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生物多样性保护措施主要包括就地保护(in-situ conservation)和迁地保护(ex-situ conservation) 2种。相对于具有应急意义的迁地保护,就地保护对于保持生态系统内生物的繁衍与进化、维持生态系统服务和功能更具现实意义,也是生物多样性保护中最为有效的措施[1]。总体来讲,中国建立的自然保护区已经保护了超过80%的自然植被群落和85%以上的野生动植物,尤其是对兰科Orchidaceae植物和哺乳动物的保护效果最好,实现了对97%的兰科植物和90%以上的哺乳动物的保护[2]。但也有研究发现,尽管全球保护区网络在过去几十年间持续发展,但只有少部分生物区得到了有效的保护[3]。中国自然保护地体系也依然存在一些如空间布局不合理及交叉重叠等问题。另外,还有一些重要区域存在保护空缺[4]。叶附生苔是一类主要生长在热带和亚热带常绿阔叶林林下维管植物叶片上的苔藓植物,对环境中的水分和温度变化极为敏感,可以直接反映森林的质量和完整度,适合作为气候变化的指示类群[5-6]。就物种多样性组成来看,叶附生苔类大多数来自苔类植物中最为进化的细鳞苔科Lejeuneaceae,这一类群也是研究整个植物进化历程的关键类群。此外,相对于种子植物来讲,全球范围内的苔藓植物普遍表现出较低的特有率,而叶附生苔类是整个苔藓植物中特有率最高的类群[5],因此,加强对叶附生苔类植物的研究及保护显得尤为重要。在全球范围内,叶附生苔主要分布在30°N~30°S,降水非常丰富的热带和亚热带地区。中国的叶附生苔类植物则主要分布在长江以南地区,物种多样性集中在海南、台湾、浙江西南部和福建北部、云南南部和西北部以及西藏东南部等5个分布中心[7-8]。在全球范围内,自然保护区通常倾向于设立在受人类干扰较小的高海拔地区[9],中国管理级别较高的陆域自然保护区也多分布在高海拔区域[10],但叶附生类群却喜欢生长在中低海拔地区[11-12]。为了了解叶附生苔在野外的就地保护是否存在保护空缺,本研究以浙江省庆元县为例,对县域内的主要保护地——百山祖国家公园及公园外其他生境适宜的地区开展叶附生苔类植物的系统调查,了解叶附生苔类植物的多样性在百山祖国家公园内、外的分布及物种组成情况。百山祖国家公园作为中国生物多样性保护优先区域及中国叶附生苔类植物多样性分布中心之一,探讨该地区叶附生苔类植物的就地保护情况并提出可行的保护措施,将为其他地区苔藓植物的野外保护提供科学借鉴。
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通过对本次所采集标本的鉴定,共获得4科11属25种(表1)。25种叶附生苔全部属于叶苔纲Jungermanniopsida,其中叉苔Metzgeria furcata属于叉苔目Metzgeriales的叉苔科Metzgeriaceae,其余24种均属于光萼苔目Porellales,包括细鳞苔科Lejeuneaceae (21种)、扁萼苔科Radulaceae (2种)和耳叶苔科Frullaniaceae (1种)。其中,细鳞苔科种类最多,为该地区的优势科,疣鳞苔属Cololejeunea种类达10种,为该地区的优势属。鳞叶疣鳞苔Cololejeunea longifolia和尖叶薄鳞苔Leptolejeunea subacuta为该地区常见种,在多个地点均有分布,但鳞叶疣鳞苔未见于百山祖冷杉附近及十九源。
表 1 百山祖国家公园内外叶附生苔分布
Table 1. Distribution of epiphyllous liverworts inside and outside Baishanzu National Park
物种 百山祖冷杉附近 十九源 高山湾村 陈龙溪村 陈氏唇鳞苔 Cheilolejeunea chenii + 钝片唇鳞苔 Cheilolejeunea obtusilobula + 卷边唇鳞苔 Cheilolejeunea xanthocarpa + 白边疣鳞苔 Cololejeunea inflata + 长叶疣鳞苔 Cololejeunea longifolia + + 距齿疣鳞苔 Cololejeunea macounii + 大瓣疣鳞苔 Cololejeunea magnilobula + + 列胞疣鳞苔 Cololejeunea ocellata + + 粗齿疣鳞苔 Cololejeunea planissima + 拟棉毛疣鳞苔 Cololejeunea pseudofloccosa + 刺疣鳞苔 Cololejeunea spinosa + 短肋疣鳞苔 Cololejeunea subfloccosa + 南亚疣鳞苔 Cololejeunea tenella + 细角管叶苔 Colura tenuicornis + 东亚角鳞苔 Drepanolejeunea commutata + + 叶生角鳞苔 Drepanolejeunea foliicola + 云南角鳞苔 Drepanolejeunea yunnanensis + + 盔瓣耳叶苔 Frullania muscicola + 黄色细鳞苔 Lejeunea flava + + 尖叶薄鳞苔 Leptolejeunea subacuta + + + 叉苔 Metzgeria furcata + 疏叶纤鳞苔 Microlejeunea ulicina + + 尖舌扁萼苔 Radula acuminata + 大瓣扁萼苔 Radula cavifolia + + 鞍叶苔 Tuyamaella molischii + 说明:+代表该物种在该地区有分布 -
