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炭基肥与有机肥替代部分化肥对青紫泥水稻土微生物丰度及酶活性的影响
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20210619
Effects of biochar-based fertilizer and organic fertilizer substituting chemical fertilizer partially on soil microbial abundances and enzyme activities
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摘要:
目的 探究炭基肥施用和有机肥替代部分化肥对土壤养分含量、微生物丰度和酶活性的影响，分析土壤酶活性变化的主要驱动因子，为提高稻田土壤质量和新型肥料应用提供科学依据。 方法 在杭嘉湖平原典型稻田进行田间小区试验，供试土壤为青紫泥稻田土。设置4个处理：不施肥对照(ck)、常规施肥(CF)、炭基肥(BF)及有机肥替代50%化肥(OF)，3种施肥处理的氮、磷、钾投入量一致。处理开始于2019年6月，于2019年11月水稻Oryza sativa收获后采集0~20 cm土壤样品，测定土壤碳氮组分质量分数、细菌、真菌和古菌丰度及土壤碳氮磷循环相关酶活性。 结果 与CF处理相比，BF和OF处理对土壤pH、总碳、易氧化态碳、全氮、有效磷、速效钾、硝态氮质量分数无显著影响，而OF处理显著提高了土壤铵态氮和溶解性有机氮质量分数。与ck相比，OF处理显著提高了土壤微生物生物量碳质量分数(164%)、细菌16S rRNA(35%)和真菌18S rRNA基因拷贝数(98%)及真菌/细菌比(50%)，而BF处理对上述指标无影响。3种施肥处理对β-葡萄糖苷酶、木聚糖苷酶、亮氨酸氨基肽酶活性均无影响，而BF和OF处理显著提高了土壤α-葡萄糖苷酶(111%和136%)、纤维二糖苷酶(77%和100%)、β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(109%和177%)和酸性磷酸酶(97%和199%)活性，OF处理平均提高幅度高于BF处理。冗余分析表明：土壤铵态氮、溶解性有机碳和氮、真菌丰度是影响土壤酶活性变化的主要驱动因子。 结论 相比常规施肥，有机肥替代部分化肥和炭基肥施用提高了土壤碳氮磷转化相关酶活性，且有机肥替代部分化肥进一步提高了微生物丰度，对促进稻田土壤养分周转具有重要意义。图2表3参33 Abstract:Objective The objective is to provide a scientific basis for improving rice paddy soil quality and for the application of new fertilizer, by investigating the effects of biochar-based fertilizer and organic fertilizer substituting chemical fertilizer partially on soil nutrients contents, microbial abundances and enzyme activities, and investigated the driving factors for soil enzyme activities. Method A field experiment was conducted in a typical rice paddy located in Hangjiahu Plain, which soil is Qingzini paddy soil. Four treatments, namely no fertilizer control (ck), conventional fertilizer (CF), biochar-based fertilizer (BF) and organic fertilizer substitution of 50% chemical fertilizer (OF), were laid out with the three fertilization treatments had consistent input of N, P and K amount. The field trail was initiated on June 2019 and soil sampling were collectted on November, 2019. Topsoils (0−20 cm) were sampled to investigate changes in soil carbon and nitrogen fractions, bacterial, fungal and archaeal abundances and enzyme activities involved in C, N and P cycling. Result Compared with CF, BF and OF treatments had no effects on soil pH, total C and N, available P and K and nitrate contents, but OF significantly increased soil ammonia and dissolved organic C contents. Compared with ck, OF treatment increased the content of soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC) by 164%, bacterial 16S rRNA gene abundance by 35% and fungal 18S rRNA gene abundances by 98% and fungi/bacteria ratio by 50%, while BF and CF had no effects on them. The three fertilization treatments had no effects on the activities of β-glucosidase, β-xylosidase and Leucine aminopeptidase, whereas BF and OF treatments significantly increased the activities of