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稻田土壤是保障国家稻米供给的重要支撑[1]。稻田土壤微生物及相关胞外酶是有机质分解和养分循环的主要驱动力,可灵敏指示土壤质量和健康状况,并对促进水稻Oryza sativa生长具有重要作用[2]。施肥是提高稻田土壤质量、保障水稻产量的主要方式,且与作物养分利用率、农田面源污染和微生物介导的温室气体排放存在密切联系[3-4]。因此,研究施用不同类型肥料对土壤养分、微生物数量、酶活性的影响及其驱动的生物化学过程,对了解土壤质量变化及保障国家粮食安全和改善农业环境具有重要的意义。大量研究证明:尽管化肥能够有效提高水稻产量,但长期过量施用化肥也会导致土壤酸化、作物养分利用率低,造成较为严重的环境污染和肥料浪费[5]。周晓阳等[6]研究发现:化肥的过量施用是导致水旱轮作下稻田土壤酸化和面源污染的重要原因。ZENG等[7]研究发现:长期过量施用氮肥不仅引起土壤结构和质量下降,而且进一步恶化了土壤微环境,降低了微生物多样性,抑制了微生物活性和功能,进而阻碍了微生物介导的养分循环过程。因此,有必要寻求有效合理的施肥方法,减少面源污染,提高土壤肥力和微生物活性与功能,促进稻田土壤健康发展。
增施有机肥与有机肥替代部分化肥是减少化肥用量、改善土壤质量、维持养分平衡和降低环境污染的重要途径之一[8]。温延臣等[9]研究发现:有机肥替代部分化肥能协调有机无机养分平衡供应,保证作物产量。在氮磷钾养分投入量相当的情况下,有机肥替代化肥能够提升土壤微生物量碳氮、水溶性碳氮的含量及其比例,提高水稻产量[10]。李小萌等[11]研究发现:施用有机肥可以改善土壤结构,增加土壤孔隙度,促进土壤微生物的生长和繁殖。炭基肥是利用物理或化学方法将生物质炭与氮、磷、钾等养分通过一定比例混合而成的新型肥料,融合了生物质炭与肥料各自的优点,因具备吸附能力强、养分释放缓慢、肥效持久等特点而受到广泛关注[12]。李春阳[13]研究发现:适量施用炭基肥能够提升稻田土壤速效养分含量,增加土壤微生物数量。炭基肥与有机肥替代部分化肥对水稻产量的促进作用可能与有机物料分解促进养分缓慢释放、提高微生物丰度和酶活性有密切关系。常栋等[14]研究表明:炭基肥能直接为微生物生长提供所需的养分,同时其丰富的孔隙结构可以为微生物的栖息提供良好的环境。然而,潘全良等[15]研究表明:炭基肥对土壤蔗糖酶与土壤过氧化氢酶活性有抑制作用。可见,炭基肥对作物生长和土壤微生物的影响与炭基肥种类、制备原料和组分比例、施用量和方式密切相关,其影响还存在不确定性。目前国内针对炭基肥土壤改良研究集中在作物产量、品质、土壤养分等方面[14-15],其如何影响土壤微生物数量和酶活性尚缺乏系统研究。
基于此,本研究以杭嘉湖平原青紫泥水稻土为供试土壤,利用田间试验,在等量氮、磷、钾养分施用条件下,比较了炭基肥、有机肥替代部分化肥和常规化肥对土壤养分、微生物群落丰度以及土壤酶活性的影响,探讨了土壤酶活性变化的主要影响因素,以期为炭基肥及有机肥替代化肥合理应用和培肥稻田土壤提供科学依据。
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由表1可见:与ck相比,在水稻收获期各施肥处理对土壤pH、总碳、全氮、有效磷、速效钾和硝态氮均无影响,但显著影响了土壤铵态氮质量分数(P<0.05);与CF处理相比,BF处理显著提高了土壤总碳质量分数(P<0.05),提高幅度为20.2%;3种施肥处理均提高了土壤铵态氮质量分数,其中CF、BF和OF处理提高幅度分别为84.1%、83.4%和150.7%。
表 1 不同施肥处理对土壤化学性质的影响
Table 1. Effects of different fertilization treatments on soil chemical properties
处理编号 pH 总碳/(g·kg−1) 全氮/(g·kg−1) 有效磷/(mg·kg−1) 速效钾/(mg·kg−1) 硝态氮/(mg·kg−1) 铵态氮/(mg·kg−1) ck 6.24±0.27 a 13.97±1.16 ab 1.93±0.23 a 9.58±0.36 a 139.59±1.06 a 1.18±1.08 a 5.25±2.08 c CF 6.20±0.26 a 12.97±0.15 b 2.23±0.15 a 10.77±1.19 a 157.28±15.69 a 2.86±0.85 a 9.67±0.96 b BF 6.11±0.10 a 15.57±1.18 a 2.27±0.42 a 11.94±2.43 a 133.90±28.88 a 2.09±0.82 a 9.63±2.03 b OF 6.23±0.15 a 14.27±1.24 ab 2.30±0.20 a 11.28±0.43 a 128.97±28.15 a 2.37±1.16 a 13.17±1.60 a 说明:数据为平均值±标准差。同列不同小写字母表示各处理间差异显著(P<0.05) -
由表2所见:BF和OF处理对易氧化态碳(ROC)无影响,但显著提高了溶解性有机碳质量分数(P<0.05),且OF处理提高幅度高于BF处理;仅OF处理显著提高了溶解性有机氮(DON)和微生物生物量碳(MBC)质量分数(P<0.05),提高幅度分别达136.6%和164.0%。由表3可见:与ck相比,仅OF处理显著提高了细菌和真菌丰度及真菌/细菌比(P<0.05),提高幅度为34.9%,98.3%和50.0%;CF和BF处理对细菌和古菌丰度无影响,但CF处理显著降低了真菌丰度(P<0.05)。
