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天然更新是指植物或群落从种子成熟、种子扩散、种子萌发、幼苗生长,到生长为健壮个体的连续过程[1]。森林天然更新是林木利用自身繁殖能力形成新一代幼林的过程,一般有有性更新和无性更新2种方式[2],是森林生态系统自我繁衍、自我恢复的手段和基础[3],体现森林健康状况,对森林群落的稳定性维持、森林物种多样性保护具有重要意义。目前,国内外学者对森林天然更新的研究比较多,主要集中在采伐迹地的天然更新动态研究[4-5]、林隙与天然更新[4]、天然更新幼苗的种群结构及空间分布格局[6-9]等方面,其中森林天然更新影响因子的研究主要集中在土壤种子库[10-11]和群落生境特征,如海拔与坡向[12-13]、地被物[11, 13-15]、不同采伐方式[16-19]、林隙[20-22]等,但在群落植物种子特性及其与环境因子综合作用的研究还鲜有报道。色季拉山急尖长苞冷杉Abies georgei var. smithii林是中国西藏东南林区暗针叶林的典型代表,为成过熟原始林,人为干扰较少,林内苔藓植物、凋落物丰富。本研究以色季拉山急尖长苞冷杉原始林为研究对象,调查林内急尖长苞冷杉幼苗,运用通径分析方法分析林分郁闭度、种子带翅长度、千粒重、苔藓厚度、凋落物厚度等因子对幼苗更新的影响,明晰影响急尖长苞冷杉幼苗生长的最重要因子,以期为有效改善急尖长苞冷杉天然更新提供理论依据,从而改变目前急尖长苞冷杉林的濒危状态,维持急尖长苞冷杉群落稳定性。
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由表1可知:阳坡不同海拔高度下千粒重均为极显著差异(P<0.01);3 700~3 900、4 000~4 200 m海拔高度林分郁闭度及凋落物厚度差异性均不显著(P>0.05),3 700~3 900 m种子带翅长度差异不显著,3 700与3 900 m海拔高度苔藓厚度差异不显著,其他海拔之间差异显著,3 700与3800 m海拔高度下幼苗数量差异不显著,其他海拔之间差异显著;其中海拔3 700 m处郁闭度最高,达75.12 %,4 200 m处最低,只有40.05 %。随海拔升高,千粒重、苔藓厚度、凋落物厚度均呈现先增加后减小的趋势;单位面积内幼苗数量海拔3900 m处最多,4 200 m处极少,主要是由于土壤贫瘠,沙石较多,不能为种子发芽与幼苗定居提供必需的营养与水分。在阴坡,3 700~4 100 m海拔高度下林分郁闭度差异均不显著;3 700~4 000 m海拔高度下种子带翅长度差异不显著;海拔3800与3 900 m千粒重差异不显著,其他海拔之间差异显著;海拔3 700与3 800 m苔藓厚度差异不显著,其他海拔之间差异显著;凋落物厚度亦同阳坡;3 700~4 000 m海拔高度下幼苗数量差异不显著,其他海拔之间差异显著。
表 1 天然更新影响因子与幼苗数量
Table 1. Each influencing factor of natural regeneration and seedings density
坡向 海拔/m X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 Y 阳坡 3700 75.12±2.79 a 12.45±0.50 a 10.38±0.14 c 5.50±0.21 b 8.38±0.46 a 8.80±0.30 b 3800 64.96±4.59 a 12.36±0.33 a 12.37±0.11 a 8.05±0.31 a 8.57±0.44 a 6.20±0.64 b 3900 69.65±3.16 a 13.27±0.29 a 11.25±0.14 b 5.90±0.36 b 8.52±0.43 a 14.24±1.32 a 4000 49.74±5.00 b 11.06±0.42 c 9.69±0.07 d 3.74±0.20 c 4.73±0.21 b 5.40±0.83 c 4100 49.52±3.42 b 11.54±0.40 b 8.60±0.20 e 2.20±0.16 d 4.38±0.37 b 5.60±0.92 c 4200 40.05±2.98 b 11.11±0.24 c 8.02±0.13 f 1.28±0.13 e 3.41±0.29 b 0.83±0.11 d 阴坡 3700 65.16±1.05 a 12.01±1.06 a 8.72±0.21 b 10.62±0.27 b 9.31±0.18 a 13.44±0.58 a 3800 64.83±1.97 a 12.04±0.44 a 10.38±0.11 a 10.06±0.18 b 9.33±0.18 a 11.61±1.54 a 3900 60.16±2.11 a 12.74±1.11 a 10.46±0.14 a 12.27±0.19 a 9.54±0.16 a 15.19±1.62 a 4000 59.62±1.05 a 11.99±0.79 a 8.31±0.20 b 4.30±0.14 d 4.66±0.15 b 11.40±0.75 a 4100 59.25±1.29 a 11.17±0.63 b 7.58±0.21 c 5.25±0.15 c 4.55±0.15 b 9.69±0.68 b 4200 49.41±1.05 b 10.68±0.51 c 6.72±0.32 d 2.51±0.13 e 4.34±0.18 b 5.00±0.90 c 说明:X1为林分郁闭度(%);X2为种子带翅长度(mm);X3为种子千粒重(g);X4为苔藓厚度(cm);X5为凋落物厚度(cm);Y为幼苗密度 (株·m−2)。小写字母表示不同海拔间差异显著(P<0.05) -
