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1980−2010年间,中国陆地区域氮沉降平均增加了7.9 kg·hm−2,是世界上最大的活性氮排放国之一[1-2]。在森林生态系统中,氮沉降一部分被冠层截留,另一部分进入土壤[3],直接或间接影响地上地下生物地球化学循环和生物多样性等[4]。土壤氮素有效性对植物生长至关重要,植物能够利用氮素进行代谢,但植物吸收的大部分土壤氮则是经矿化作用形成的无机氮,只能吸收小部分有机氮[5]。氮矿化是土壤氮循环的关键过程,通过调控土壤养分供给等物质循环和能量流动影响生态系统生产力和功能[6-7]。因此,研究氮沉降背景下森林生态系统无机氮动态对森林管理与经营具有重要意义。研究认为:氮输入对氮素转化速率的影响包括促进[8]、抑制[9]和无影响[10]。中国陆地大多数生态系统处于氮限制状态,受碳氮耦合作用影响,少量氮输入能够增加陆地生态系统碳汇[11-12],对大气二氧化碳(CO2)升高等全球变化形成负反馈。随大气氮沉降持续增加,过量氮输入使得土壤氮饱和或过饱和[13],导致土壤酸化[14],并引发一系列生态后果[15]。土壤氮素转化受到微生物特征、气候因子与土壤理化性质等生物与非生物因素共同调控[7, 16],但不同生态系统氮素转化速率的驱动因素具有差异性[17]。研究表明:杉木Cunninghamia lanceolata对氮沉降响应较为敏感[18],但由于其生长快、经济价值高,成为中国南方亚热带地区重要的造林树种之一[19-20]。本研究以福建省沙县官庄国有林场的杉木人工林为研究对象,设置氮添加梯度进行氮沉降模拟试验,并利用野外原位培养与实验室分析相结合,旨在探究土壤无机氮与氮素转化对不同氮添加和季节变化的响应,为研究区杉木人工林土壤健康管理与可持续经营提供科学指导。
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研究区福建省沙县官庄国有林场(26°30′N,117°43′E)地处亚热带季风气候区,平均海拔约200 m,无霜期约271 d。该地区雨热同期,夏季气温高,且降雨量大。年平均气温约19.6 ℃,最热月为7月(28.8 ℃),最冷月为1月(10.5 ℃)。年平均降水量约1 660.0 mm,降水量最大月为6月(230.2 mm),最小月为12月(31.6 mm);各季节土壤含水量为23.6%~27.8%。研究区杉木人工林土壤为红壤,林下植被稀疏,主要植物有五节芒Miscanthus floridulus、乌毛蕨Blechnum orientale、芒萁Dicranopteris pedata和菝葜Smilax china等。
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参照文献[13]设置12个林分和土壤立地条件相似的20 m×20 m样方,为减少不同样方施肥处理的相互干扰[8],在每个样方内划定15 m×15 m的核心区和外围缓冲区。2003年末进行的样方本底调查发现:研究区杉木林龄为12 a,密度约1 700株·hm−2,平均树高约12.0 m,平均胸径约16.1 cm。土壤pH约4.68,全氮质量分数为1.21 g·kg−1,硝态氮、铵态氮、有效磷质量分数分别为14.86、22.09和5.22 mg·kg−1[21]。2004年初,依据氮沉降背景值,选择尿素为氮源模拟氮沉降;设置4个梯度的氮添加处理:对照(N0,0 g·m−2·a−1)、低氮(N1,6 g·m−2·a−1)、中氮(N2,12 g·m−2·a−1)和高氮(N3,24 g·m−2·a−1),每处理3个重复;按处理要求将尿素溶于20 L水,于每月初用喷雾器均匀喷洒在各样方中。
利用PVC管盖法原位研究土壤氮矿化速率[22],该方法切断了植物根系并阻断水气交换,可能会对微生物活动产生影响,但有研究[23]证明对原位氮矿化影响相对较小,因此可用于原位估计森林土壤氮矿化。分别于2013年6月、9月、12月和2014年3月,在每个样方内选3个土壤性质基本相同的点,将3个长为15.0 cm、直径为3.5 cm的PVC管打入各土壤表层10 cm,标记为P0(上下管口镂空都不做处理,打入后即取土)、P1(上管口用保鲜膜封住,培养3个月后取土)和P2(上下管口镂空不做处理,培养3个月后取土)。将取回的土样带回实验室过筛、混匀后,测定并分析土壤pH、有机质、铵态氮、硝态氮等理化性质。
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于2013年6月起按季度进行为期1 a的土壤pH、有机质、铵态氮、硝态氮等指标测定。理化性质测定方法参考文献[23]和[24],氮素转化速率计算方法参考文献[25]。公式为:
