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钙作为植物生长发育的重要调节因子及必需的矿质营养元素之一,不仅对维持细胞壁、细胞膜和膜结合蛋白具有一定的稳定性,而且还可作为细胞内生理生化反应的第二信使耦合外部信号[1]。钙能提高植物组织细胞的多种抗性,如植物抗寒[2]、抗旱[3]、抗病[4]、抗重金属毒害[5]及耐盐胁迫[6]等逆境。钙还具有改善植物光合作用,提高植物叶片中叶绿素含量的作用[7]。钙对增强植物叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)及其他相关保护酶的活性起着重要作用[8]。植物种类不同,对钙的适宜浓度不同,钙浓度过高或过低都会影响植物的生长发育,当钙浓度适宜时才能促进植物生长发育。白枪杆Fraxinus malacophylla是木犀科Oleaceae梣属Fraxinus双子叶落叶乔木,树高约10 m,主要分布于云南和广西,是石漠化治理中优良的阔叶伴生树种[9]。其树皮灰白色,芽裸露,翅果匙形,根系发达,萌蘖力强。白枪杆不仅可以制作家具与农具,而且还具有极高的药用价值[10-12],有较好的发展前景[13]。白枪杆主要分布在中国石漠化治理重点区域,具有很强的适应性。该区域的生态治理也是国家高度重视的问题之一,土壤中钙含量是非岩溶地区的2~3倍。目前,有关白枪杆的相关研究集中在激素和肥料[13-14]、造林技术[15]和土壤水分[16-17]等方面,但关于白枪杆幼苗野外生长对环境中不同钙浓度的适应机制尚不清楚。本研究以1年生白枪杆幼苗为材料,研究了不同钙浓度对白枪杆幼苗叶片形态及生理特性的影响,以期为白枪杆培育提供科学依据。
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由表1可知:白枪杆幼苗的叶片形态指标随着钙浓度升高均呈先上升后下降的趋势。白枪杆幼苗的叶片数在不同钙浓度处理下与对照差异显著(P<0.05),在钙浓度为50 mmol·L−1时,叶片数达到最大值,且叶片数是对照的1.33倍。白枪杆幼苗的叶长、叶宽、叶长宽比、叶周长及叶面积在不同钙浓度处理下与对照均无显著差异(P>0.05),在钙浓度为50 mmol·L−1时,叶长、叶宽、叶长宽比、叶周长及叶面积均达到最大值,且叶长、叶宽、叶长宽比、叶周长和叶面积分别是对照的1.22、1.01、1.08、1.21和1.17倍。
表 1 不同钙浓度处理下白枪杆幼苗叶片形态指标的变化
Table 1. Change of leaf shape determination result of F. malacophylla seedling under different calcium concentrations
钙浓度/(mmol·L−1) 叶片数/片 叶长/cm 叶宽/cm 叶长宽比 叶周长/cm 0 16.83±2.48 b 6.89±1.34 a 2.98±0.40 a 2.22±0.19 a 29.27±4.84 a 25 21.50±2.43 a 7.22±0.98 a 3.18±0.34 a 2.45±0.27 a 29.84±4.84 a 50 22.50±4.51 a 7.43±1.14 a 3.22±0.28 a 2.41±0.14 a 36.18±27.01 a 75 12.33±2.88 c 7.23±1.14 a 3.17±0.34 a 2.30±0.27 a 31.45±3.97 a 均值 18.29±5.10 7.19±1.10 3.13±0.33 2.34±0.23 31.69±5.98 钙浓度/(mmol·L−1) 叶面积/cm2 叶面积指数 叶生物量/g 比叶长/(cm·g−1) 比叶面积/(cm2·g−1) 0 184.36±68.61 a 0.92±0.34 a 1.09±0.34 a 4.90±1.14 b 123.07±47.71 b 25 192.52±66.84 a 0.96±0.33 a 1.17±0.50 a 7.41±4.31 b 216.69±162.82 b 50 216.71±99.31 a 1.08±0.49 a 1.53±0.33 a 7.49±3.71 b 235.38±203.47 b 75 164.78±35.31 a 0.82±0.18 a 0.82±0.26 b 23.82±15.39 a 554.86±361.36 a 均值 189.59±69.01 0.94±0.34 1.06±0.53 10.90±10.86 282.50±267.09 说明:数据为平均值±标准差,同列不同字母表示同一指标在不同钙浓度间差异显著(P<0.05) 白枪杆幼苗叶片生长发育过程中,不同钙浓度对白枪杆幼苗叶片的叶面积指数、叶生物量、比叶长、比叶面积有不同的影响。白枪杆幼苗在不同钙浓度处理间幼苗叶面积指数差异不显著(P>0.05),随着钙浓度的升高呈先上升后下降的趋势,当钙浓度为50 mmol·L−1时,叶面积指数达到最大值,且叶面积指数是对照的1.17倍;当钙浓度为75 mmol·L−1时,白枪杆幼苗叶生物量与其他3个处理有显著差异(P<0.05),随着钙浓度的升高呈先上升后下降的趋势。当钙浓度为50 mmol·L−1时,叶生物量达到最大值;当钙浓度为75 mmol·L−1时,白枪杆幼苗比叶长及比叶面积与其他3个处理差异显著(P<0.05),随着钙浓度的升高而升高,均在钙浓度为75 mmol·L−1时达到最大值。