本次采集的103份标本中共有叶片231张,其中采自公园内的有49张(百山祖冷杉附近32张、十九源17张),采自公园外的有182张(高山湾村153张、陈龙溪村29张)。在本次采集所获得的4科11属25种叶附生苔中,分布于百山祖国家公园内的共有4科9属14种,其中百山祖冷杉附近有11种,十九源有8种;分布在百山祖国家公园外的有2科7属14种,其中淤上乡高山湾村有13种,竹口镇陈龙溪村有3种(表1)。从科、属、种相似性程度看,百山祖国家公园内外共有科数为2科,Jaccard相似性系数为0.50;共有属数为5属,Jaccard相似性系数为0.45;共有种数为3种,分别为大瓣疣鳞苔、黄色细鳞苔Lejeunea flava和尖叶薄鳞苔Leptolejeunea subacuta,Jaccard相似性系数为0.12,表明公园内、外物种组成极不相似。
与百山祖国家公园历史数据相比[9, 15],本次调查(包括公园外)有19种未采集到,新增6种,其中有3种(陈氏唇鳞苔Cheilolejeunea chenii、钝片唇鳞苔C. obtusilobula、南亚疣鳞苔Cololejeunea tenella)仅分布于保护区外。陈氏唇鳞苔在中国的分布区极为狭窄,此前只分布在福建、台湾和云南,是特别稀有并被认为应该最先进行保护的种类。
Effective of in-situ conservation of epiphyllous liverworts in Qingyuan County, Zhejiang Province
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摘要:
目的 了解叶附生苔类植物在中国就地保护中是否存在保护空缺。 方法 在浙江省庆元县开展对百山祖国家公园及周边生境适宜地区的叶附生苔类植物的系统调查,比较叶附生苔在公园内外的多样性、分布情况、物种组成特点及相似性。 结果 ①共调查记录叶附生苔类植物4科11属25种,包括细鳞苔科Lejeuneaceae (21种)、扁萼苔科Radulaceae (2种)、叉苔科Metzgeriaceae (1种)和耳叶苔科Frullaniaceae (1种)。细鳞苔科为该地区的优势科,疣鳞苔属Cololejeunea为该地区的优势属。鳞叶疣鳞苔Cololejeunea longifolia和尖叶薄鳞苔Leptolejeunea subacuta为该地区常见种。②在所获得的4科11属25种叶附生苔中,分布于百山祖国家公园内的有4科9属14种,分布在百山祖国家公园外的有2科7属14种,但百山祖国家公园内、外物种的科、属、种Jaccard相似性系数分别为0.50、0.45和0.12,表明2个区域物种组成差异较大。③与百山祖国家公园历史数据相比,本次调查新增6种,其中有3种仅分布于保护区外,包括保护价值极大的陈氏唇鳞苔Cheilolejeunea chenii。 结论 叶附生苔类植物在浙江省庆元县境内存在保护空缺,应尽早开展对中国其他地区叶附生苔类植物保护空缺研究。表1参28 Abstract:Objective This study is aimed to understand whether there is a conservation gap of epiphyllous liverworts in the in-situ conservation of China. Method A systematic survey of epiphyllous liverworts in Baishanzu National Park and its surrounding habitats was carried out in Qingyuan County, Zhejiang Province. The diversity, distribution, species composition and similarity in and out of the reserve were analyzed and compared. Result (1) A total of 25 species of epiphyllous liverworts belonging to 11 genera and 4 families were recorded, including Lejeuneaceae (21 species), Radulaceae (2 species), Metzgeriaceae (1 species) and Frullaniaceae (1 species). The dominant family in the area was