$$ A = B + C{\text{;}}\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\; $$ (1) $$ {R_{\rm{m}}} = ({A_1} - {A_0})/3{\text{;}} $$ (2) $$ {R_{\rm{n}}} = ({B_1} - {B_0})/3{\text{;}}\;\; $$ (3) $$ {R_{\rm{l}}} = ({A_1} - {A_2})/3{\text{。}}\;\; $$ (4) 式(1)~(4)中:A为无机氮质量分数,B为硝态氮质量分数,C为铵态氮质量分数;A1为P1土样的无机氮质量分数,A0为P0土样的无机氮质量分数,B1为P1土样的硝态氮质量分数,B0为P0土样的硝态氮质量分数,A2为P2土样中的无机氮质量分数;Rm、Rn分别为净氮矿化速率、硝化速率,Rl为淋溶速率。质量分数单位为mg·kg−1,速率单位为mg·kg−1·月−1。
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采用双因素方差分析法(two-way ANOVAs)检验季节和氮添加对土壤无机氮库质量分数和氮素转化速率的影响,用最小差异显著法(LSD)检验处理间的显著性,用R 4.0.4进行数据分析,用Excel 2016绘图。
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由表1可知:氮添加对土壤pH、有机质、全氮质量分数和碳氮比(C/N)影响显著,不同水平氮处理下,土壤pH、有机质与碳氮比显著降低(P<0.05),全氮质量分数显著提高(P<0.05)。具体表现为:在所有处理中,土壤均为酸性,土壤pH 3.85~4.28。有机质质量分数为25.32~30.57 g·kg−1,全氮质量分数为1.35~1.67 g·kg−1,碳氮比为8.9~13.3。此外,无机氮质量分数为39.41~76.17 mg·kg−1,其中铵态氮质量分数为27.14~44.51 mg·kg−1,高于硝态氮(12.27~31.67 mg·kg−1)。
表 1 不同氮添加处理土壤主要理化和养分性质
Table 1. Main soil physicochemical and nutrient properties under different N addition
处理 pH 有机质/(g·kg−1) 全氮/(g·kg−1) C/N 铵态氮/(mg·kg−1) N0 4.28±0.19 a 30.57±2.89 a 1.35±0.14 c 13.3±2.0 a 27.14±4.58 d N1 4.14±0.24 b 27.13±3.07 b 1.57±0.17 b 10.1±1.4 b 32.19±6.56 c N2 4.00±0.22 c 26.82±3.19 b 1.62±0.19 ab 9.7±1.7 bc 39.13±6.35 b N3 3.85±0.16 d 25.32±3.34 b 1.67±0.18 a 8.9±1.7 cd 44.51±6.25 a 处理 铵态氮比例/% 硝态氮/(mg·kg−1) 硝态氮比例/% 铵态氮/硝态氮 无机氮/(mg·kg−1) N0 68.9 12.27±2.51 d 31.1 2.2 39.41±4.79 d N1 63.0 18.67±3.76 c 37.0 1.7 50.86±7.55 c N2 63.0 23.51±5.49 b 37.0 1.7 62.64±6.78 b N3 58.4 31.67±5.12 a 41.6 1.4 76.17±8.26 a 说明:数值为平均值±标准误,同列不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),铵态氮比例为铵态氮占无机氮比例,硝态氮比例为硝态氮占 无机氮比例 -
由表1可知:铵态氮、硝态氮与无机氮质量分数随氮添加梯度显著增加,从小到大依次为N0、N1、N2、N3。铵态氮占无机氮的比例(58.4%~68.9%)高于硝态氮(31.1%~41.6%),但铵态氮/硝态氮随氮添加梯度增加而逐渐降低。相对于N0,N1、N2和N3处理下无机氮年平均质量分数分别显著增加了29.1%、58.9%和93.3%,铵态氮为18.6%、44.1%和64.0%,硝态氮为52.2%、91.6%、158.1%,硝态氮质量分数增加幅度大于铵态氮。另外,季节对铵态氮和硝态氮质量分数影响显著,但对总无机氮质量分数影响不显著,且氮添加与季节无交互作用(P>0.05,表2)。在各季节间,夏秋2季铵态氮质量分数略高于冬春2季,而硝态氮则相反,无机氮质量分数在季节间变化不大(图1)。
表 2 氮添加和季节影响氮质量分数的双因素方差分析
Table 2. Effects of N addition, season, and their interactions on N mass fraction as indicated by two-way ANOVAs
处理 P 铵态氮 硝态氮 无机氮 氮添加 0.000* 0.000* 0.000* 季节 0.015* 0.005* 0.889 氮添加×季节 0.994 0.944 0.999 说明:*表示处理间差异显著 -