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由表2可知:白枪杆幼苗不同钙浓度处理间叶片叶绿素质量分数差异显著(P<0.05),随着钙浓度的增加,白枪杆幼苗叶片叶绿素质量分数均呈先上升后下降的趋势,均在钙浓度为50 mmol·L−1处理时达到最大值,其中,叶绿素a为(2.14±0.32) mg·g−1,叶绿素b为(0.62±0.10) mg·g−1,叶绿素(a+b)为(2.77±0.42) mg·g−1,叶绿素a/b为3.44±0.10,与对照相比,增幅分别为32.92%、21.57%、30.66%和8.52%。当钙浓度为50 mmol·L−1时,对白枪杆幼苗叶片的叶绿素质量分数有促进作用。
表 2 不同钙浓度处理下白枪杆幼苗叶片叶绿素质量分数的变化
Table 2. Change of chlorophyll content determination of F. malacophylla seedling under different calcium concentrations
钙浓度/(mmol·L−1) 叶绿素a/(mg·g−1) 叶绿素b/(mg·g−1) 叶绿素(a+b)/(mg·g−1) 叶绿素a/b 0 1.61±0.11 c 0.51±0.05 b 2.12±0.12 c 3.17±0.35 b 25 1.91±0.34 b 0.59±0.09 a 2.53±0.43 ab 3.25±0.11 b 50 2.14±0.32 a 0.62±0.10 a 2.77±0.42 a 3.44±0.10 a 75 1.80±0.28 b 0.56±0.08 b 2.36±0.36 b 3.22±0.13 b 说明:数据为平均值±标准差,同列不同字母表示同一指标在不同钙浓度间差异显著(P<0.05) -
由图1A可知:当钙浓度为50 mmol·L−1时,白枪杆幼苗POD活性与其他处理差异显著(P<0.05),随着钙浓度的增加,白枪杆幼苗叶片中POD活性呈先增加后下降的趋势,施钙处理的POD活性均高于对照。与对照相比,20、50和75 mmol·L−1钙浓度处理的白枪杆幼苗叶片中的POD活性分别增加了12.42%、41.56%和19.63%。当钙浓度为50 mmol·L−1时,白枪杆幼苗叶片中POD活性最强。
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由图1B可知:白枪幼苗不同钙浓度处理间SOD的活性差异不显著(P>0.05)。随着钙浓度的增加,白枪杆幼苗叶片中SOD活性呈先增加后下降的趋势。在钙浓度为75 mmol·L−1时,SOD活性最低。与50 mmol·L−1钙浓度处理相比,对照、25和75 mmol·L−1钙浓度处理下白枪杆幼苗叶片SOD活性分别降低了4.56%、1.69%和13.56%。当钙浓度为50 mmol·L−1时,白枪杆幼苗叶片中的SOD活性最强。
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由图1C可知:随着钙浓度的增加,白枪杆幼苗CAT活性呈先增加后下降的趋势,50 mmol·L−1钙浓度处理与对照差异显著(P<0.05)。在4个处理中,50 mmol·L−1钙浓度处理的CAT活性最高,对照的CAT活性最低。钙浓度过高会抑制白枪杆幼苗CAT活性的增加,但施钙处理CAT活性均高于对照。因此,施钙处理能有效提高白枪杆幼苗叶片的CAT活性,在钙浓度为50 mmol·L−1时,白枪杆幼苗CAT活性最强。
Response of leaf morphological and physiological traits of Fraxinus malacophylla seedlings to calcium
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摘要:
目的 研究不同钙浓度对白枪杆Fraxinus malacophylla幼苗的叶片形态指标、叶绿素质量分数及酶活性的影响,了解白枪杆幼苗在不同钙浓度下的生长发育情况,以进一步探究白枪杆对不同钙浓度的环境适应性。 方法 以1年生白枪杆实生苗为材料,研究0 (对照)、25、50、75 mmol·L−1钙浓度处理对白枪杆幼苗的叶片形态指标、叶绿素质量分数和酶活性的影响。 结果 不同钙浓度处理对白枪杆幼苗的叶片形态结构、叶绿素质量分数和酶活性有不同的影响。不同钙浓度处理间,白枪杆幼苗的叶片形态结构除比叶长和比叶面积随钙浓度的增加而增加外,其余相关指标均呈先上升后下降的趋势,且叶片数、叶生物量、比叶长、比叶面积、叶绿素质量分数、过氧化氢酶活性、过氧化物酶活性与对照差异显著(P<0.05)。在钙浓度≥50 mmol·L−1时,对白枪杆幼苗无抑制作用,说明白枪杆幼苗对中、低钙浓度具喜适性;钙浓度为75 mmol·L−1时,对白枪杆幼苗生长发育有抑制作用,说明钙浓度过高会抑制白枪杆幼苗的生长。当钙浓度为50 mmol·L−1时,白枪杆幼苗叶片形态指标及叶片相关指标、叶绿素质量分数及酶活性均达到最大值,白枪杆幼苗生长发育最好。 结论 白枪杆幼苗适宜生长的钙浓度为50 mmol·L−1,钙浓度过高会抑制白枪杆幼苗的生长、叶片叶绿素质量分数和叶片酶活性。图1表2参28 Abstract:Objective This study, with an investigation of the effects of different calcium concentrations on leaf morphological indexes, chlorophyll content and enzyme activity of Fraxinus malacophylla seedlings, is aimed to better understand the growth and development of F. malacophylla seedlings under different calcium concentrations so as to further explore the environmental adaptability of F. malacophylla seedlings when treated with different calcium concentrations. Method With 1-year-old F. malacophylla seedlings selected as the materials, a research was conducted of the effects of 0 (ck), 25, 50, 75 mmol·L−1 calcium treatments on their leaf morphological indexes, chlorophyll content and enzyme activity. Result Different calcium concentrations had different effects on leaf morphological indexes, chlorophyll content and enzyme activity of F. malacophylla seedlings. When treated with different calcium concentrations, with the increase of calcium concentration, all indexes of leaf morphology and structure of F. malacophylla seedlings increased first and then decreased, except for specific leaf length and specific leaf area which increased, whereas leaf number, leaf biomass, specific leaf length, specific leaf area, chlorophyll content, catalase activity and peroxidase activity were significantly different from those in control (P<0.05). When the calcium concentration was more than 50 mmol·L−1, the treatment had no inhibitory effect on F. malacophylla seedlings, indicating that F. malacophylla seedlings responded favorably to medium-low calcium concentration. When the concentration of calcium was 75 mmol·L−1, it inhibited the growth and development of F. malacophylla seedlings, implying that too high a calcium concentration can inhibit the growth of F. malacophylla seedlings. When the calcium concentration