表 2 不同施肥处理对土壤溶解性有机碳(DOC)、溶解性有机氮(DON)、微生物生物量碳(MBC)和微生物生物量氮(MBN)质量分数的影响
Table 2. Effects of different fertilization treatments on soil dissolved organic C and N, microbial biomass C and N contents
处理编号 质量分数/(mg·kg−1) MBC/MBN 溶解性有机碳 溶解性有机氮 易氧化态碳 微生物生物量碳 微生物生物量氮 ck 354.49±64.31 b 17.51±4.42 b 3.97±0.02 a 90.36±26.55 b 17.06±3.93 a 5.68±2.62 a CF 414.7±27.81 ab 17.51±2.88 b 3.75±0.26 a 123.63±42.63 b 21.27±5.48 a 6.25±2.84 a BF 484.19±50.53 a 15.02±3.34 b 4.36±0.5 a 117.64±40.05 b 23.47±6.62 a 5.43±2.92 a OF 520.11±65.57 a 41.09±11.84 a 4.14±0.38 a 238.29±102.01 a 26.79±8.02 a 9.09±3.79 a 说明:数据为平均值±标准差。同列不同字母表示各处理间差异显著(P<0.05) 表 3 不同施肥处理对土壤细菌、真菌、古菌基因丰度的影响
Table 3. Effects of different fertilization treatments on the gene abundances of bacteria, fungi and archaeal
处理编号 细菌丰度/(×109拷贝·g−1) 真菌丰度/(×108拷贝·g−1) 古菌丰度/(×107拷贝·g−1) 真菌/细菌/(×10−2) ck 4.62±0.74 b 0.85±0.36 b 1.25±0.26 a 1.78±0.47 b CF 3.61±0.72 b 0.27±0.03 c 1.26±0.26 a 0.75±0.11 ab BF 4.01±0.98 b 0.67±0.33 bc 1.35±0.43 a 1.89±1.43 ab OF 6.24±0.32 a 1.68±0.33 a 1.89±0.42 a 2.68±0.39 a 说明:数据为平均值±标准差。同列不同字母表示各处理间差异显著(P<0.05) -
由图1可知:与ck相比,BF和OF处理均提高了土壤α-葡萄糖苷酶(AG)、纤维二糖苷酶(CB)、β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖酶(NAG)和酸性磷酸酶(PHOS)的活性,其中OF处理下4种酶活性分别较ck增加了136.7%、100.0%、177.2%和199.3%,BF处理下4种酶活性分别比ck增加111.6%、76.7%、109.4%和97.3%,而CF处理对其无显著影响。相比ck,3种施肥处理对β-葡萄糖苷酶(BG)、木聚糖苷酶(XYL)、亮氨酸氨基肽酶(LAP)活性均无影响。相比CF,BF处理具有更低的BG和XYL活性。OF处理下酶活性几何平均值(GMEA)显著高于ck和CF处理(P<0.05)。单因素置换多元方差分析表明(图2):施肥处理显著改变了土壤酶活性(P<0.05)。冗余分析表明:BF和OF处理下土壤酶活性与ck和CF在第1轴上具有明显分异。铵态氮(NH4 +-N)、溶解性有机碳(DOC)、溶解性有机氮(DON)及真菌18S rRNA丰度与纤维二糖苷酶(CB)、β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖酶(NAG)、酸性磷酸酶(PHOS)和酶活性几何平均值(GMEA)正相关,是显著影响土壤酶活性的环境因子;而其他性质对土壤酶活性变化影响较小。
Effects of biochar-based fertilizer and organic fertilizer substituting chemical fertilizer partially on soil microbial abundances and enzyme activities
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摘要:
目的 探究炭基肥施用和有机肥替代部分化肥对土壤养分含量、微生物丰度和酶活性的影响,分析土壤酶活性变化的主要驱动因子,为提高稻田土壤质量和新型肥料应用提供科学依据。 方法 在杭嘉湖平原典型稻田进行田间小区试验,供试土壤为青紫泥稻田土。设置4个处理:不施肥对照(ck)、常规施肥(CF)、炭基肥(BF)及有机肥替代50%化肥(OF),3种施肥处理的氮、磷、钾投入量一致。处理开始于2019年6月,于2019年11月水稻Oryza sativa收获后采集0~20 cm土壤样品,测定土壤碳氮组分质量分数、细菌、真菌和古菌丰度及土壤碳氮磷循环相关酶活性。 结果 与CF处理相比,BF和OF处理对土壤pH、总碳、易氧化态碳、全氮、有效磷、速效钾、硝态氮质量分数无显著影响,而OF处理显著提高了土壤铵态氮和溶解性有机氮质量分数。