由相关性分析可知(表2):阳坡种子带翅长度、种子千粒重、苔藓厚度、凋落物厚度、林分郁闭度等因子均与急尖长苞冷杉天然更新幼苗密度呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)),说明这些因子可能有利于阳坡急尖长苞冷杉天然更新;同时各影响因子之间均存在极显著相关(P<0.01)。阴坡林分郁闭度与急尖长苞冷杉幼苗密度相关性不显著,可能是阴坡光照较弱,相对比较湿润,林分郁闭度大小对急尖长苞冷杉天然更新影响较小;其他各因子与急尖长苞冷杉幼苗密度呈极显著正相关(P<0.01);阴坡林分郁闭度与种子带翅长度、种子千粒重之间相关性不显著,与苔藓厚度、凋落物厚度之间存在显著相关(P<0.05),其他各因子之间均存在极显著相关(P<0.01)。阴坡林分郁闭度与种子带翅长度、种子千粒重之间相关性不显著,与苔藓厚度、凋落物厚度之间存在显著相关(P<0.05),其他各因子之间均存在极显著相关(P<0.01)。
表 2 天然更新影响因子与幼苗密度的相关性分析
Table 2. Correlation coefficients between each influencing factor of natural regeneration and seedings density
坡向 因子 X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 Y 阳坡 X1 1.000 0.464** 0.603** 0.551** 0.605** 0.467** X2 1.000 0.414** 0.346** 0.450** 0.438** X3 1.000 0.763** 0.774** 0.543** X4 1.000 0.638** 0.344** X5 1.000 0.586** 阴坡 X1 1.000 0.198 0.228 0.298* 0.296* 0.210 X2 1.000 0.547** 0.541** 0.492** 0.390** X3 1.000 0.787** 0.755** 0.579** X4 1.000 0.945** 0.612** X5 1.000 0.509** 说明:X1为林分郁闭度(%);X2为种子带翅长度(mm);X3为种子千粒重(g);X4为苔藓厚度(cm);X5为凋落物厚度(cm);Y为幼苗密度 (株·m−2)。*P<0.05,**P<0.01 -
通径分析可进一步明确各影响因子对急尖长苞冷杉天然更新幼苗效应的直接和间接作用。由表3可知:阳坡林分郁闭度对幼苗密度产生直接正效应,但贡献较小,决定系数仅为0.014。种子带翅长度与幼苗密度极显著正相关(P<0.01),即种子带翅长度对幼苗密度产生直接正效应,原因是急尖长苞冷杉种子带翅,有利于种子传播,可为幼苗繁育提供更多生存空间。种子千粒重与幼苗密度极显著正相关,通径分析认为其对幼苗密度产生显著的直接正效应,相对其他影响因子直接效应较大。原因是种子千粒重可以为天然更新提供丰富的种子库储备,有利于天然更新幼苗的发生。苔藓厚度与急尖长苞冷杉幼苗密度极显著相关,通径分析发现其对幼苗密度产生显著的直接负效应,但通过其他影响因子产生的间接正效应较大,因此总体表现为正效应。凋落物厚度对幼苗密度产生显著的直接正效应和间接效应,是影响阳坡急尖长苞冷杉天然更新幼苗生长的最关键因子。通过直接作用来看,阳坡各影响因子对幼苗密度发生的贡献大小依次为凋落物厚度、种子千粒重、苔藓厚度、种子带翅长度、林分郁闭度。利用SPSS统计分析软件进行多元回归分析,得到最优拟合回归方程:Y=−14.617+0.033X1+0.622X2+0.964X3−0.394X4+0.654X5 (R2=0.424)。
表 3 天然更新影响因子与幼苗密度的通径分析
Table 3. Path analysis between each influencing factor of natural regeneration and seedings density
坡向 因子 直接作用 决定系数 相关系数 间接作用 X1→Y X2→Y X3→Y X4→Y X5→Y 合计 阳坡 X1 0.118 0.014 0.467** 0.084 0.191 −0.135 0.208 0.348 X2 0.182 0.033 0.438** 0.055 0.131 −0.085 0.154 0.255 X3 0.317* 0.100 0.543** 0.071 0.075 −0.187 0.262 0.221 X4 −0.245* 0.060 0.344** 0.065 0.064 0.242 0.219 0.590 X5 0.343* 0.118 0.586** 0.071 0.082 0.245 −0.156 0.242 阴坡 X1 0.042 0.002 0.210 0.003 0.062 0.301 −0.198 0.168 X2 0.016 0.000 0.390** 0.008 0.148 0.546 −0.329 0.197 X3 0.270 0.073 0.579** 0.010 0.009 0.795 −0.505 0.309 X4 1.010** 1.020 0.612** 0.013 0.009 0.212 −0.632 −0.398 X5 −0.669* 0.448 0.509** 0.012 0.008 0.204 0.954 1.178 说明:X1为林分郁闭度(%);X2为种子带翅长度(mm);X3为种子千粒重(g);X4为苔藓厚度(cm);X5为凋落物厚度(cm);Y为幼苗 密度(株·m−2)。*P<0.05,**P<0.01 阴坡林分郁闭度对幼苗密度产生直接的正效应,但较其他影响因子贡献小。种子带翅长度对幼苗密度产生的直接正效应较小,但通过种子千粒重、苔藓厚度产生的间接正效应较大。种子千粒重与幼苗密度极显著正相关,说明阴坡种子千粒重同样有利于急尖长苞冷杉的天然更新。阴坡苔藓厚度对幼苗密度产生极显著的直接正效应,但通过其他影响因子产生间接负作用,总体表现为阻碍急尖长苞冷杉天然更新,因此在阴坡可以通过降低苔藓厚度来改善天然更新效果。凋落物厚度对幼苗密度有显著的直接负效应,但通过其他影响因子产生较大的间接正效应。原因在于凋落物阻碍了种子到达土壤,不利于种子的萌发,凋落物分解后可为种子萌发、幼苗建成提供必需的养分。通过直接作用来看,阴坡各影响因子对幼苗密度发生的贡献大小依次为苔藓厚度、凋落物厚度、种子千粒重、林分郁闭度、种子带翅长度,回归方程为:Y=1.309+0.015X1+0.074X2+0.819X3+1.254X4−1.229X5 (R2=0.448)。