was 50 mmol·L−1, the leaf morphological indexes, leaf related indexes, chlorophyll content and enzyme activity of F. malacophylla seedlings reached the maximum, and the growth and development of F. malacophylla seedlings were the best. Conclusion The optimal calcium concentration for the growth of F. malacophylla seedlings is 50 mmol·L−1 since too high a calcium concentration inhibits the growth, leaf chlorophyll mass fraction and leaf enzyme activity of F. malacophylla seedlings. [Ch, 1 fig. 2 tab. 28 ref.] -
Key words:
- Fraxinus malacophylla /
- calcium /
- leaf shape /
- physiological characteristics
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表 1 不同钙浓度处理下白枪杆幼苗叶片形态指标的变化
Table 1. Change of leaf shape determination result of F. malacophylla seedling under different calcium concentrations
钙浓度/(mmol·L−1) 叶片数/片 叶长/cm 叶宽/cm 叶长宽比 叶周长/cm 0 16.83±2.48 b 6.89±1.34 a 2.98±0.40 a 2.22±0.19 a 29.27±4.84 a 25 21.50±2.43 a 7.22±0.98 a 3.18±0.34 a 2.45±0.27 a 29.84±4.84 a 50 22.50±4.51 a 7.43±1.14 a 3.22±0.28 a 2.41±0.14 a 36.18±27.01 a 75 12.33±2.88 c 7.23±1.14 a 3.17±0.34 a 2.30±0.27 a 31.45±3.97 a 均值 18.29±5.10 7.19±1.10 3.13±0.33 2.34±0.23 31.69±5.98 钙浓度/(mmol·L−1) 叶面积/cm2 叶面积指数 叶生物量/g 比叶长/(cm·g−1) 比叶面积/(cm2·g−1) 0 184.36±68.61 a 0.92±0.34 a 1.09±0.34 a 4.90±1.14 b 123.07±47.71 b 25 192.52±66.84 a 0.96±0.33 a 1.17±0.50 a 7.41±4.31 b 216.69±162.82 b 50 216.71±99.31 a 1.08±0.49 a 1.53±0.33 a 7.49±3.71 b 235.38±203.47 b 75 164.78±35.31 a 0.82±0.18 a 0.82±0.26 b 23.82±15.39 a 554.86±361.36 a 均值 189.59±69.01 0.94±0.34 1.06±0.53 10.90±10.86 282.50±267.09 说明:数据为平均值±标准差,同列不同字母表示同一指标在不同钙浓度间差异显著(P<0.05) 表 2 不同钙浓度处理下白枪杆幼苗叶片叶绿素质量分数的变化
Table 2. Change of chlorophyll content determination of F. malacophylla seedling under different calcium concentrations
钙浓度/(mmol·L−1) 叶绿素a/(mg·g−1) 叶绿素b/(mg·g−1) 叶绿素(a+b)/(mg·g−1) 叶绿素a/b 0 1.61±0.11 c 0.51±0.05 b 2.12±0.12 c 3.17±0.35 b 25 1.91±0.34 b 0.59±0.09 a 2.53±0.43 ab 3.25±0.11 b 50 2.14±0.32 a 0.62±0.10 a 2.77±0.42 a 3.44±0.10 a 75 1.80±0.28 b 0.56±0.08 b 2.36±0.36 b 3.22±0.13 b 说明:数据为平均值±标准差,同列不同字母表示同一指标在不同钙浓度间差异显著(P<0.05) -
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