双因素方差分析和LSD多重比较表明:氮添加和季节处理对Rm、Rn和Rl的影响显著(P<0.05),且季节和处理对净氮矿化有交互影响(P<0.05,表3)。在氮添加方面,N3显著促进了氮矿化,各处理下土壤净氮矿化速率从大到小依次为N3、N2、N1、N0。硝化与淋溶速率对氮添加的响应趋势与净氮矿化具有相似性。此外,在季节方面,冬季净氮矿化为负值,表现为氮固定,而冬季的淋溶也为负。不同季节土壤氮素转化速率不同,但所有处理下均表现为夏季高、冬季低,秋季逐渐降低和春季逐渐回升的规律。不同季节氮素转化速率从大到小依次为夏季、秋季、春季、冬季(图2)。
表 3 氮添加和季节影响氮素转化速率的双因素方差分析
Table 3. Effects of N addition, season, and their interactions on N transformation rates as indicated by two-way ANOVAs
处理 P 矿化速率 硝化速率 淋溶速率 氮添加 0.000* 0.001* 0.042* 季节 0.000* 0.000* 0.000* 氮水平×季节 0.012* 0.693 0.955 说明:*表示处理间差异显著
Response of soil N mineralization to long-term N addition and season in Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation
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摘要:
目的 探讨长期氮沉降和季节变化对杉木Cunninghamia lanceolata人工林无机氮及氮素转化速率的影响。 方法 以福建省三明市沙县官庄国有林场亚热带人工杉木林为研究对象,开展长期(10 a)氮添加梯度(对照:N0;低氮:N1;中氮:N2;高氮:N3)野外控制试验,通过野外原位培养方法测定氮添加对净氮矿化、硝化和淋溶的影响。 结果 ①氮添加显著提高了铵态氮(NH4 +-N)、硝态氮(NO3 −-N) 和总无机氮质量分数,从大到小均依次为N3、N2、N1、N0,且铵态氮质量分数均高于硝态氮。②氮素转化速率随氮添加梯度而增大,高氮显著促进了氮素转化(P<0.05)。③季节显著影响氮素转化(P<0.05),净氮矿化速率、硝化速率与淋溶速率均表现为夏季高、冬季低的季节动态。 结论 氮添加显著增加了土壤无机氮与氮素转化速率,土壤pH、碳氮比(C/N)和土壤温度可能是研究区氮添加驱动氮素转化的主要因子。在杉木人工林的经营与管理中需要更多关注土壤养分和氮素转化速率对外源氮输入的响应。图2表3参40 Abstract:Objective With an experiment conducted Guanzhuang National Forestry Farm, Sha County, Sanming City of Fujian Province, this study is aimed to investigate the effects of long-term nitrogen (N) deposition and seasonal change on inorganic N and N transformation rates in the Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation. Method Besides a long-term (10-year-long) N addition experiment with four gradients (control: N0, low: N1, medium: N2, high: N3), the cultivation experiment in situ was conducted to determinate the N mineralization, nitrification and leaching rates in response to N addition. Result (1) N addition significantly increased the mass fractions of ammonium N (NH4 +-N), nitrate N (NO3 −-N) and total inorganic N, showing the trend of N3, N2, N1 and N0, and the ammonium N was higher than nitrate N. (2) N transformation rates increased with the N addition gradients, while high N