与ck相比,OF处理显著提高了土壤微生物生物量碳质量分数(164%)、细菌16S rRNA (35%)和真菌18S rRNA基因拷贝数(98%)及真菌/细菌比(50%),而BF处理对上述指标无影响。3种施肥处理对β-葡萄糖苷酶、木聚糖苷酶、亮氨酸氨基肽酶活性均无影响,而BF和OF处理显著提高了土壤α-葡萄糖苷酶(111%和136%)、纤维二糖苷酶(77%和100%)、β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(109%和177%)和酸性磷酸酶(97%和199%)活性,OF处理平均提高幅度高于BF处理。冗余分析表明:土壤铵态氮、溶解性有机碳和氮、真菌丰度是影响土壤酶活性变化的主要驱动因子。 结论 相比常规施肥,有机肥替代部分化肥和炭基肥施用提高了土壤碳氮磷转化相关酶活性,且有机肥替代部分化肥进一步提高了微生物丰度,对促进稻田土壤养分周转具有重要意义。图2表3参33 Abstract:Objective The objective is to provide a scientific basis for improving rice paddy soil quality and for the application of new fertilizer, by investigating the effects of biochar-based fertilizer and organic fertilizer substituting chemical fertilizer partially on soil nutrients contents, microbial abundances and enzyme activities, and investigated the driving factors for soil enzyme activities. Method A field experiment was conducted in a typical rice paddy located in Hangjiahu Plain, which soil is Qingzini paddy soil. Four treatments, namely no fertilizer control (ck), conventional fertilizer (CF), biochar-based fertilizer (BF) and organic fertilizer substitution of 50% chemical fertilizer (OF), were laid out with the three fertilization treatments had consistent input of N, P and K amount. The field trail was initiated on June 2019 and soil sampling were collectted on November, 2019. Topsoils (0−20 cm) were sampled to investigate changes in soil carbon and nitrogen fractions, bacterial, fungal and archaeal abundances and enzyme activities involved in C, N and P cycling. Result Compared with CF, BF and OF treatments had no effects on soil pH, total C and N, available P and K and nitrate contents, but OF significantly increased soil ammonia and dissolved organic C contents. Compared with ck, OF treatment increased the content of soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC) by 164%, bacterial 16S rRNA gene abundance by 35% and fungal 18S rRNA gene abundances by 98% and fungi/bacteria ratio by 50%, while BF and CF had no effects on them. The three fertilization treatments had no effects on the activities of β-glucosidase, β-xylosidase and Leucine aminopeptidase, whereas BF and OF treatments significantly increased the activities of α-glucosidase (AG) by 111%和136%, β-cellobiosidase (BG) by 77%和100%, β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAG) by 109%和177% and acid phosphatase (PHOS) by 97%和199%, respectively. Redundant