Lejeuneaceae and the dominant genus was Cololejeunea. Cololejeunea longifolia and Leptolejeunea subacuta were common species in this area. (2) Among the 25 species of epiphyllous liverworts in 11 genera and 4 families, 14 species belonging to 9 genera and 4 families were found in the park, and 14 species belonging to 7 genera and 2 families were found out of the park. However, the Jaccard similarity coefficients of families, genera and species in and out of the park were 0.50, 0.45 and 0.12, respectively, indicating that the species composition of the two regions was quite different. (3) Compared with the historical data of Baishanzu National Park, there were 6 species newly recorded in this survey, of which 3 species were only distributed outside the park, including Cheilolejeunea chenii, a species with great protection value. Conclusion There is a conservation gap in the in-situ conservation of epiphyllous liverworts in Qingyuan County, Zhejiang Province. Therefore, research on the conservation gap of epiphyllous liverworts in other regions of China should be carried out as soon as possible. [Ch, 1 tab. 28 ref.] -
表 1 百山祖国家公园内外叶附生苔分布
Table 1. Distribution of epiphyllous liverworts inside and outside Baishanzu National Park
物种 百山祖冷杉附近 十九源 高山湾村 陈龙溪村 陈氏唇鳞苔 Cheilolejeunea chenii + 钝片唇鳞苔 Cheilolejeunea obtusilobula + 卷边唇鳞苔 Cheilolejeunea xanthocarpa + 白边疣鳞苔 Cololejeunea inflata + 长叶疣鳞苔 Cololejeunea longifolia + + 距齿疣鳞苔 Cololejeunea macounii + 大瓣疣鳞苔 Cololejeunea magnilobula + + 列胞疣鳞苔 Cololejeunea ocellata + + 粗齿疣鳞苔 Cololejeunea planissima + 拟棉毛疣鳞苔 Cololejeunea pseudofloccosa + 刺疣鳞苔 Cololejeunea spinosa + 短肋疣鳞苔 Cololejeunea subfloccosa + 南亚疣鳞苔 Cololejeunea tenella + 细角管叶苔 Colura tenuicornis + 东亚角鳞苔 Drepanolejeunea commutata + + 叶生角鳞苔 Drepanolejeunea foliicola + 云南角鳞苔 Drepanolejeunea yunnanensis + + 盔瓣耳叶苔 Frullania muscicola + 黄色细鳞苔 Lejeunea flava + + 尖叶薄鳞苔 Leptolejeunea subacuta + + + 叉苔 Metzgeria furcata + 疏叶纤鳞苔 Microlejeunea ulicina + + 尖舌扁萼苔 Radula acuminata + 大瓣扁萼苔 Radula cavifolia + + 鞍叶苔 Tuyamaella molischii + 说明:+代表该物种在该地区有分布 -
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https://zlxb.zafu.edu.cn/article/doi/10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20210241