addition significantly promoted the N transformation rates. (3) Seasonal changes significantly affected N transformation rates, and the N mineralization, nitrification and leaching rates were higher in summer and lower in winter. Conclusion N addition significantly increased soil inorganic N and N transformation rates whereas soil pH, C/N ratio and temperature may be the factors of N addition driving soil inorganic N and N transformation rates in the C. lanceolata plantation . Therefore, closer attention should be paid to the response of soil nutrients and N transformation rates to exogenous N input in the management of C. lanceolata plantation. [Ch, 2 fig. 3 tab. 40 ref.] -
Key words:
- N mineralization /
- nitrification /
- N leaching /
- global change /
- soil nutrients
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表 1 不同氮添加处理土壤主要理化和养分性质
Table 1. Main soil physicochemical and nutrient properties under different N addition
处理 pH 有机质/(g·kg−1) 全氮/(g·kg−1) C/N 铵态氮/(mg·kg−1) N0 4.28±0.19 a 30.57±2.89 a 1.35±0.14 c 13.3±2.0 a 27.14±4.58 d N1 4.14±0.24 b 27.13±3.07 b 1.57±0.17 b 10.1±1.4 b 32.19±6.56 c N2 4.00±0.22 c 26.82±3.19 b 1.62±0.19 ab 9.7±1.7 bc 39.13±6.35 b N3 3.85±0.16 d 25.32±3.34 b 1.67±0.18 a 8.9±1.7 cd 44.51±6.25 a 处理 铵态氮比例/% 硝态氮/(mg·kg−1) 硝态氮比例/% 铵态氮/硝态氮 无机氮/(mg·kg−1) N0 68.9 12.27±2.51 d 31.1 2.2 39.41±4.79 d N1 63.0 18.67±3.76 c 37.0 1.7 50.86±7.55 c N2 63.0 23.51±5.49 b 37.0 1.7 62.64±6.78 b N3 58.4 31.67±5.12 a 41.6 1.4 76.17±8.26 a 说明:数值为平均值±标准误,同列不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),铵态氮比例为铵态氮占无机氮比例,硝态氮比例为硝态氮占 无机氮比例 表 2 氮添加和季节影响氮质量分数的双因素方差分析
Table 2. Effects of N addition, season, and their interactions on N mass fraction as indicated by two-way ANOVAs
处理 P 铵态氮 硝态氮 无机氮 氮添加 0.000* 0.000* 0.000* 季节 0.015* 0.005* 0.889 氮添加×季节 0.994 0.944 0.999 说明:*表示处理间差异显著 表 3 氮添加和季节影响氮素转化速率的双因素方差分析
Table 3. Effects of N addition, season, and their interactions on N transformation rates as indicated by two-way ANOVAs
处理 P 矿化速率 硝化速率 淋溶速率 氮添加 0.000* 0.001* 0.042* 季节 0.000* 0.000* 0.000* 氮水平×季节 0.012* 0.693 0.955 说明:*表示处理间差异显著 -
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