1个空白对照(ck),各组试验中营养物质配比见表 1。
表 1 斗米虫人工饲料配方
Table 1. Ingredients of artificial diets of Apriona swainsoni larvae
配方 云实嫩枝粉/g 大豆粉/g 纤维素/g 酵母粉/g 抗坏血酸/g/ 山梨酸钾/g 对羟基苯甲酸甲酯/g 蔗糖/g 胆固醇/g 韦氏盐/g 琼脂/g 动物油/g 蒸馏水/mL Ⅰ 200.0 50.0 0.5 13.0 2.0 2.0 3.0 1.5 10.0 8.0 6.0 1 000 Ⅱ 150.0 50.0 0.5 13.0 0.4 2.0 2.0 3.0 1.5 10.0 8.0 6.0 1 000 Ⅲ 150.0 50.0 0.5 13.0 2.0 3.0 1.5 10.0 8.0 6.0 1 000 Ⅳ 200.0 2.0 3.0 1.5 10.0 8.0 6.0 1 000 ck 200.0 1 000 -
将采集到的云实嫩枝冲洗干净,粉碎后过筛(40~80目),同时将黄豆磨碎过筛(70目)置于100 ℃下烘1 h备用,加入表 1所列其他饲料配方配成4种人工饲料,分别放入2 L的电磁炉中,加水1 000 mL,加热并不断搅拌,抗坏血酸先溶于水中,待饲料的温度降至50 ℃时加进去,再充分搅拌,熬制成黏糊状,分装入100 mL的细口三角瓶中,用木棒压实,放入烘干箱内120 ℃下烘干1 h,然后在121 ℃的高压灭菌锅内消毒15 min,将制作好的饲料加盖后放置于5 ℃的冰箱内冷藏,每次使用时,需将饲料瓶放在磁性搅拌器上均匀搅拌。设置空白对照组ck(培养基),即只有云实嫩枝粉做饲料。
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将人工饲料分装于直径4 cm,高5 cm的塑料盒,装10 g·盒-1,在酒精灯旁的灭菌条件下,将龄期、个体大小及健康程度一致的幼虫接入人工饲料。然后放置于黑暗、温度为(26±2) ℃、相对湿度为70%的室内饲养。隔2个星期更换1次饲料。重复4次·组-1,每个重复试验饲养30条斗米虫,求其死亡率、平均体长和平均体质量。
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在同一饲养环境下,分别记录幼虫化蛹数、发育历期、死亡率、幼虫的体长和体质量增长情况。利用SPSS 20.0对数据进行分析处理。
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由表 2可见:人工配方饲料Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ,Ⅳ及对照组ck饲养的斗米虫历期分别为(388±29),(331±56),(390±54),(410±62)和(445±67) d,取食4种人工饲料的初孵幼虫发育至蛹的历期均小于对照组,取食饲料Ⅱ的幼虫发育时间最短,显著低于林间自然环境下的发育时间(21~22个月)[13]。
表 2 不同饲料配方饲养下斗米虫的成活率、历期、体质量
Table 2. Changes of survival rate, larval period and weight of Apriona swainsoni larvae under different artificial diets
饲料配方 接种虫数/个 化蛹虫数/个 幼虫成活率/% 历期/d 体质量/g Ⅰ 120 87 72.5 388 ± 29 2.47 ± 0.48 Ⅱ 120 103 85.8 331 ± 56 3.09 ± 1.15 Ⅲ 120 69 57.5 390 ± 54 2.52 ± 0.45 Ⅳ 120 54 45.0 410 ± 62 2.38 ± 0.47 ck 120 48 40.0 445 ± 67 2.08 ± 0.66 -
人工配方饲料Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ,Ⅳ及对照组ck饲养的斗米虫体质量分别为(2.47±0.48),(3.09±1.15),(2.52±0.45),(2.38±0.47)和(2.08±0.66) g。配方饲料Ⅱ与对照组ck体质量差异显著(P=0.019),其余各组间体质量均差异不显著(P>0.05)(表 3)。
表 3 不同饲料配方对斗米虫成活率和体质量的方差分析
Table 3. Variance analysis of survival rate and weight of Apriona swainsoni larvae under different artificial diets
饲料配方 幼虫成活率 体质量 Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅱ 0.006** 0.083 Ⅲ 0.022* 0.000** 0.689 0.091 Ⅳ 0.001** 0.000** 0.067 0.965 0.170 0.455 ck 0.000** 0.000** 0.047* 0.056 0.482 0.019* 0.482 0.731 说明:*表示差异显著(P<0.05),**表示差异极显著(P<0.01) -
表 2表明:配方饲料Ⅳ饲养的斗米虫成活率为45.0%,配方饲料Ⅲ在配方Ⅳ的基础上,增加了大豆粉、纤维素、酵母粉3种组分,成活率提高至57.5%,配方Ⅰ在配方Ⅲ的基础上增加了山梨酸钾,成活率提高至72.5%,配方Ⅱ在配方Ⅰ的基础上增加了抗坏血酸,成活率提高至85.8%。由表 3可知:配方饲料Ⅲ和Ⅳ的成活率差异不显著(P>0.05),配方饲料Ⅳ与对照组ck差异不显著(P>0.05),其余各组间的成活率均存在显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)差异。
Artificial diets for Apriona swainsoni larvae development
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摘要: 锈色粒肩天牛Apriona swainsoni幼虫也称斗米虫,具有较好的药用价值,对调节人体免疫功能低下有显著效果。研发饲养斗米虫的人工配方饲料是解决市场斗米虫大规模养殖的关键,以基础配方(云实Caesalpinia decapetala嫩枝粉200.0 g+对羟基苯甲酸甲酯2.0 g+蔗糖3.0 g+胆固醇1.5 g+韦氏盐10.0 g+琼脂8.0 g+动物油6.0 g+蒸馏水1 000 mL)为基础,设置了4个不同饲料配方(Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ,Ⅳ),以成活率、发育历期及体质量作为评价指标,确定斗米虫饲养的最佳饲料配方。结果表明:4种人工配方饲料饲养的斗米虫均可正常生长发育,但成活率差异显著或极显著(P < 0.05,P < 0.01),体质量和发育历期上也存在差异,其中人工配方饲料Ⅱ(即基础配方+大豆粉50.0 g+纤维素0.5 g+抗坏血酸0.4 g+酵母粉13.0 g+山梨酸钾2.0 g)饲养的斗米虫成活率最高,生长量最佳,历期最短。