α-glucosidase (AG) by 111%和136%, β-cellobiosidase (BG) by 77%和100%, β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAG) by 109%和177% and acid phosphatase (PHOS) by 97%和199%, respectively. Redundant analysis indicated that changes in soil enzyme activities were strongly dependent on the contents of soil ammonia, dissolved organic C and N, and fungal abundances. Conclusion The application of organic fertilizer and biochar-based fertilizer significantly increased soil enzyme activities involved in C, N and P cycling, with the OF treatment further increased soil microbial abundance, which was beneficial for soil nutrient cycling. [Ch, 2 fig. 3 tab. 33 ref.] -
Key words:
- organic fertilizer /
- biochar-based fertilizer /
- soil microbes /
- soil enzymes
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图 1 不同施肥处理对土壤酶活性的影响
Figure 1 Effects of different fertilization treatments on soil enzyme activities
图 2 土壤化学性质和微生物量变化约束下土壤酶活性的冗余分析
Figure 2 Redundancy analysis of soil enzyme activities constrained by changes in soil chemical properties and microbial abundance
表 1 不同施肥处理对土壤化学性质的影响
Table 1. Effects of different fertilization treatments on soil chemical properties
处理编号 pH 总碳/(g·kg−1) 全氮/(g·kg−1) 有效磷/(mg·kg−1) 速效钾/(mg·kg−1) 硝态氮/(mg·kg−1) 铵态氮/(mg·kg−1) ck 6.24±0.27 a 13.97±1.16 ab 1.93±0.23 a 9.58±0.36 a 139.59±1.06 a 1.18±1.08 a 5.25±2.08 c CF 6.20±0.26 a 12.97±0.15 b 2.23±0.15 a 10.77±1.19 a 157.28±15.69 a 2.86±0.85 a 9.67±0.96 b BF 6.11±0.10 a 15.57±1.18 a 2.27±0.42 a 11.94±2.43 a 133.90±28.88 a 2.09±0.82 a 9.63±2.03 b OF 6.23±0.15 a 14.27±1.24 ab 2.30±0.20 a 11.28±0.43 a 128.97±28.15 a 2.37±1.16 a 13.17±1.60 a 说明：数据为平均值±标准差。同列数据不同小写字母表示各处理间差异达5 %显著水平 
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表 2 不同施肥处理对土壤溶解性有机碳(DOC)、溶解性有机氮(DON)、微生物生物量碳(MBC)和微生物生物量氮(MBN)质量分数的影响
Table 2. Effects of different fertilization treatments on soil dissolved organic C and N, microbial biomass C and N contents
处理编号 质量分数/(mg·kg−1) MBC/MBN 溶解性有机碳 溶解性有机氮 易氧化态碳 微生物生物量碳 微生物生物量氮 ck 354.49±64.31 b 17.51±4.42 b 3.97±0.02 a 90.36±26.55 b 17.06±3.93 a 5.68±2.62 a CF 414.7±27.81 ab 17.51±2.88 b 3.75±0.26 a 123.63±42.63 b 21.27±5.48 a 6.25±2.84 a BF 484.19±50.53 a 15.02±3.34 b 4.36±0.5 a 117.64±40.05 b 23.47±6.62 a 5.43±2.92 a OF 520.11±65.57 a 41.09±11.84 a 4.14±0.38 a 238.29±102.01 a 26.79±8.02 a 9.09±3.79 a 说明：数据为平均值±标准差。同列不同字母表示各处理间差异显著(P＜0.05)
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表 3 不同施肥处理对土壤细菌、真菌、古菌基因丰度的影响
Table 3. Effects of different fertilization treatments on the gene abundances of bacteria, fungi and archaeal
处理编号 细菌丰度/(×109拷贝·g−1) 真菌丰度/(×108拷贝·g−1) 古菌丰度/(×107拷贝·g−1) 真菌/细菌/(×10−2) ck 4.62±0.74 b 0.85±0.36 b 1.25±0.26 a 1.78±0.47 b CF 3.61±0.72 b 0.27±0.03 c 1.26±0.26 a 0.75±0.11 ab BF 4.01±0.98 b 0.67±0.33 bc 1.35±0.43 a 1.89±1.43 ab OF 6.24±0.32 a 1.68±0.33 a 1.89±0.42 a 2.68±0.39 a 说明：数据为平均值±标准差。同列不同字母表示各处理间差异显著(P＜0.05)
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