Natural regeneration factors of Abies georgei var. smithii seedlings in Sejila Mountain
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摘要:
目的 分析影响色季拉山典型天然林急尖长苞冷杉Abies georgei var. smithii天然更新影响因子,为有效提高其天然更新提供理论指导。 方法 基于野外样方调查,分析色季拉山阴坡与阳坡5种影响因子与急尖长苞冷杉天然更新幼苗密度的相关性;通过通径分析找到影响其天然更新的关键因子。 结果 阳坡和阴坡种子带翅长度、种子千粒重、苔藓厚度、凋落物厚度及阳坡林分郁闭度与急尖长苞冷杉天然更新幼苗密度均呈现极显著正相关(P<0.01);通径分析认为阳坡凋落物厚度是影响急尖长苞冷杉天然更新幼苗生长的最关键因子,阳坡各影响因子对幼苗密度的影响大小依次为凋落物厚度、种子千粒重、苔藓厚度、种子带翅长度、林分郁闭度;阴坡苔藓厚度是影响急尖长苞冷杉天然更新幼苗生长的最关键因子,阴坡各影响因子对幼苗密度的影响大小依次为苔藓厚度、凋落物厚度、种子千粒重、林分郁闭度、种子带翅长度。 结论 凋落物厚度是影响色季拉山阳坡急尖长苞冷杉天然更新幼苗密度的最大因子,阴坡苔藓厚度是最关键因子。表3参27 Abstract:Objective This paper with an analysis of the influencing factors of natural regeneration of Abies georgei var. smithii in Sejila Mountain, is aimed to provide theoretical guidance for the effective promotion of its natural regeneration. Method Based on a field sample survey as well as an analysis of the correlation between the seedlings density and the five influencing factors on shady and sunny slopes of A. georgei var. smithii in Sejila Mountain, the path analysis was carried out to find out the key factors affecting its natural regeneration. Result On both sunny and shady slopes, there was a significant positive correlation between the natural regeneration seedlings and the length of seed wing, 1000-seed weight, moss thickness, litter thickness, canopy density of sunny slope. Litter thickness was the most important factor affecting the growth of natural regeneration seedlings of A. georgei var. smithii on sunny slope and the order of contribution to seedlings density was litter thickness, 1 000-seed weight, moss thickness, winged seed length and canopy density. Moss thickness was the most important factor affecting the growth of natural regeneration seedlings of A. georgei var. smithii on shady slope and the order of contribution to seedlings density was moss thickness, litter thickness, 1000-seed weight, canopy density and winged seed length. Conclusion Litter thickness was the largest factor affecting the density seedlings of A. georgei var. smithii on sunny slope, while moss thickness on shady slope was the most critical factor. [Ch, 3 tab. 27 ref.] -
表 1 天然更新影响因子与幼苗数量
Table 1. Each influencing factor of natural regeneration and seedings density