analysis indicated that changes in soil enzyme activities were strongly dependent on the contents of soil ammonia, dissolved organic C and N, and fungal abundances. Conclusion The application of organic fertilizer and biochar-based fertilizer significantly increased soil enzyme activities involved in C, N and P cycling, with the OF treatment further increased soil microbial abundance, which was beneficial for soil nutrient cycling. [Ch, 2 fig. 3 tab. 33 ref.] -
Key words:
- organic fertilizer /
- biochar-based fertilizer /
- soil microbes /
- soil enzymes
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表 1 不同施肥处理对土壤化学性质的影响
Table 1. Effects of different fertilization treatments on soil chemical properties
处理编号 pH 总碳/(g·kg−1) 全氮/(g·kg−1) 有效磷/(mg·kg−1) 速效钾/(mg·kg−1) 硝态氮/(mg·kg−1) 铵态氮/(mg·kg−1) ck 6.24±0.27 a 13.97±1.16 ab 1.93±0.23 a 9.58±0.36 a 139.59±1.06 a 1.18±1.08 a 5.25±2.08 c CF 6.20±0.26 a 12.97±0.15 b 2.23±0.15 a 10.77±1.19 a 157.28±15.69 a 2.86±0.85 a 9.67±0.96 b BF 6.11±0.10 a 15.57±1.18 a 2.27±0.42 a 11.94±2.43 a 133.90±28.88 a 2.09±0.82 a 9.63±2.03 b OF 6.23±0.15 a 14.27±1.24 ab 2.30±0.20 a 11.28±0.43 a 128.97±28.15 a 2.37±1.16 a 13.17±1.60 a 说明:数据为平均值±标准差。同列不同小写字母表示各处理间差异显著(P<0.05) 表 2 不同施肥处理对土壤溶解性有机碳(DOC)、溶解性有机氮(DON)、微生物生物量碳(MBC)和微生物生物量氮(MBN)质量分数的影响
Table 2. Effects of different fertilization treatments on soil dissolved organic C and N, microbial biomass C and N contents
处理编号 质量分数/(mg·kg−1) MBC/MBN 溶解性有机碳 溶解性有机氮 易氧化态碳 微生物生物量碳 微生物生物量氮 ck 354.49±64.31 b 17.51±4.42 b 3.97±0.02 a 90.36±26.55 b 17.06±3.93 a 5.68±2.62 a CF 414.7±27.81 ab 17.51±2.88 b 3.75±0.26 a 123.63±42.63 b 21.27±5.48 a 6.25±2.84 a BF 484.19±50.53 a 15.02±3.34 b 4.36±0.5 a 117.64±40.05 b 23.47±6.62 a 5.43±2.92 a OF 520.11±65.57 a 41.09±11.84 a 4.14±0.38 a 238.29±102.01 a 26.79±8.02 a 9.09±3.79 a 说明:数据为平均值±标准差。同列不同字母表示各处理间差异显著(P<0.05) 表 3 不同施肥处理对土壤细菌、真菌、古菌基因丰度的影响
Table 3. Effects of different fertilization treatments on the gene abundances of bacteria, fungi and archaeal
处理编号 细菌丰度/(×109拷贝·g−1) 真菌丰度/(×108拷贝·g−1) 古菌丰度/(×107拷贝·g−1) 真菌/细菌/(×10−2) ck 4.62±0.74 b 0.85±0.36 b 1.25±0.26 a 1.78±0.47 b CF 3.61±0.72 b 0.27±0.03 c 1.26±0.26 a 0.75±0.11 ab BF 4.01±0.98 b 0.67±0.33 bc 1.35±0.43 a 1.89±1.43 ab OF 6.24±0.32 a 1.68±0.33 a 1.89±0.42 a 2.68±0.39 a 说明:数据为平均值±标准差。同列不同字母表示各处理间差异显著(P<0.05) -
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