该配方饲料可缩短斗米虫发育历期,能够提供斗米虫生长的营养物质,为最佳人工饲料配方。Abstract: Research and development on diet of the Apriona swainsoni larvae, which have medicinal value and a strong effect on regulating immune functions of the human body, was key to solving large-scale cultivation for the A. swainsoni larvae raised on an artificial culture medium. The purpose of this study was to explore suitable diets for large-scale artificial feed. The experiment was based on the basic formula of 200 g Caesalpinia decapetala twig power, 2.0 g methyl hydroxyl benzoate, 3.0 g sucralose, 1.5 g cholesterol, 10.0 g wale salt, 8.0 g agar, 6.0 g animal oil, and 1 000 mL distilled water. The experiment adopted a control method to determine the best diet by comparing four artificial diets (Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, and Ⅳ). Results showed that A. swainsoni larvae fed 4 kinds of artificial diets could grow and develop normally with significant differences in mortality (P < 0.05, P < 0.01), weight and larval period. The survival rate was highest, growth was best, and larval period was shortest when the larvae was provided with the basic formula + 50.0 g soybean powder + 0.5 g cellulose + 13.0 g yeast powder + 2.0 g potassium sorbate + 0.4 gVc. Diet Ⅱ was superior to diets Ⅰ, Ⅲ, and Ⅳ. In conclusion, diet Ⅱ could shorten the development period and provide nutrients for growth of A. swainsoni larvae, as well as become a standard diet for further research work.
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Key words:
- forest protection /
- Apriona swainsoni larvae /
- artificial diet /
- development
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表 1 斗米虫人工饲料配方
Table 1. Ingredients of artificial diets of Apriona swainsoni larvae
配方 云实嫩枝粉/g 大豆粉/g 纤维素/g 酵母粉/g 抗坏血酸/g/ 山梨酸钾/g 对羟基苯甲酸甲酯/g 蔗糖/g 胆固醇/g 韦氏盐/g 琼脂/g 动物油/g 蒸馏水/mL Ⅰ 200.0 50.0 0.5 13.0 2.0 2.0 3.0 1.5 10.0 8.0 6.0 1 000 Ⅱ 150.0 50.0 0.5 13.0 0.4 2.0 2.0 3.0 1.5 10.0 8.0 6.0 1 000 Ⅲ 150.0 50.0 0.5 13.0 2.0 3.0 1.5 10.0 8.0 6.0 1 000 Ⅳ 200.0 2.0 3.0 1.5 10.0 8.0 6.0 1 000 ck 200.0 1 000 表 2 不同饲料配方饲养下斗米虫的成活率、历期、体质量
Table 2. Changes of survival rate, larval period and weight of Apriona swainsoni larvae under different artificial diets
饲料配方 接种虫数/个 化蛹虫数/个 幼虫成活率/% 历期/d 体质量/g Ⅰ 120 87 72.5 388 ± 29 2.47 ± 0.48 Ⅱ 120 103 85.8 331 ± 56 3.09 ± 1.15 Ⅲ 120 69 57.5 390 ± 54 2.52 ± 0.45 Ⅳ 120 54 45.0 410 ± 62 2.38 ± 0.47 ck 120 48 40.0 445 ± 67 2.08 ± 0.66 表 3 不同饲料配方对斗米虫成活率和体质量的方差分析
Table 3. Variance analysis of survival rate and weight of Apriona swainsoni larvae under different artificial diets
饲料配方 幼虫成活率 体质量 Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅱ 0.006** 0.083 Ⅲ 0.022* 0.000** 0.689 0.091 Ⅳ 0.001** 0.000** 0.067 0.965 0.170 0.455 ck 0.000** 0.000** 0.047* 0.056 0.482 0.019* 0.482 0.731 说明:*表示差异显著(P<0.05),**表示差异极显著(P<0.01) -
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https://zlxb.zafu.edu.cn/article/doi/10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2018.06.017