坡向 海拔/m X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 Y 阳坡 3700 75.12±2.79 a 12.45±0.50 a 10.38±0.14 c 5.50±0.21 b 8.38±0.46 a 8.80±0.30 b 3800 64.96±4.59 a 12.36±0.33 a 12.37±0.11 a 8.05±0.31 a 8.57±0.44 a 6.20±0.64 b 3900 69.65±3.16 a 13.27±0.29 a 11.25±0.14 b 5.90±0.36 b 8.52±0.43 a 14.24±1.32 a 4000 49.74±5.00 b 11.06±0.42 c 9.69±0.07 d 3.74±0.20 c 4.73±0.21 b 5.40±0.83 c 4100 49.52±3.42 b 11.54±0.40 b 8.60±0.20 e 2.20±0.16 d 4.38±0.37 b 5.60±0.92 c 4200 40.05±2.98 b 11.11±0.24 c 8.02±0.13 f 1.28±0.13 e 3.41±0.29 b 0.83±0.11 d 阴坡 3700 65.16±1.05 a 12.01±1.06 a 8.72±0.21 b 10.62±0.27 b 9.31±0.18 a 13.44±0.58 a 3800 64.83±1.97 a 12.04±0.44 a 10.38±0.11 a 10.06±0.18 b 9.33±0.18 a 11.61±1.54 a 3900 60.16±2.11 a 12.74±1.11 a 10.46±0.14 a 12.27±0.19 a 9.54±0.16 a 15.19±1.62 a 4000 59.62±1.05 a 11.99±0.79 a 8.31±0.20 b 4.30±0.14 d 4.66±0.15 b 11.40±0.75 a 4100 59.25±1.29 a 11.17±0.63 b 7.58±0.21 c 5.25±0.15 c 4.55±0.15 b 9.69±0.68 b 4200 49.41±1.05 b 10.68±0.51 c 6.72±0.32 d 2.51±0.13 e 4.34±0.18 b 5.00±0.90 c 说明:X1为林分郁闭度(%);X2为种子带翅长度(mm);X3为种子千粒重(g);X4为苔藓厚度(cm);X5为凋落物厚度(cm);Y为幼苗密度 (株·m−2)。小写字母表示不同海拔间差异显著(P<0.05) 表 2 天然更新影响因子与幼苗密度的相关性分析
Table 2. Correlation coefficients between each influencing factor of natural regeneration and seedings density
坡向 因子 X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 Y 阳坡 X1 1.000 0.464** 0.603** 0.551** 0.605** 0.467** X2 1.000 0.414** 0.346** 0.450** 0.438** X3 1.000 0.763** 0.774** 0.543** X4 1.000 0.638** 0.344** X5 1.000 0.586** 阴坡 X1 1.000 0.198 0.228 0.298* 0.296* 0.210 X2 1.000 0.547** 0.541** 0.492** 0.390** X3 1.000 0.787** 0.755** 0.579** X4 1.000 0.945** 0.612** X5 1.000 0.509** 说明:X1为林分郁闭度(%);X2为种子带翅长度(mm);X3为种子千粒重(g);X4为苔藓厚度(cm);X5为凋落物厚度(cm);Y为幼苗密度 (株·m−2)。*P<0.05,**P<0.01 表 3 天然更新影响因子与幼苗密度的通径分析
Table 3. Path analysis between each influencing factor of natural regeneration and seedings density
坡向 因子 直接作用 决定系数 相关系数 间接作用 X1→Y X2→Y X3→Y X4→Y X5→Y 合计 阳坡 X1 0.118 0.014 0.467** 0.084 0.191 −0.135 0.208 0.348 X2 0.182 0.033 0.438** 0.055 0.131 −0.085 0.154 0.255 X3 0.317* 0.100 0.543** 0.071 0.075 −0.187 0.262 0.221 X4 −0.245* 0.060 0.344** 0.065 0.064 0.242 0.219 0.590 X5 0.343* 0.118 0.586** 0.071 0.082 0.245 −0.156 0.242 阴坡 X1 0.042 0.002 0.210 0.003 0.062 0.301 −0.198 0.168 X2 0.016 0.000 0.390** 0.008 0.148 0.546 −0.329 0.197 X3 0.270 0.073 0.579** 0.010 0.009 0.795 −0.505 0.309 X4 1.010** 1.020 0.612** 0.013 0.009 0.212 −0.632 −0.398 X5 −0.669* 0.448 0.509** 0.012 0.008 0.204 0.954 1.178 说明:X1为林分郁闭度(%);X2为种子带翅长度(mm);X3为种子千粒重(g);X4为苔藓厚度(cm);X5为凋落物厚度(cm);Y为幼苗 密度(株·m−2)。*P<0.05,**P<0.01 -
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