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土壤水分是喀斯特生态系统结构、功能、多样性的主要控制因子[1-2],决定和影响着生态系统的修复与稳定,是石漠化治理的关键[3]。在喀斯特地区的土层薄和分布不连续、水力传导率高、地表地下的二元结构、地表水漏失导致了土壤的储水能力低,因此,土壤水分依旧是喀斯特生态系统恢复的关键因子[4-5]。随着植被的恢复,土壤有机质和孔隙度增加、容重减少、有效提升了土壤水分的含量[6-7],遏制了石漠化的发展。在重度石漠化地区,受到地质地貌的影响,小生境发育类型多样,有石面、石坑、石沟、土面等小生境,使得地表出露的岩石和土壤分布具有非均匀性。同时,小生境因水分、热量等环境因子的不同使得小生境土壤水分具有差异性[8-9],这为生态系统的恢复和重建增加了难度。对喀斯特土壤水分的研究发现:不同植被群落的土壤水分有季节和空间差异,地形和微地貌、植被类型是其分布差异的主要影响因素[10-12],对微地貌的研究发现石沟的土壤水分状况优于土面[13-14]。滇东喀斯特地区石漠化分布集中、程度深,自北向南逐渐增多、程度加重[15]的特点。土壤侵蚀严重,小生境发育多样,石漠化严重的地区植被退化为石灰岩灌丛。在退化迹地上自然演替发育清香木Pistacia weinmannifolia次生林,以及人工播种恢复的云南松Pinus yunnanensis人工林2种不同的植被模式。本研究选择人工和自然植被恢复群落下的小生境,探讨小生境土壤水分与植被恢复的关系,分析小生境的土壤水分差异性及影响因素,为滇东高原石漠化的恢复治理及小生境的合理利用提供科学参考。
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滇东南普者黑峰林湖盆区(23°45′~24°28′N,103°34′~104°45′E)位于云南高原的东南缘,总体地势向东南倾斜,主要地貌特征为峰丛盆(洼)谷地组合形态,岩溶发育强烈不均匀,地下水深埋[15]。气候为中亚热带高原季风气候区,多年平均气温为13.7~18.6 ℃,11至翌年4月为旱季,5−10月为雨季,旱季平均气温为11.6 ℃,雨季平均气温为24 ℃,多年平均年降水量为969~1 566 mm。
在普者黑峰林湖盆区中部的菜花箐小流域(24°7′52″N,104°6′11″E)建立研究观测样地。地带性植被为半湿性亚热带常绿阔叶林,目前已被破坏殆尽,退化迹地上存留石灰岩灌丛,以及20世纪80年代以来人工种植的云南松纯林和自然恢复的清香木次生林。根据植被群落调查,人工种植的云南松纯林和自然恢复的清香木次生林均为成熟林阶段,因此,选择坡位坡度相似的石灰岩灌丛(limestone shrub, LS)、清香木次生林(secondary forest, SF)、云南松人工林(Yunnan pine plantation, YP)作为研究样地(表1)。
表 1 样地基本情况
Table 1. Condition of surveyed plots
植被类型 坡度/(°) 坡向 基岩裸露率/% 乔木层盖度/% 灌木层盖度/% 草本层盖度/% 凋落物厚度/cm 凋落物存量/(t·hm−2) 清香木次生林SF 30 SW 79 94 12 10 3.0 10.28 石灰岩灌丛LS 22 SW 87 11 75 48 1.1 1.62 云南松人工林YP 24 N 5 78 10 11 0.8 14.96 -
采用野外调查和实验相结合的方法,在5 m×20 m的样方内对不同植被群落的小生境和群落结构进行调查(表2)。石面(出露基岩的岩石,SM)无土壤或有少量苔藓;石沟(构造线状的廊道,SG)宽0.6~5.0 m,长1~300 m,土壤较多,土多石少,土石比≥70%;石坑(基岩上发育的溶蚀凹地,SK)土石比≥40%;土面(近圆状溶坑发育而来,TM)直径≥0.3 m,深度较大,土层厚度较厚,土石比≥80%。
表 2 样地小生境基本情况
Table 2. Basic information of the sample niches
植被类型 各小生境比例/% 土层厚度/cm 封禁时间/a 石面SM 石坑SK 石沟SG 土面TM 清香木次生林SF 72.44 6.23 4.08 17.25 0~80 50 石灰岩灌丛LS 77.32 5.62 15.40 1.76 0~50 16 云南松人工林YP 8.33 0 0 91.67 0~100 36 于2015年1−12月对小生境土壤进行采样,石面无土壤,主要对石坑、石沟、土面小生境的土壤进行采样,石坑土层薄,在0~20 cm采样,其余在0~20、20~40 cm进行采样,选取3~5个点的土壤混合后自封袋密封带回实验室,测定土壤含水率、土壤容重、总孔隙度、溶解性有机碳、pH、土壤有机质6个指标。土壤含水率采用烘干法,容重和总空孔隙度采用环刀法,溶解性有机碳采用有机质光度法,pH采用酸度计法,有机质采用重铬酸钾容量法,其中土壤含水率、容重和总孔隙度、pH由实验室分析完成,溶解性有机碳、土壤有机质由云南省农业科学院分析中心完成。
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运用Excel 2010对数据进行预处理,再结合SPASS 22.0 进行Pearson相关性分析,用Grapher 9进行绘图。
Differences and influencing factors of soil moisture in karst microhabitats in southeast Yunnan
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摘要:
目的 土壤水分是喀斯特石漠化地区植被恢复的关键因子,分析滇东南喀斯特小生境土壤水分差异性及其影响因素,可为喀斯特生态系统的恢复提供科学依据。 方法 以滇东南普者黑峰林湖盆区为研究区,选取石灰岩灌丛、清香木Pistacia weinmannifolia次生林、云南松Pinus yunnanensis人工林下的不同小生境(石沟、石坑、土面)为研究对象,分析小生境土壤水分的差异性及影响因素。 结果 ①各小生境的土壤水分季节性差异显著(P<0.05),平均土壤含水率从高到低依次为石沟(42.24%)、石坑(41.63%)、土面(32.98%),并随着土层深度的增加而减少。②石灰岩灌丛进行自然和人工恢复后,小生境的土壤含水率增加,从高到低依次为清香木次生林(35.80%)、云南松人工林(31.67%)、石灰岩灌丛(29.36%),自然恢复优于人工恢复。③小生境土壤水分差异性受到生境类型、土壤性质、植被群落的影响,植被往往优先选择生境条件优越的石坑和石沟小生境。不同土层深度的小生境土壤水分差异性受到土壤性质和土壤优先流的影响。 结论 喀斯特石漠化地区进行植被恢复要结合植被群落和小生境类型,优先选择石沟和石坑小生境,自然和人工恢复相结合,以促进喀斯特生态系统的恢复和改善。图4表2参28 Abstract:Objective This study aims to analyze differences in soil moisture and influencing factors of karst microhabitats of the eastern Yunnan Plateau, so as to provide scientific basis for the restoration of karst ecosystems. Method We studied karst niches (stone ditch, stone pit, soil surface) with different vegetation types, including limestone shrub, Pistacia weinmannifolia secondary forest and Pinus yunnanensis artificial mature forest under the forest-lake basin of Puzhehei karst. Result (1) In each niche soil moisture was significantly higher in the rainy season than in the dry season(P<0.05), and the order of average soil moisture was stone ditch (42.24%)>stone pit (41.63%)>soil surface (32.98%). (2) With natural and artificial restoration of limestone shrub, soil moisture increased from natural secondary forest over Pinus yunnanensis plantation to limestone shrub. Pistacia weinmannifolia secondary forest (35.80%)>Pinus yunnanensis artificial mature forest (31.67%)>limestone shrub (29.36%). (3) The difference in soil moisture in karst niches was influenced by the type of habitats, soil properties and vegetation type. Vegetation often preferred the karst niches of stone pit and stone ditch with superior habitat conditions. Conclusion Vegetation restoration in karst rocky desertification areas should be combined with vegetation communities and niche types, and stone ditch and stone pit niches should be given priority to vegetation restoration. The combination of natural restoration and artificial restoration can effectively improve karst ecosystems. [Ch, 4 fig. 2 tab. 28 ref.] -
Key words:
- soil science /
- karst /
- microhabitat /
- soil moisture /
- vegetation pattern /
- southeast Yunnan peak forest-lake basin
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表 1 样地基本情况
Table 1. Condition of surveyed plots
植被类型 坡度/(°) 坡向 基岩裸露率/% 乔木层盖度/% 灌木层盖度/% 草本层盖度/% 凋落物厚度/cm 凋落物存量/(t·hm−2) 清香木次生林SF 30 SW 79 94 12 10 3.0 10.28 石灰岩灌丛LS 22 SW 87 11 75 48 1.1 1.62 云南松人工林YP 24 N 5 78 10 11 0.8 14.96 表 2 样地小生境基本情况
Table 2. Basic information of the sample niches
植被类型 各小生境比例/% 土层厚度/cm 封禁时间/a 石面SM 石坑SK 石沟SG 土面TM 清香木次生林SF 72.44 6.23 4.08 17.25 0~80 50 石灰岩灌丛LS 77.32 5.62 15.40 1.76 0~50 16 云南松人工林YP 8.33 0 0 91.67 0~100 36 -
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https://zlxb.zafu.edu.cn/article/doi/10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20190383